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Class4 Unit1

The OSI model, established by the International Organization for Standardization in 1984, is a framework for understanding how data travels through networks by dividing the process into seven layers. These layers include Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application, each serving specific functions to facilitate communication between systems. The model simplifies networking tasks by allowing each layer to handle distinct responsibilities, thus reducing complexity in data transmission.

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8 views14 pages

Class4 Unit1

The OSI model, established by the International Organization for Standardization in 1984, is a framework for understanding how data travels through networks by dividing the process into seven layers. These layers include Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application, each serving specific functions to facilitate communication between systems. The model simplifies networking tasks by allowing each layer to handle distinct responsibilities, thus reducing complexity in data transmission.

Uploaded by

shibansi79
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSI Model

OSI MODEL
• A model is a way of picturing how
information travels through networks
• The OSI model divides the flow of
information into seven smaller and
more manageable problems
OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection


(OSI) Model
International standard organization (ISO)
established a committee in 1977 to develop an
architecture for computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model is the result of this effort.
In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two
systems which conform to the reference model and
associated standards.
OSI Model

OSI Reference Model


The OSI model is onsidered the primary Architectural
model for inter-computer communications.
The OSI model describes how information or data
makes its way from application programmes (such as
spreadsheets) through a network medium (such as
wire) to another application programme located on
another network.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of
moving information between computers over a
network medium into SEVEN smaller and more
manageable problems .
This separation into smaller more manageable
functions is known as layering.
OSI Model

OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers


OSI Model

OSI: A Layered Network Model


The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of
networking into layers reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the
protocol specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or
hardware on other computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and
physical —Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow
of data from end to end through the network.
The upper four layers of the OSI model (application,
presentation and session—Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated
more toward services to the applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol
information as it moves down the layers before network
transit.
OSI Model

Physical Layer
Provides physical interface for transmission of
information.

Defines rules by which bits are passed from one


system to another on a physical communication
medium.
Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and
procedural - aspects for physical communication.
Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of
voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum
transmission distances, physical connectors, and
other similar attributes are defined by physical layer
specifications.
OSI Model

Data Link Layer


Data link layer attempts to provide reliable
communication over the physical layer interface.

Breaks the outgoing data into frames and


reassemble the received frames.
Create and detect frame boundaries.
Handle errors by implementing an
acknowledgement and retransmission scheme.
Implement flow control.
Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast
communication.
Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex
communication.
OSI Model

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.

Defines the most optimum path the packet should


take from the source to the destination
Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can
be identified.
Handles congestion in the network.
Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous
networks (Internetworking).
The network layer also defines how to fragment a
packet into smaller packets to accommodate different
media.
OSI Model

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable
mechanism for the exchange of data between two
processes in different computers.

Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.


Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data
units.
Provides connectionless or connection oriented
service.
Provides for the connection management.
Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.
OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the
dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to
start, control and end conversations (called sessions)
between applications.
This layer requests for a logical connection to be
established on an end-user’s request.
Any necessary log-on or password validation is also
handled by this layer.
Session layer is also responsible for terminating the
connection.
This layer provides services like dialogue discipline
which can be full duplex or half duplex.
OSI Model

Presentation Layer
Presentation layer defines the format in which the
data is to be exchanged between the two
communicating entities.
Also handles data compression and data encryption
(cryptography).
OSI Model

Application Layer
Application layer interacts with application
programs and is the highest level of OSI model.
Application layer contains management functions to
support distributed applications.
Examples of application layer are applications such
as file transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc.
OSI Model

OSI in Action
A message begins at the top
application layer and moves down
the OSI layers to the bottom
physical layer.
As the message descends, each
successive OSI model layer adds
a header to it.
A header is layer-specific
information that basically explains
what functions the layer carried
out.
Conversely, at the receiving end,
headers are striped from the
message as it travels up the
corresponding layers.

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