BASIC PROGRAMMING

BASIC PROGRAMMING
• BASIC CHARACTER SET
• BASIC STATEMENTS
• BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 BASIC CHARACTER SET
A defined list of symbols or characters recognised by the computer hardware and
software is a character set. BASIC character set refers to all symbols and other
characters that are recognised when writing a BASIC program.
There are three types of characters used in BASIC. These are: alphabetic,
numeric, and special characters.
• ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS: The alphabetic characters used in BASIC are the
standard English alphabet, A through Z.
• NUMERIC CHARACTERS: The numeric characters used in BASIC are the digits 0
through 9.
• SPECIAL CHARACTERS: The following are special characters used in BASIC:
@#$%^&*()_+/-\.;:=‘,><
• OTHER SPECIAL CHARACTERS.—Some special characters are combined to
form other elements in BASIC. The following list shows these combinations:
> = greater than or equal
< = less than or equal <> not equal
** exponentiation
 BASIC STATEMENTS
The complete defined instructions which are usually
preceded by line numbers are called BASIC Statements.
BASIC statements include the following: LET, READ, INPUT,
DATA, END, PRINT, GOTO and others. Each of them denotes
special actions to be performed as recognised by a
computer. These words are therefore referred to as
“reserved words”.
• REM—short for REMARK. It is used to give a remark
or comment to a program. It is not executed by the
translator
• LET— called an assignment statement. It is used to
assign a value to a variable.
• PRINT—it is output statement used to print out the
results of programs.
 BASIC STATEMENTS
• READ and DATA— These two statements are used together
when several data are required to run a program. The READ
statement states the variables while the DATA statement assigns
values to these variables.
• GO TO—changes the sequence order of a program.
• INPUT—tells the computer that information is needed to be
typed into the terminal for interaction with the program.
• CLS— an abbreviation for Clear Screen. It is used to clear the
computer screen or monitor.
• END—used to terminate or end a BASIC program.
STATEMENT NUMBER: (Referred to as Line number). This number
has two vital functions: (1) to identify the statement itself and
(2) to indicate to the BASIC (interpreter) where you want this
statement placed in the program sequence.
 BASIC OPERATORS
An operator shows the types of operation to be carried out on a
number or an expression. They are symbols used in carrying out
operations in any program in a programming language. BASIC
operators are:
• Arithmetic operators: +,-,/,*,**, %
• String operator: The “+” sign
• Relational operators: <,>,=,<=,>=,<>
• Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT
 Arithmetic operators
They are mathematical symbols used in BASIC programming
language to indicate the particular arithmetic operation to be
performed on any numbers that exist in an arithmetic
expression. The symbols with their operations are as follows:

Operator Symbol Operation

** or ^ Exponential (an up arrow is used in
some computers)
* Multiplication
+ Addition
- Subtraction
/ Division
% Mod (remainder). Used for integers
only, this operation gives the remainder
of a division; for example, 14%5 gives 4.
String Operator: it joins two or more character strings together
through the process known as String Concatenation. E.g. is the
plus(+) sign.
Relational Operators: These operators are used to compare two
values. They are also called comparison operators. Examples are
>, <, >=, <=, <>
Logical Operators: They are used to produce logical answers
when two logical expressions are compared. Examples are AND,
OR, NOT.

Kinds of Operators
A unary operator has one operand.
A binary operator has two operands.
A ternary operator has three operands.
 BASIC NOTATIONS FOR ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
An arithmetic expression is an expression that results
in a numeric value. It consists of operators, operands,
parentheses. It is an expression that can be formed by
connecting literals and variables with one of the
arithmetic operators.

Precedence Rule
The operator precedence rules for expression
evaluation define the order in which “adjacent”
operators of different precedence levels are evaluated.
Here is the order:
Hierarchy Rules
Parentheses (...) This is handled first from the innermost
parentheses outward from left to right.
Exponentiation This is perform next, from left to right.
(^)
Mult & Div (* , /) These are performed next in the order they
appear from left to right. They are of equal
standing.

Add & Sub (+ , -) They are performed in the order they appear
from left to right.
Assignment (=) This is the last to be performed in which values
are assigned from right to left.
Convert the following arithmetic expressions to BASIC
equivalents.
Expressions BASIC Equivalent
a) v = u + at V = U + A*T
b) a A = (22/7)*R^2
c) h A= 1/2 *B*H
d) X= (-B-SQR(B^2-4*A*C))/(2*A)
 Built-in Functions
A function is a structure that simplifies a complex operation into a
single step. They accept some input value or values and process that
input in a defined manner to produce or “return” an output value.

A built-in function is a function that is built into an application and can

be accessed by end-users. For example, most spreadsheet
applications support a built-in “SUM” function that adds up all cells in
a row or column.
Types of built-in Functions
There are different types of built-in functions, namely:
• Numeric function
• String function
• Time function
Numeric Function: works with numbers. Most numeric functions
take one or two arguments which may be numeric constants,
numeric variables, or any other numeric expression.
Examples:
ABS(x) Absolute value of x
SGN(x) Sign of x; returns 1 if positive, -1 if negative, 0 if x = 0
SQR(x) Square root of x
EXP(x) The natural exponent of x, or ex where e = 2.718281828...
MAX(x,y) Larger of two numbers
MOD(x,y) Remainder when x is divided by y
TAN(x) Tangent of angle
LOG(x) Natural logarithm of x
SIN(x) Sine of an angle
CEIL(x) Ceiling of x or least integer >= x
COSH(x) Hyperbolic cosine
String Function: a function that returns a string value is a string
function. A function returning string values has a name that ends
with a dollar sign ($).
Examples:
RIGHT$ (X, Y) returns the rightmost specified characters from a
string
LEFT$ (X, Y) returns the leftmost specified characters from a
string
LCASE$(x$) Change all letters to lowercase
UCASE$(x$) Change all letters to uppercase
LTRIM$(x$) Remove leading blanks
Time & Date Functions
BASIC provides string and numeric functions that let you get
time and date values from your computer’s internal clock.
Examples:
TIME$ function returns the time measured by the 24-hour clock
as a string in the format “HH:MM:SS”
DATE$ function returns the date as a string in the format
“YYYYMMDD.”
Programs using built-in functions
10 REM A program using mathematical functions
20 INPUT "Type the number "; num
30 PRINT "The cosine of "; num; "is"; COS(num)
40 PRINT "The sine of "; num; "is"; SIN(num)
50 PRINT "The square root of "; num; "is"; SQR(num)
60 PRINT "The log of "; num; "is"; LOG(num)
70 PRINT "The tangent of "; num; "is"; TAN(num)
80 PRINT "Wow this is great!"
90 END 10 REM Another string program
20 a$=“Redeemer’s High School”
10 REM A program using string function 30 b$=MID$(a$, 3, 4)
20 LET a$ = "Redeemer's " 40 c$=RIGHT$(a$, 6)
30 LET b$ = "High " 45 d$ = LEFT$(a$, 6)
40 LET c$ = "School" 50 PRINT b$
50 d$ = a$ + b$ + c$ 60 PRINT c$
60 PRINT d$ 65 PRINT d$
70 END 70 END
 Simple BASIC Programs
10 REM A PROGRAM TO COMPUTE THE AREA OF A CIRCLE
20 LET PI = 3.142
30 INPUT”ENTER THE RADIUS”; RAD
40 AREA = PI * RAD ^ 2
50 PRINT AREA
60 END
Write a program to compute the perimeters of rectangles.
Solution
10 REM PROGRAM TO FIND THE PERIMETERS OF RECTANGLES
20 PRINT “TYPE IN THE SIDES SEPARATED BY COMMAS”
30 INPUT “Enter the sides of the rectangles”; A,B
40 IF A=99 THEN 90
50 LET C = 2*A + 2*B
60 PRINT “SIDE”, “SIDE”, “PERIMETER”
70 PRINT A,B,C
80 GOTO 20
90 END
 Decision Structures
BASIC carries out most statements in the order in which they appear in the source
code. This means that most simple programs proceed from “top” to “bottom” when
executed.
However, many problems require more flexibility than strict linear execution allows.
BASIC uses structures to achieve this flexibility. Decision structure is a structure that
lets your program decide which statements to execute and which statements to
ignore. BASIC has two different decision structures:
• the IF structure and
• the SELECT CASE structure.
For example: consider a school where a student is promoted if average score is 60
and above and or repeats if otherwise.
CLS
INPUT "Enter students score: "; avgscore
IF avgscore >= 60 THEN
PRINT "Student is promoted"
ELSE
PRINT "Repeat"
END IF
END
 Loop Structure
One benefit of computer programming is the capability to repeat
a set of instructions reliably after they are written. Repeating
some tasks is usually called looping in programming.
By using loops, you can write simpler programs that would have
otherwise required redundant lines of code. Loops can be used
to inspect arrays, change properties of a program's controls, and
do a set of tasks for as long as a certain condition exists, or skip a
set of tasks until a certain condition is met.
BASIC supports FOR…NEXT and DO…WHILE loops.
Example 1: Write a program to display values between 1 and 100.
FOR…NEXT example:
CLS
FOR I = 1 to 100
PRINT I
NEXT I
END

Example 2: The following program segment inputs 20 numbers and finds

their average.
SUM = 0
FOR I = 1 TO 20
INPUT NUM
SUM = SUM+NUM
NEXT I
AVE =SUM/20
PRINT SUM, AVE
END
 ARRAY
An array is a collection of elements of the same type stored in a
single variable. It is a data structure with homogeneous
elements. An array is a row of values, a or a column of values or
a combination of rows and columns of values. In other words,
blocks of data regarding a single item are usually referred to by a
single variable with subscript and are stored in consecutive
locations of the memory. These blocks of consecutive locations is
called an “array”
Arrays are an extremely powerful tool for organizing the data
used by your program.
One-dimensional array
An array can be one dimensional or multidimensional. The number
of dimensions of an array is called RANK. One-dimensional array is a
list of items or a table that consists of one row of items or one
column of items.
DIM Statement
It is used to declare array in BASIC programming.
The format for a one dimensional array is: ArrayName(y).
Example: DIM X(100) stands for X(1), X(2),…, X(100).

Operations on array
The following can be performed on array:
• Input on array
• Output on array
• Arithmetic on array
Array programs
DIM a(5)
INPUT "Enter the length of the array"; num
FOR i = 1 TO num
INPUT "Type again"; a(1)
sum = sum + a(1)
NEXT i
PRINT sum
END

Dim NumArray(100)
for i = 1 to 100
NumArray(i) = int(rnd(1)*10) + 1
print NumArray(i);
PRINT " ";
SUM=SUM+NumArray(i)
next i
print SUM
END
 Programming Errors
There are basically three types of errors that you must contend with when writing computer
programs: Syntax Error, Runtime Error and Logic Error.
1. Syntax error
A Syntax error is an error resulting from violation of grammatical rules of a language. Examples:
• Misspelt variable and function names
• Missing semicolons
• Improperly matches of parentheses, square brackets, and curly braces
• Incorrect format in selection and loop statements
2. Runtime errors
Runtime errors occur when a program with no syntax errors asks the computer to do something
that the computer is unable to reliably do. Common examples are:
• Trying to divide by a variable that contains a value of zero
• Trying to open a file that doesn't exist
There is no way for the compiler to know about these kinds of errors when the program is
compiled.
3. Logic errors
Logic errors occur when there is a design flaw in your program. Common examples are:
• Multiplying when you should be dividing
• Adding when you should be subtracting
• Opening and using data from the wrong file
• Displaying the wrong message
 COMPUTER DATA CONVERSION

The computer is an electronic device that performs various

tasks. The tasks are done, precisely, in the central processing unit
(CPU). The CPU is referred to as the brain of the computer. It is
also referred to as the processor or microprocessor as in
microcomputers. Without it, the computer is incomplete.
Register, bus, and address play a great role during data
processing in terms of temporary storage, speed of data transfer
and location of a word in memory.
REGISTERS
Registers are small pieces of storage right within the processors core that are
directly operated upon by CPU instructions. A register may hold an instruction, a
storage address, or any kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual
characters). They are normally at the top of memory hierarchy and provides the
fastest way for the CPU to access data.

Registers are used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that
are being used immediately by the CPU, there are various types of Registers that
are used for various purposes.

Examples of Microprocessor Register

• Accumulator (AC): used for storing the results produced by the system.
• Memory Address Register: holds the memory address of data and
instructions.
• Program Counter (PC) Register: holds the address of the memory location of
the next instruction when the current is executed by the microprocessor.
• Flag Register: indicates the status of the processor.
• Index Register: used to determine the address of an operand during program run
• Memory Data Register/ Memory Buffer Register : used to temporarily store
Examples of Control Unit Registers
• Memory Data Register: contains the data to be stored in the computer
storage. It acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied from the
memory ready for the computer to use it.
• Current Instruction Register: holds the current instruction to be executed
having been fetched from memory.
• Sequence Control Register: causes the steps of the fetch and execute
processes to occur in the correct sequence/timing.

CPU performs the following operations:-

1) Fetch: The Fetch operation is used for taking the instructions that are given
by the user and the instructions that are stored in the Main Memory.
2) Decode: The Decode operation is used for interpreting the instructions. The
CPU decodes the instructions by finding out which operation is to be performed
on the Instructions.
3) Execute: The Execute operation is performed by the CPU. And results
produced by the CPU are then stored into the memory and after that they are
displayed on the user Screen.
4) Store: storing the result back to the memory.
 Functions of Registers
• Holds the address of memory where CPU wants to
read or write data.
• Holds the content of data/instruction read from or
written in memory.
• Used to specify the address of a particular I/O device.
• It stores current instruction being executed or coded.
• Used to store the address of the next instruction to
fetch for execution.
• It is used to store the result produced by the system.
ADDRESS
In computer, address refers to a memory location that can be
identified by a number or name for data transfer.
Addresses can also be regarded as information locating points.
Each storage location in memory has a unique address that
identifies its location. The content or value of memory is the
data stored at a particular address.
Note that each memory location can store only a single item of
data or a single instruction.
BUS
In computer architecture, a bus is a communication line linking different
components together within a computer. It is a set of physical
connections (cables, printed circuits etc.) which can be shared by
multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one
another especially between the processor and peripherals.

The purpose of bus is to reduce the number of pathways needed for

communication between the components, by carrying out all
communications over a single data channel.

For example, a bus enables a computer processor to communicate with

the memory or a video card to communicate with the memory.
An individual computer contains a system bus, which connects the major
components of a computer system and has three main elements, namely:
• Address bus
• Data bus and
• Control bus
Differences between Register and Main Memory
Main memory or primary memory is the physical memory where
data and programs currently running are stored. It comprises
two parts: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only
Memory(ROM).

Register Main Memory

CPU operates on registers at a faster CPU operates on the memory at a

rate. slower rate.
Holds data that the processor is Holds information, data, program
currently working on. instructions required throughout
program execution.
Holds small amounts of data around Memory of the computer ranges from
32 bits to 64 bits gigabytes to terabytes
There are usually few registers on a There are a lot more registers in RAM
processor
It is located within the CPU or close to It is external to the CPU.
it.
 CONCEPT OF COMPUTER FILES
Files are important for information retrieval. For instance your
book shelf helps you to retrieve book timely if it is organized on
subject title or alphabetical order. We need files to store unique
information so that they can be easily retrieved on demand.
A computer file is digital information stored in a computer file
format (electronic format). It is a named collection of bits, usually
stored on a disk; it possesses some properties such as size, owner,
type, name, etc.
File specification is a combination of the drive letter, subdirectory,
and file names and extensions that identifies a file.

A filename is a unique set of letters or numbers that identifies a

file. It is also important to note that a set of letters and/or
numbers added at the end of a file name to assist in identifying the
nature of the file is called file name extension.
 Basic terms with respect to computer files
• Field: It is a single elementary unit of information
representing an attribute of an entity.
• Entity: is something that has certain qualities, characteristics,
properties or attributes that may contain some values.
• Information: is processed or organised data. Decision can be
taken based on it because it is meaningful.
• Record: is a collection of field values of a given entity.
• File: is a collection of records of the entities in a given entity
set.
• Database: Collection of files.
DATA ITEM
Data are raw facts and figures. It is unprocessed information. It is
information for computer processing that is in a form suitable for
storage and retrieval by a computer; it is normally presented in
bit(s). For example, marks of students, figures obtained during
polling, etc.

Data item is a unit of data stored in a field. It is a single member

of a data element. — For example, admission number, name,
address, age, etc.

When the data are processed by applying certain rules, it

becomes information. Data are not useful for decision making
whereas information is useful for decision making.
 Types of data items

The following are the various data that are commonly used in
computer data processing. Computer data are necessarily translated
into machine-readable form of binary digits (0,1) before they can be
processed.
Data types are:
• Alphabetic data: this includes labels, letters of the alphabet A-Z, e.g.
Ngozi, Seun. They cannot be used for calculations.
• Numeric data: it consists of numbers or figures 0-9, e.g. 250. They
are used for calculations.
• Alpha-numeric data: this includes the combination of numbers and
alphabets. E.g. A1001, 20km. They cannot be used for calculations.
Others are:
• Audio data:
• Graphic data:
• Visual data
 FILE ORGANISATION

File is the organisation of logically related records. File

organization is a way of organizing the data or records
in a file. It does not refer to how files are organized in
folders, but how the contents of a file are added and
accessed. It refers to the method in which records of a
file are stored or arranged on a storage medium and
consequently, the method(s) by which it can be
accessed.

File organization is very important because it

determines the methods of access, efficiency, flexibility
and storage devices to use.
 Types of File Organisation
There are several types of file organization, the most common of
them are serial, sequential, relative, random, and indexed. They differ
in how easily records can be accessed and the complexity in which
records can be organized on a storage media such as disk or magnetic
tape.
Serial file organisation: in this method, records in a file are stored and
accessed one after another. The records are not stored in any way on
the storage medium, this type of organization is mainly used on
magnetic tapes
Advantages of serial file organization
• It is simple
• It is cheap
Disadvantages of serial file organization
• It is cumbersome to access because you have to access all
preceeding records before retrieving the one being searched.
• Wastage of space on medium in form of inter-record gap.
• It cannot support modern high speed requirements for quick
Sequential file organization: records are stored and accessed in a
particular order sorted using a key field. Retrieval requires
searching sequentially through the entire file record by record to
the end.
Because the record in a file are sorted in a particular order, better
file searching methods like the binary search technique can be
used to reduce the time used for searching a file .
Advantages of sequential file organization
• The sorting makes it easy to access records.
• The binary technique can be used to reduce record search time
by as much as half the time taken.
Disadvantages of sequential file organization
• It can only be processed sequentially, i.e. if you need record no.
9, you must first read previous ones.
• Sequential records cannot support modern technologies that
require fast access to stored records.
Indexed-sequential file organization: almost similar to
sequential method only that, an index is used to enable the
computer to locate individual records on the storage media. For
example, on a magnetic drum, records are stored sequentially
on the tracks. However, each record is assigned an index that can
be used to access it directly.
Advantages
• It combines attributes of both index and sequential file
organisations.
• Files are better arranged and hence retrieval is very easy.
Disadvantage
• Using other keys apart from the primary keys may be
misunderstood by the user.
Random or Direct file organisation: records are stored randomly
but accessed directly. To access a file stored randomly, a record
key is used to determine where a record is stored on the storage
media. Magnetic and optical disks allow data to be stored and
accessed randomly.
Advantages of random file organisation
• Quick retrieval of records.
• The records can be of different sizes.
Disadvantage of random file organisation
• Arranging files may be tedious.
 File Access Methods
Information is kept in files. Files reside on secondary storage. When this
information is to be used, it has to be accessed and brought into main
memory. Some of the file access methods are:
Serial Access: it involves files that have data stored on them in the order
of the data in a key field and also in the order in which they were
written.
Sequential Access: A simple access method, information in a file is
accessed sequentially one record after another.
Direct Access: Sometimes it is not necessary to process every record in a
file. It may not be necessary to process records in the order in which
they are present. Information present in a record of a file is to be
accessed only if some key value in that record is known.

Indexed Sequential Access: This access method is a slight modification

of the direct access method. It is in fact a combination of both the
sequential access as well as direct access. The main concept is to access
a file direct first and then sequentially from that point onwards.
 File Classification
It is a categorisation of a particular file into a class of document which has
properties associated to the file. It makes file search very easy.
Files can be classified thus:
• Master file
• Movement or Transaction file
• Reference file

Master File:These are files of a fairly permanent nature e.g. customer ledger,
payroll, inventory, etc. A feature to note is the regular updating of these files
to show a current position.
Movement File: Also called transaction file, is made up of various
transactions created from the source documents. This file is used to update
the master file. As soon as it has been used for this purpose it is no longer
required. It therefore have a very short life. E.g. payroll file and sale invoicing
file.
Reference File: A file with a reasonable amount of permanency . Examples of
data used for reference purposes are of price lists, names and addresses.
 Criteria for classifying files
The criteria for classifying files include the following:
 Nature of content
 Organisation method
 Storage medium used
1. Nature of content: if there is a regular updating and retrieval,
this will demand a random access such as disk. If the content is
static or rarely changes such as a price list, a sequential
organisation is adequate.
2. Organisation method: if a file is organised such that the files
can be accessed randomly and not sequentially, then it means,
disk media will be used and the file can be classified as a
random file.
3. Storage medium: if the storage medium is tape, the files stored
therein may be organised and retrieved sequentially. If it is a
disk storage, the organisation of storage and retrieval may be
classified as random.
 Computer File Handling
The most basic operations that programs can perform on a file are
as follows:
 File creation: this is creating the structure of a file and
populating with contents.
 Updating: this is when the master record is changed to reflect a
current position.
 File copying: duplicating the content of the file and saving it
away from the present filename as a backup.
 File viewing: looking up the content of a file without necessarily
retrieving and printing the file.
 Opening a file: calling up a file to computer memory for
manipulation, editing, updating and printing.
 Closing a file: this is to terminate the association between it and
the program.
 File deletion: purging the file and its content when it is no longer
needed from the storage medium.
 Creating a sequential file
Recall that a sequential file is one in which the
records are stored in sorted order of one or
more key fields. It provides a straightforward
way to read and write files. The drawback to
sequential files is, not surprisingly, that you only
have sequential access to your data. You access
one line at a time, starting with the first line.
This means if you want to get to the last line in a
sequential file of 23,000 lines, you will have to
read the preceding 22,999 lines.
 Steps to creating a sequential file
• Open the file in sequential output mode. To create a file in BASIC, you
must use the OPEN statement. Sequential files have two options to
prepare a file for output:
(i) OUTPUT: If a file does not exist, a new file is created. If a file already
exists, its contents are erased, and the file is then treated as a new file.
(ii) APPEND: If a file does not exist, a new file is created. If a file already
exists, BASIC appends (adds) data at the end of that file.
• Output data to a file. Use WRITE# or PRINT# to write data to a sequential
file.
• Close the file. The CLOSE statement closes a file after the program has
completed all I/O operations.

To read a sequential file

• First, OPEN the file in sequential INPUT mode. This prepares the file for
reading.
• Read data in from the file. Use BASIC's INPUT# or LINE INPUT# statements.
• Close the file. The CLOSE statement closes a file after the program has
completed all I/O operations.
 COMPUTER FILE HANDLING (CONTD)

FILE INSECURITY
File insecurity is a concept that a file is always vulnerable and is
prone to be lost or missing in the computer. Files used in
applications are vital to the running of a system. Any loss or
corruption of data will have serious or fatal implications for the
performance of the application. Delays, loss of business and
possible legal action may result.
File security is a feature of your file system which controls what
users can access which files, and places limitations to what users
can do to various files in the computer.
 Effects of file insecurity
• Loss of data
• Overwriting
• File theft
Methods of file security
• Regular backup of files
• Ensure proper file labeling
• Install firewalls and anti-virus software, scan and ensure a
regular update
• Install stabilizer and UPS to avoid hard disk crash
• Entry to the computer room must be physically and
electronically locked with biometric authentication systems
• Use strong password
• Encrypt your files in case someone bypasses your password
protection.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPUTER FILE AND MANUAL FILE
Computer files are the type of files which are made on computer and are
stored in the form of softcopy while manual files refer to files that are
created and organised by humans in hardcopy using file cabinets, folders.

Computer file Manual file

Computer files are transferred Manual files can be transported

electronically. through physical means

Computer files are difficult to destroy Manual files can wear out and can be
and can last for a long time. depleted easily by hand.

Computers files are convenient to Manual files are not convenient to

carry. carry.

Large amount of information can be It is difficult to store hefty amount of

stored and transferred information manually.
It can be edited with ease. Editing is almost impossible.
 Advantages of computer filing system
• More secured, it may not be damaged by rain, fire or termite.
• It provides fast access to stored information.
• Documents can be easily modified.
• They are convenient to carry via storage media.

Limitations of computer filing system

• The need for trained and expensive personnel to operate the
system.
• Purchase of expensive computer hardware and software.
• It requires electricity.
Revision

End of notes
End of term
End of session

Happy RCCG Convention 2025!

Glory be to God!