FOURIER SERIES(2019)

By
Dr Thamma Koteswara Rao
Introduction – periodic functions – Fourier
Series of periodic function – Dirichlet’s
conditions – Even and Odd functions – Change
of Interval – Half-range Sine and Cosine Series

1
Fourier Series is an infinite series representation of a
periodic function in terms of Sines and Cosines of an
angle and its multiples.
A function f(x) defined in any interval can be expressed as
a trigonometric series as

a0
f ( x)   (a1 cos x  a2 cos 2 x  a3 cos 3 x  ........  an cos nx  .....)
2
 (b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x  b3 sin 3 x  ........  bn sin nx  .....)
a0 
   (an cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

is known as the Fourier Series for f(x). The constants a’s

and b’s are called Fourier Coefficients of f(x).
2
DIRICHLET CONDITIONS:
Dirichlet has formulated certain sufficient
conditions known as Dirichlet Conditions
under which certain functions possess valid
Fourier Series expansions. They are
1) f(x) is well defined, periodic, single-valued
and finite.
2) f(x) has a finite number of finite
discontinuities in any one period.
3) f(x) has at most a finite number of maxima
and minima in the interval of definition.
3
Important Results:
1
sin n 0, sin 2n 0, sin( n  ) (  1) n ,
2
1
cos n (  1) n , cos 2n 1, cos( n  ) 0, for n  Z .
2
 (  1) 2 , if n is odd
n 1

n  n  0, if n is odd
sin  0, if n is even and cos  n
2  2  (  1) 2 , if n is even

if m, n are int egers





sin mx cox nx dx 0

 for m n
 0,,

for m n 0
sin mx sin nx dx  0, for m n 0
 
 for m n
 0,,

for m n 0
cos mx cos nx dx  2 , for m n 0
 
4
if
if m, n are int egers
c 2l
mx nx

c
sin(
l
) cos (
l
) dx 0

c 2l
mx nx  l0,, for m n


for m n 0
sin( ) sin ( ) dx  0, for m n 0
c
l l 
c 2l
mx nx  l0,, for m n


for m n 0
cos( ) cos ( ) dx  2 l , for m n 0
c
l l 

5
 ax
e
 cos bx dx  a 2  b 2 (a cos bx  b sin bx)
ax
e
ax
e
 sin bx dx  a 2  b 2 (a sin bx  b cos bx)
ax
e
a a

f ( x)dx 2f ( x)dx,

a 0
if f ( x) is even function

f ( x)dx 0,
a
if f ( x) is odd function

U V dx U V 1  U ' V2  U ' ' V3  U ' ' ' V3  .......

6
FURIOR SERIES FOR THE FUNCTION f(x) DEFINED
IN THE INTERVAL c ˂ x ˂ c+2l (or) (c, c+2l)
a0 
nx 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )  bn sin( )
2 n 1 l n 1 l
where
c 2l
1
a0 
l f ( x) dx
c
c 2l
1 nx
an 
l 
c
f ( x) cos(
l
) dx

c 2l
1 nx
bn 
l  f ( x) sin(
c
l
) dx

7
FURIOR SERIES FOR THE FUNCTION f(x) DEFINED
IN THE INTERVAL 0 ˂ x ˂ 2l (or) (0, 2l)
a0 
nx 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )  bn sin( )
2 n 1 l n 1 l
where
2l
1
a0 
l f ( x) dx
0
2l
1 nx
an 
l 
0
f ( x) cos(
l
) dx

2l
1 nx
bn 
l f ( x) sin(
0
l
) dx

8
FURIOR SERIES FOR THE FUNCTION f(x) DEFINED
IN THE INTERVAL -l ˂ x ˂ l (or) (-l, l)
a0 
nx 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )  bn sin( )
2 n 1 l n 1 l
where
l
1
a0 
l f ( x) dx
l
l
1 nx
an 
l 
l
f ( x ) cos(
l
) dx

l
1 nx
bn 
l f ( x) sin(
l
l
) dx

9
FURIOR SERIES FOR THE FUNCTION f(x) DEFINED
IN THE INTERVAL c ˂ x ˂ c+2∏ (or) (c, c+2∏)
 
a0
f ( x)    an cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

where
c  2
1
a0 
 f ( x) dx
c
c  2
1
an 
 f ( x) cos nx dx
c
c  2
1
bn 
 f ( x) sin nx dx
c

the values of a0 , an , bn are known as Euler ' s Formulae.

10
FURIOR SERIES FOR THE FUNCTION f(x) DEFINED
IN THE INTERVAL 0 ˂ x ˂ 2∏ (or) (0, 2∏)
 
a0
f ( x)    an cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

where
2
1
a0 
 f ( x) dx
0
2
1
an 
 f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
bn 
 f ( x) sin nx dx
0

11
FURIOR SERIES FOR THE FUNCTION f(x) DEFINED
IN THE INTERVAL -∏ ˂ x ˂ ∏ (or) (-∏, ∏)
 
a0
f ( x)    an cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

where

1
a0 
 


f ( x ) dx


1
an 
 


f ( x) cos nx dx


1
bn 
 


f ( x) sin nx dx

12
FOURIER SERIES FOR EVEN FUNCTION f(x)
DEFINED IN THE INTERVAL (-l, l):
a0 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )
2 n 1 l
where
l
2
a0 
l f ( x) dx
0
l
2 nx
an 
l 
0
f ( x ) cos(
l
) dx

13
FOURIER SERIES FOR EVEN FUNCTION f(x)
DEFINED IN THE INTERVAL (-∏, ∏):

a0
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n1

where

2
a0 
 f ( x) dx
0

2
an 
 f ( x) cos nx dx
0

14
FOURIER SERIES FOR ODD FUNCTION f(x)
DEFINED IN THE INTERVAL (-l, l):

nx
f ( x )  bn sin( )
n1 l
where
nx
l
2
bn 
l  f ( x ) sin(
l
) dx
FOURIER SERIES FOR ODD FUNCTION f(x)
0

DEFINED IN THE INTERVAL (-∏, ∏):


f ( x )  bn sin nx
n1

where

2
bn 
 f ( x ) sin nx dx
0

15
Example 1:
Find the Fourier Series for f(x) = 2lx – x2 in the
interval 0 ˂ x ˂ 2l (or) (0, 2l) and hence deduce
1 1 1 
1 2
1  2  2  2  ......(or )
2 3 4

n 1 n
2

6

Solution:
Given function f(x) = 2lx – x2
Given interval (c, c+2l) = (0, 2l)
C = 0 and l = l a 
nx  nx
f ( x)    a 0
n cos( )  bn sin( )
2 l l
Fourier Series for
1
f(x) is c 2l
n 1 n 1

a  f ( x) dx
To find a0:
0
l c
2l
1 4l 2

2
 ( 2lx  x ) dx 
l 0
3
16
To find an:
c 2l
1 nx
an 
l  f ( x) cos(
c
l
) dx

2l
1 nx

2
 ( 2lx  x ) cos( ) dx
l 0
l
2l
 nx  nx   nx  
sin( )   cos( )    sin( )
1 l  (2l  2 x)  l   ( 2)  l 

  (2lx  x 2 ) 
l n n n 
( )2 ( )3
 l l l 
0

 4l 2
 2 2
n 

17
To find bn:

c 2l
1 nx
bn 
l  f ( x) sin(
c
l
) dx

2l
1 nx

2
 ( 2lx  x ) sin( ) dx
l 0
l
2l
  nx   nx   nx  
 cos( )  sin( ) cos( )
1  l   l   l  
  (2lx  x 2 )  (2l  2 x)  (  2) 
l n n 2 n 
( ) ( )3
 l l l 
0

0

18
Substituting the values in Fourier Series
a0 
nx 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )  bn sin( )
2 n 1 l n 1 l
4l 2
( )
3

 4l 2
nx 
nx
2
2lx  x    ( 2 2 ) cos( )  (0) sin( )
2 n 1 n  l n 1 l
2l 2 4l 2  1 nx
2 
2
2lx  x   cos( ) .......(1)
3  n 1 n 2
l
this is required fourier series .
put x 0 in equation (1)
2l 2 4l 2 
1
we get 0
3

2 
n 1 n2
2l 2 4l 2 
1
3
 2
 
n 1 n2
2 
1 1 1 1
 2
1  2
 2
 2
 ......
6 n 1 n 2 3 4
19
Example 2:
Find the Fourier Series for f(x) = 2x – x2 in the
interval 0 ˂ x ˂ 3 (or) (0, 3).

Solution:
Given function f(x) = 2x – x2
Given interval (c, c+2l) = (0, 3)
C = 0 and l = 3/2 a 
nx  nx
f ( x)    a 0
n cos( )  bn sin( )
2 l l
Fourier Series for
1
f(x) is
c 2l
n 1 n 1

a  f ( x) dx
To find a0:
0
l c
3
2

3 (2 x 
0
x 2 ) dx 0

20
To find an:
c 2l
1 nx
an 
l 
c
f ( x) cos(
l
) dx

3
2 2nx

2
 ( 2 x  x ) cos( ) dx
3 0
3
3
 2nx  2nx   2nx  
sin( )   cos( )   sin( )
2 3  (2  2 x)  3   3  
  (2 x  x )
2
 ( 2) 
3 2 n 2 n 2 2 n 3 
( ) ( )
 3 3 3 
0

9
 2 2
n 

21
To find bn:
c 2l
1 nx
bn 
l  f ( x) sin(
c
l
) dx

3
2 2nx

2
 ( 2 x  x ) sin( ) dx
3 0
3
3
  2nx   2nx   2nx  
 cos( )  sin( ) cos( )
2  3   3   3  
  (2 x  x 2 )  (2  2 x)  (  2) 
3 2n 2 n 2 2 n 3 
( ) ( )
 3 3 3 
0

3

n

22
Substituting the values in Fourier Series

a0 
nx 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )  bn sin( )
2 n 1 l n 1 l
( 0 ) 
 9 2 nx 
3 2nx
2
2x  x    ( 2 2 ) cos( )  ( ) sin( )
2 n 1 n  3 n 1 n 3
9 
1 2nx 3 
1 2nx
2 x  x  2  2 cos(
2
)  sin( ).......(1)
 n 1 n 3  n 1 n 3
this is required fourier series .

23
Example 3:
Find the Fourier Series for f(x) = x – x2 in the
interval -1 ˂ x ˂ 1 (or) (-1, 1).
Solution:
Given function f(x) = x – x2
Given interval (-l, l) = (-1, 1)  l = 1
Since f(x) is neither even nor odd function
Fourier Series for f(x) is a nx
 
nx
f ( x)    a cos(
0
)  b sin(
n )
n
2 l l
To find a0: 1
l
n 1 n 1

a0 
l f ( x) dx
l
1
 2
( x  x ) dx 
2

1
3
24
To find an:

l
1 nx
an 
l f ( x) cos(
l
l
) dx

 ) cos nx dx
2
 ( x  x
1
1

  (x  x2 )
sin nx
 (1  2 x)
 cos( nx)  ( 2)  sin( nx) 
n (n ) 2 ( n ) 3 
  1
4( 1) n 1
 2 2
n 

25
To find bn:

l
1 nx
bn 
l f ( x) sin(
l
l
) dx

 ) sin( nx) dx
2
 ( x  x
1
1
 2  cos( nx )  sin( nx) cos( nx) 
  (x  x )  (1  2 x)  ( 2) 
 n  ( n  ) 2
( n  ) 3
 1
2( 1) n 1

n

26
Substituting the values in Fourier Series

a0  nx  nx
f ( x)    an cos( )  bn sin( )
2 n 1 l n 1 l
 n 1  n 1
 1 4 (  1) 2 (  1)
x  x 2    2 2 cos( nx)  sin( nx)
3 n 1 n  n 1 n
n 1 n 1
 1 4 
(  1) 2 
(  1)
x  x2   2  cos( nx)   sin( nx)
3  n 1 n 2
 n 1 n
this is required fourier series .

27
Example 4:
Find the Fourier Series for f(x) = 1 – x2 in the
interval -1 ˂ x ˂ 1 (or) (-1, 1).
Solution:
Given function f(x) = 1 – x2
Given interval (-l, l) = (-1, 1)  l = 1
Since f(x) is an even function  bn=0
a0  nx
Fourier Series for f(x) is f ( x)    an cos(
2 n 1 l
)

To find a0: a  2 f ( x) dx
l

0
l 
0
1
4
(1  x ) dx 
2
2
0
3
28
To find an:

l
2 nx
an 
l f ( x) cos(
0
l
) dx

 ) cos nx dx
2
2 (1  x
0
1

2  (1  x 2 )
sin nx
 (0  2 x )
 cos( nx)  ( 2)  sin( nx) 
n ( n ) 2 ( n ) 3 
 0
4( 1) n 1
 2 2
n 

29
Substituting the values in Fourier Series

a0 
nx
f ( x)    an cos( )
2 n 1 l
2 
4(  1) n 1
1 x  
2
cos( nx )
3 n 1 n 
2 2

2 4  (  1) n 1
1 x   2 
2
cos( nx )
3  n 1 n 2

this is required fourier series .

30
Example 5:
Find the Fourier Series for f(x) = x – x3 in the
interval -1 ˂ x ˂ 1 (or) (-1, 1).

Solution:
Given function f(x) = x – x3
Given interval (-l, l) = (-1, 1)  l = 1
Since f(x) is odd function  a0=0, ann=0

x
f ( x)  bn sin( )
l
Fourier Series for f(x) is n 1

31
To find bn:

l
2 nx
bn 
l f ( x) sin(
0
l
) dx

 ) sin nx dx
3
2 ( x  x
0
1

2  ( x  x 3 )
 cos( nx)  (1  3x 3 )  sin( nx)  ( 6 x) cos( nx) 
 n ( n ) 2 (n ) 3  0
12( 1) n 1
 3 3
n 

32
Substituting the values in Fourier Series

nx
f ( x )  bn sin( )
n 1 l
 n 1
12 (  1)
x  x 3  sin( nx )
n 1 n 3 3

12 (  1) n 1

x x  3
3
sin( nx )
 n 1 n 3

this is required fourier series .

33
THANK YOU

ALL THE BEST

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