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Digitial Fluroscopy 2

The document discusses digital fluoroscopy and remote-controlled tables, highlighting the advantages of digital imaging over traditional methods, including improved image quality and efficiency. It explains the technology behind flat panel detectors and the benefits of remote-controlled tables in reducing radiation exposure for staff and enhancing patient comfort. However, it also notes the mechanical complexities and higher costs associated with these advanced systems.

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LACHU LN
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4 views30 pages

Digitial Fluroscopy 2

The document discusses digital fluoroscopy and remote-controlled tables, highlighting the advantages of digital imaging over traditional methods, including improved image quality and efficiency. It explains the technology behind flat panel detectors and the benefits of remote-controlled tables in reducing radiation exposure for staff and enhancing patient comfort. However, it also notes the mechanical complexities and higher costs associated with these advanced systems.

Uploaded by

LACHU LN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Fluoroscopy

&
Remote controlled
Table

By,
Bosco Antony
Introduction
• Fluoroscopy is a common
technique used by radiologist
to obtain real time images of
moving body parts and
internal structures of a
subject compared to static
radiographic examinations.
• Intensity of light is
proportional to intensity of x-
rays
Direct Vision Fluoroscopy
• Radiologist stands behind screen and
view the picture
• The fluorescent material → copper
activated zinc cadmium sulfide →
emitted light in yellow green spectrum.
• The radiologist’s eye was protected by
a sheet of lead glass.
Disadvantages.
• High doses.
• Low brightness
CONVENTIONAL FLUOROSCOPY
• Produces positive type
image on a receptor i.e.,
directly produced from the
transmitted X-ray beam.
• Image intensifier tubes
serves as a fluoroscopic
image receptor.
• Image Intensifier tubes are
electronically coupled to a
TV monitor for remote
viewing.
Principle of Image Intensifier
Disadvantages of Image Intensifier
• Input window scattering with loss of edge sharpness
• Multiple signal conversions with signal loss
• Variation of quality, brightness and geometric
distortion across the image
• Sensitivity to magnetic fields
• Require regular adjustment of electrical and optical
components
• Gradual loss in image quality over time with a
limited life span
VIDICON CAMERA
D ig it
Fluor a l
osco
py
Digital
Fluoroscopy
 Digital fluoroscopy system is
commonly designed as a
conventional one in which the
analog video signal is converted to
and stored as digital data by an
analog to digital converter (ADC).
Digital
• ‘Digital’ means to generate an electronic image using discrete units.
The binary system records numerical values as in the form of “0“and“1“.
• It records, copies, reviewed and processed without loss in quality.
Advantages
• Direct image availability
• Digital image processing
• Digital storage and archiving
• Computer-aided diagnosis

Analog
• An analog display of a signal generates an image that is continuously
proportional to the respective value.
Advantage: continuously proportional nature.
Disadvantages: magnetic fields and limitations in the ability to
record and copy images without loss of quality.
The development of digital imaging

• For decades analog X-ray films and image analog image


intensifier TV systems were the only media for recording
and displaying images in radiology.
• In the 1980’s the introduction of digital storage phosphor
systems for radiography and the digitization of image
intensifier TV systems in fluoroscopy were the first steps in
digital imaging systems.
• A breakthrough for digital imaging systems were flat
detectors (FD). First introduced in radiography, they
resulted in a dramatic increase in patient throughput.
• They are now also state-of-the-art in fluoroscopy.
Flat Panel Detector technology

• With FD technology, X-rays are converted by a matrix of


photodiodes into an electrical signal, which is read out and
converted into a digital signal based on a pixel structure. The
principle is the same as a digital camera with the image almost
immediately appearing on the display.
• There are two different ways to convert X-rays into electrical
signals. Which technology is used is dependent on the specific
application.
• Direct conversion, with no step between the X-ray and electrical
conversion.
• Indirect conversion, which converts the X-ray with a scintillator into
light, which is then converted to electrical signals
Direct conversion
• Direct conversion converts X-rays into
electric charges that collect on the pixel
electrodes which are then converted into a
digital signal by an AD-converter.

• The material used needs to have a high X-


ray absorption coefficient, a high efficiency
for the collection of generated charges and
needs to be able to be produced in a large
surface area. The most common material
used is Amorphous selenium (Se)
Indirect conversion
• The most common flat
detectors are based on a
two-step process with a
scintillator converting X-rays
into light which is then
converted by a photodiode
into an electronic signal.
The most common
scintillators are Gadolinium
oxysulfide (GadOx) or
Cesium Iodine (CsI).
Material used for photo
diodes is Amorphous silicon
Matrix structure
• The image of a flat detector is collected by a thin film matrix of
photo diodes produced using amorphous silicon (Si). These allow
the charge collected at each element to be independently
translated into a digital signal relating to a pixel in the image.
• The pixels within the matrix are typically between 140 to 180 μm.
Comparison of direct and indirect conversion

• Direct and indirect conversion have advantages for


different applications. As they perform better at low
voltages, Selenium based direct conversion detectors
are commonly used in mammography. However, as
Selenium has a low X-ray absorption in the voltage
range used for general radiography and fluoroscopy
it is not suitable for these applications.
Flat Panel Vs. Image
Intensifier
• Higher Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) and contrast
particularly at higher spatial resolution
• Higher spatial resolution e.g. - 3.4 lp/mm for FD and 1.7 lp/mm
for I.I. at full field
• Larger maximum image area to cover larger structures
• No degradation through electro-optical distortions and artefact's.
• Lower zoom dose factors when using magnification modes
• Shorter image chain with fewer parts and lower maintenance
requirements.
• FD is not affected by magnetic fields
• A more compact size that frees system design to provide easier
patient access
Remote control table
(Telecommand)
• Examination is controlled by some distance from the
patient with the help of a remote control
• Radiation protection can be possible for radiologist by
keeping distance and lead shield.
• Image intensifier and closed circuit television system
for viewing is essential .
• All movements of table, image intensifier , x- ray tube ,
and serial changer are motorized .
• Over table x- ray tube and under table image intensifier
Shimadzu Flexavision R/F
system

collimator

Compression cone
Ba cup holder
Local monitor

Floating table

Grip Foot rest

Local control panel

Spot film device


Shimadzu Flexavision R/F
system

Image intensifier tube


Movements possible

Table Tilting
Vertical Horizontal Trendelenburg
(00) (upto-450)
.
(900)
• Geometric unsharpness is minimal ; as table top to film
distance is reduced .
• Height of the table can be altered according to
requirement
• The table top can be moved longitudinally &
transversely.
• Speed of the movement is 45mm/sec.
• Anode to image receptor distance.(100 – 150cms)
• Small distance from the table - top to the image
receptor (7 cms).
Control console
Remote console Local console
Control
All movements are
controlled by joysticks on
the console.

Exposure

Table tilting X-ray tube/II, table

compression cone collimator


?
?
Cassette tray
3
positio
Ready
ns
positio Exposur
n e
positio Loadin
n g
positio
n
Remote controlled table

Advantages Disadvantages
• Potentially lower radiation • Ineffectiveness of mechanical
dosage to staff. devices for manipulation and
• A longer and variable anode film palpation; compared with the
distance. human hand.
• Single x-ray tube works for both • Greater mechanical complexity
fluoroscopic and radiographic • Slower movement of cassette; so
purpose. longer delay in exposing spots
• Change in the viewed area or
follow up is slower through
remote control.
• More expensive; and need large
radio diagnostic room.
Conclusion
• In fluoroscopy, state-of-the-art imaging systems play an
increasingly important role for providing critical
support. Digital fluoroscopy, upholds a seamless
workflow with maximized operational security.
• Remote controlled fluoroscopy table has yielded many
benefits like
 significant increase in patient comfort .
 reduction in the time taken for the fluoroscopy
procedures.
 decrease in exposure to the operator .
 improved level of efficiency
THANK YOU
Next seminar:
• Topic: Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter
• Presenter : Antony Johnson Netto
• Moderator : Mr. Radhakrishnan
• Date:14/02/2014

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