In Chapters 2 and 4, we described the motion of an object in terms of its

position, velocity, and acceleration without considering what might influence

that motion.

Now we consider that influence: We will Answer the following questions

- Why does the motion of an object change?

- What might cause one object to remain at rest and another object to
accelerate?
- Why is it generally easier to move a small object than a large object?

The two main factors we need to consider are the forces acting on an object
and the mass of the object.

In this chapter, we begin our study of dynamics by discussing the three basic
laws of motion, which deal with forces and masses and were formulated more
than three centuries ago by Isaac Newton.
 The word force refers to an interaction between objects.
For example, When you push your empty dinner plate away,
you exert a force on it. Three is an interaction between your
hand and the plate.

 Forces do not always cause motion. For example, when you

are sitting, a gravitational force acts on your body and yet you
remain stationary. As a second example, you can push (in
other words, exert a force) on a large boulder and not be able
to move it.

 The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

 Two type of forces

• Contact forces: to stretch a spring or kick a ball, you have to

have a physical contact with these objects.

• Filed forces: the forces you do not see but you see their
effects. The earth is pulling things down by its gravitation
force but we do not see this force.
 Force is a vector physical
quantity: It has a magnitude and
direction. The SI unit of mass is
the kilogram (kg).

• When two forces on an object

are acting in the same direction,
then we add these forces.

• When two forces on an object

are acting in the opposite
direction, then we subtract
these forces and the resultant
force will be directed along the
larger of the larger force.

• When two forces on an object

are acting in general, then we
apply vector addition.

Graphical Addition
Components analysis.
  Inertial Reference Frame:

If an object does not interact with other objects, it is possible to identify a reference frame
in which the object has zero acceleration.
Newton’s law is valid only in inertial reference frame that is not accelerating (such as this
room that
is not moving at all, car moving with constant speed, ..)

A plane traveling with constant speed is an when the plane start to decelerate the ball start
example of inertial frame. The ball will stay at rest. moving in the same diction of acceleration
Practical statement of Newton’s first law of motion:
Mass is that property of an object that specifies how much resistance an object
exhibits to changes in its velocity. Mass is a direct measure of translational moment
o Inertia.

translational moment o Inertia = resistance to change in translational

motion

The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

Experiments show that the greater the mass of an object, the less that object
accelerates under the action of a given applied force. (we will discuss this finding in
more detail when we discuss Newton’s second Law.

The bowling ball (right) has more mass than the soccer ball (left) as it has greater
resistance to the change in its motion.
 Newton’s first law explains what happens to an object when no
forces act on it: it maintains its original motion; it either remains
at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed.
Newton’s second law answers the question of what happens
to an object when one or more forces act on it.

 Imagine performing an experiment in which you push a block of

mass across a frictionless, horizontal surface.

• When you exert some horizontal force on the block, it moves

with some acceleration .

• If you apply a force twice as great on the same block,

experimental results show that the acceleration of the block
doubles;

• If you increase the applied force to , the acceleration triples;

and so on.

From such observations, we conclude that the acceleration of an

object is directly proportional to the force acting on it:

𝑎∝ 𝐹
 • When you exert some horizontal force on the block, it moves
with some acceleration .

• If you apply the same force but on two blocks, experimental

results show that the acceleration of the block halved.

• If you apply the same force but on three blocks, experimental

results show that the acceleration of the blocks is 1/3 of the
original acceleration.

From such observations, we conclude that the acceleration of an

object is directly proportional to the force acting on it:

 Combine the two observations, we get the

𝐹
𝑎∝
𝑚
 Remember the force and acceleration are vector quantities, and
there might be more than one force are acting on the object.
Therefore, Newton’s Second Law should be as.

⃗𝐹 ∑ ⃗𝐹 =𝑚 𝑎⃗
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖
The net force on an object is the vector sum of all forces acting
on the object. (We sometimes refer to the net force as the total
force, the resultant force, or the unbalanced force.)
You’re stranded in space away from your spaceship. Fortunately, you
have a propulsion unit that provides a constant net force for 3.0 s.
After 3.0 s, you have moved 2.25 m. If your mass is 68 kg, find

The propulsion unit (not

shown) is pushing the
astronaut to the right.
Normal Force ()
If a surface is pushed against, it pushes back. An example of this are the Normal force. It is
always normal to the contacting surface (the word normal means Perpendicular) .

m
⃗
𝐹 𝑛 +⃗
𝐹 𝑔=0
⃗
𝐹 =− ⃗ 𝐹
𝑛 𝑔 Magnitude
) 𝐹 𝑛=𝑚𝑔
Normal Force ()
Normal
𝐹𝑛 force

𝒂
𝒂 𝑚𝑔

The wall supports the

Example : What is the magnitude of the ladder by pushing on the
normal force? ladder with a force
normal to the wall.
 String (tension)
force
If we apply the Newton’s second law to the lamp along y-axis ,
noting that the condition gives
 Physical Diagram
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY :
Applying Newton’s Second Law
PICTURE Make sure you identify all of the forces
acting on a particle. Then, determine the direction
of the acceleration vector of the particle, if
possible. Knowing the direction of the acceleration
vector will help you choose the best coordinate
axes for solving the problem.
SOLVE

1. Draw a neat diagram that includes the important

features of the problem.
2. Isolate the object (particle) of interest, and identify
each force that acts on it.
3. Draw a free-body diagram showing each of these
forces.
4. Choose a suitable coordinate system. If the direction of
the acceleration vector is known, choose a coordinate
axis parallel to that direction. For objects sliding along
a surface, choose one coordinate axis parallel to the
surface and the other perpendicular to it.
5. Apply Newton’s second law, , usually in component Free-Body Diagram
form.
6. Solve the resulting equations for the unknowns.
  Static Friction
Try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete
patio, as in the figure. If we apply an external horizontal force to
the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains
stationary if is small. The force that counteracts and keeps the
trash can from moving acts to the left and is called the force of
static friction (.

As long as the trash can is not

moving, . Thus, if is increased, also increases. Likewise, if
decreases, also decreases.

is the coefficient of static friction

  Kinetic
Friction
If you push the trash can hard enough, it will slide across the
floor. As it slides, the floor exerts a force of kinetic friction
that opposes the motion.

Like the magnitude of a maximum static frictional force, the

magnitude of a
kinetic frictional force is proportional to the microscopic
contact area and the
strength of the forces pressing the two surfaces together.
That is, is proportional
to the normal force one surface exerts on the other:

is the coefficient of kinematic friction

𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛 𝐶h𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 06