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Practical Notebook Normal Urine

The document outlines the procedures for urine analysis, including tests for both normal and abnormal constituents. It details the physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations, listing normal inorganic and organic components of urine and their respective testing methods. The results indicate the presence of urea, uric acid, creatinine, chloride, sulfate, and calcium in the urine sample.

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5 views15 pages

Practical Notebook Normal Urine

The document outlines the procedures for urine analysis, including tests for both normal and abnormal constituents. It details the physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations, listing normal inorganic and organic components of urine and their respective testing methods. The results indicate the presence of urea, uric acid, creatinine, chloride, sulfate, and calcium in the urine sample.

Uploaded by

01ashokkumar10
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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URINE ANALYSIS

Normal constituents of urine


Write on blank page

URINE ANALYSIS

CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION MICROSCOPIC
EXAMINATION A. Normal constituents: EXAMINATION
Inorganic & Organic
1) Colour B. Abnormal constituents
2) Appearance 1) Cells
1) Proteins
3) Odour 2) Glucose
4) Specific 2) Crystals
3) Ketone Bodies
gravity 4) Blood
5) Volume 3) Casts
5) Bilirubin
6) pH 6) Urobilinogen
Write on lining page

Experiment no. …………..Date

• AIM: To perform test for normal constituents of


urine.
• Physical examination:
• pH
• Volume
• Appearance
• Color
• Odor
• Specific gravity
Chemical examination:

COMPOSITION OF NORMAL URINE


• Normal urine contains 90-95% of water and about 60g/day of
solid material, comprising of organic and inorganic substances.
• Organic substances are:
 Urea – 25-30 g/day
Uric acid – 0.5-0.8 g/day
Creatinine – 1-1.5 g/day
Hippuric acid – 0.7-0.8 g/day
• Inorganic constituents are:
Chlorides – 10-15 g/day
Sodium – 3-5 g/day
Potassium – 2-2.5 g/day
Calcium – 0.1-0.3 g/day
Phosphates – 0.8-1.3 g/day
Sulfates – 1-1.2 g/day
Ammonia – 0.7-0.8 g/day
Chemistry of normal urine

Normal urine constituents

Inorganic Organic (10-15 gm/day)


• Na+, K+, • Urea
Ca++, Mg++, • Uric acid
• Chloride • Creatinine
• Sulfate
• Phosphorus
• Ammonia
Objective: To test for normal constituents of urine

A. Test For Inorganic Constituents


EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Test for Chloride Curdy white precipitate Chloride present


2 ml urine sample + 0.5 ml of silver chloride seen
conc. HNO3 Followed by
1ml AgNO3

White precipitate is Sulphate is present


2. Test for inorganic sulphate observed
1ml of sample + 1ml 10%
BaCl2

3. Test for Calcium


2 ml of sample+ 5 drops of 1% White precipitate of Calcium present
acetic acid + 2ml potassium calcium oxalate formed
oxalate
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

4. Test for inorganic


phosphorous
3 ml of sample + 5 drops conc. Canary yellow Inorganic phosphorous
HNO3 + pinch of ammonium precipitate formed present
molybdate & heat it

5. Test for ammonia


2 ml of sample + 200
microlitre drops of 2% Na2CO3 Litmus paper turns blue Ammonia present
till solution is alkaline. Boil
the test tube & hold the piece
of litmus paper at the mouth of
it.
Write all the principles on blank page

• 1.Test for Chloride: Principle: Chloride present in urine is


precipitated as silver chloride (AgCl) in the presence of conc.
HNO3
• 2. Test For Sulphate
• Sulphate is derived from catabolism of sulphur containing
amino acid (cysteine, methionine)
• 85-95% of sulphur is excreted as inorganic sulphate and rest as
ethereal sulphate (organic sulphate ).
• PRINCIPLE : Inorganic Sulphate is precipitated as barium
sulphate in presence of barium chloride
• 3. Test For Calcium:
• PRINCIPLE : With potassium oxalate in acidic conditions,
calcium is precipitated as calcium oxalate
• 4. Test for inorganic phosphorous
• PRINCIPLE : Upon warming with ammonium molybdate in the
presence of HNO3, inorganic phosphate is precipitated as canary
yellow ammonium molybdate
• 5. Test for Urinary ammonia: Urinary ammonia is derived from
glutamine and other amino acids in the kidneys.
• There is an increase in ammonia production when there is increase in
proteins in the diet.
• PRINCIPLE : When Na2CO3 is added to the urine ammonia is releases
which turns red litmus into blue when it is brought close to the
mouth of the test tube
B. Test for organic constituents

1. Test for Urea


2. Test for Creatinine
3. Test for Uric acid
Write all the principles on blank page
• 1. Test For Urea:
• Principle: Sodium hypobromite decomposes urea to release N 2 gas
• Urea+ sod. Hypobromite + NaOH. N2 gas+ Na2CO3+NaBr+H2O
• 2. Test for uric acid: (a)modified trinder method

URICASE
• UA+O2+H2O Allantoin+CO2+ H2O2

• PEROXIDASE
• H2O2+ 4 AAP+TBHB Quinoneimine (Chromogen)
4 AAP-4-aminoantipyrine
TBHB- 2,4,6-Tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid
Color intensity of Quinoneimine directly propotional to concentration of uric acid

• 3. Test For Creatinine:


a) Nitroprusside test :PRINCIPLE : creatinine have reducing property it reduces sodium
nitroprusside in alkaline medium & gives reddish brown color.
b) Jaffe’s (Picric acid) test
PRINCIPLE :Under alkaline conditions creatinine reacts with picric acid solution to form an
orange red solution of creatinine picrate
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Test for urea


2 ml of sample +4 drops of sodium Brisk effervescence of N2 Urea is present
hypobromite solution gas is seen

2. Test for uric acid Pinkish coloured solution is Uric acid is present
0.5ml uric acid reagent+10 seen
microlitre diluted alkaline urine
sample

3. Test for Creatinine: reddish brown colour turns Creatinine is present.


a. Nitroprusside test: 2 ml of yellow after adding NaOH
sample + 0.5 ml sodium
nitroprusside+ make solution
alkaline by adding with 0.5 ml
of 10% NaOH wait for 1 min

b. Jaffe’s (Picric acid) test Orange coloured solution Creatinine is present.


2 ml of sample + 2ml saturated of creatinine picrate is
picric acid + few drops of 10% formed.
NaOH
Result
• In the provided urine sample in organic constituents Urea, Uric
acid and creatinine is present & in inorganic constituents
chloride, sulphate & calcium are present.
THANK YOU

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