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Fluid Note GRP 1

The document covers fluid mechanics, focusing on flow kinematics, types of fluid flow, and key concepts such as Reynolds number and Pascal's Law. It explains methods of analyzing fluid motion, including Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, and discusses various flow characteristics like uniformity, steadiness, and viscosity. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of fluid dynamics in transportation, energy, and everyday life, along with examples and assignments related to flow rates and continuity equations.

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16 views24 pages

Fluid Note GRP 1

The document covers fluid mechanics, focusing on flow kinematics, types of fluid flow, and key concepts such as Reynolds number and Pascal's Law. It explains methods of analyzing fluid motion, including Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, and discusses various flow characteristics like uniformity, steadiness, and viscosity. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of fluid dynamics in transportation, energy, and everyday life, along with examples and assignments related to flow rates and continuity equations.

Uploaded by

enockmeah70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BTECH WELDING II

FLUID MECHANICS II

BMW424
Kinematics of Flow
• Flow kinematics is the study of the motion of fluid particles with a
focus on the velocity of the fluid particles at any point in time.

• There are two methods of analyzing fluid motion: Lagrangian and


Eulerian methods.
• Lagrangian method – Take individual particles and observe how
the particles’ parameters (velocity, acceleration, density, etc.)
change with respect to time during the flow. Thus, identify fluid
particle and determine changes in its properties as it moves about
• Eulerian Method – this method considers the pattern of all
particles at a point or cross-section as one group in the flow field.
The parameters determined represent average fluid parameter at
that point. This method is the most commonly used in fluid
mechanics

• Types of Fluid Flow


1. Uniform and non-uniform flow
Uniform Flow – the flow parameters are equal across the section
of the duct/pipe
• Description of Flow Lines
Path Line Streak Line

Stream Line
Types of Fluid Flow
1.Uniform vs. Non-Uniform Flow

• Uniform Flow – the flow properties (e.g. velocity, pressure, etc.) are
equal across the section of the duct/pipe.

• Non-Uniform Flow – the flow properties are not equal across the
section of the duct/pipe
2. Steady vs. unsteady flow
Steady Flow – a flow in which the fluid parameters (eg. velocity,
pressure, density, etc.) do not change with time at any point.
i.e. ,
• Unsteady Flow –properties of the fluid flow change with time. i.e.
• One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flow
• One-Dimensional Flow – the parameters of the flow is a function
of time and only one special coordinate (e.g. V = f(t,x)) = ui.
Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
• Incompressible flow: Density of fluid is constant
i.e.
• Compressible flow,

Viscous vs. Inviscid Flow


• Inviscid flow – the effect of viscosity is neglected. i.e. No friction
in the fluid. Ideal fluid flow
• This happens only in Ideal fluid flow
Viscous Flow –
• This what happens in real fluid flow.
• The friction effect of a fluid flow happens within the fluid and at the
boundaries of the fluid
• Fluid layers near the surface move slower than those further away
• They lead to losses and require pumps in long pipe lines.
• Viscous effect causes velocity to be zero at the inside walls of pipes
(i.e. no-slip condition)

Fig. Velocity profile in a viscous flow


i.Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
1. Laminar (Streamline) Flow – All particles in the flow move in parallel
layers such that no particle moves from one layer to another.
• It’s a smooth and predictable flow.

2. Turbulent Flow – The particles move in irregular path such that there
is mixing of fluid particles. The particles do not have definite path. The
fluid motion is random.
• Reynold’s Number, Re
Used to determine whether a flow is laminar or turbulent.
It’s a dimensionless parameter. Mathematically,
The Reynold’s number is defined by

Where
ρ = density of fluid,
V = average velocity of the fluid,
D = pipe diameter
µ = viscosity of fluid and
γ = kinematic viscosity of the fluid
• If Re < 2000 the flow is Laminar

• If 2000 < Re > 4000, the flow is in transition

• If Re > 4000, the flow is Turbulent

• Example 1.1 Water flows along a 200mm diameter pipe at a


velocity of 13.2 m/s. Taking viscosity µ=1.14x10 3 kg/ms, calculate
the Reynold’s number for the flow.
• Example 1.2 Determine the velocity for water flowing along a 50
mm diameter pipe, taking viscosity µ=1.14x10 -3 kg/ms and Re =
2000
• Pascal's Law

• Pascal's Law states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined


incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout
the fluid and to the walls of the containing vessel.

• Used in hydraulic systems (hydraulic lifts and brakes system in


vehicles) which use fluids to transmit force and power.
How are Fluid Dynamics Used in
Real Life?
• Transportation:
o Airplanes:
o Cars and Trucks:
o Ships and Submarines

• Weather and Climate:


o Weather Forecasting:.
o Climate Modeling:
• Energy:
o Wind Turbines:
o Hydroelectric Dams:.

• Medicine and Biology:


o Blood Flow:
o Drug Delivery:

• Everyday Life:
o Plumbing Systems:.
o Inkjet Printers
• Flowrate or Discharge (Q)
• Quantity of fluid flow per second through a section of a pipe or channel.

• 1.3.1 Mass Flow Rate


From the basic definition of density,
•
• If fluid is flowing and the quantity (in terms of mass/weight) per unit time
is collected, then the mass flow per unit time can be determined.
•
• Volume Flow Rate or Discharge Q
• Volume flow rate is also referred to as discharge, Q or simply flow
rate. It is the volume swept out by a moving fluid per unit time. i.e.

• Relating Mass flow rate and Discharge Q


• From equation 2.1,

• Also volume flow rate can be related to size of duct and average
flow velocity as;
Where V = average velocity of the fluid
A = cross sectional area of the duct
ρ = density of fluid
• Continuity Equation of Liquid Flow
What goes in must come out.
The same quantity that goes in must come out.

• The continuity equation of liquid flow is based on the law of


conservation of mass, which states that; the quantity of fluid
flowing through all cross-section of a pipe for every second is
constant.
• Consider the tube below;

• For sections 1 and 2 of the stream tube above,


Mass flow rate at 1;
Mass flow rate at 2;
•

• Equation 1.6 is called the Continuity Equation. This equation is


applicable to flow between two points in a duct.
• Example 1.3 The diameter of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2
are 10 cm and 15 cm respectively. Find the discharge through
the pipe if the velocity of water flowing through the pipe at
section 1 is 5m/s. Determine also the velocity at section 2.

• Example 1.4 Water flowing through a pipe of 100 mm diameter


with an average velocity of 10 m/s. Determine the rate of
discharge of water in litres/s. Also determine the velocity of
water at the other end of the pipe, if the pipe diameter is
gradually changed to 200mm
Assignment 1
Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2 m diameter at 3m/s and passes
through pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is
0.8m in diameter and carries one-third of the flow in AB. The flow
velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/s. Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the
velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and the diameter of CE.

Due date: 28th May, 2025


Time : 7 AM

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