I C ENGINES

B. E. SEMESTER: VI

What is an Engine? What is a Heat Engine?

HEAT ENGINES
FUEL
CHEMICAL ENERGY THERMAL ENRGY

MECHANICAL WORK

TYPES OF HEAT ENGINES

1. External combustion engines 2. Internal combustion engines

1. Rotary Engines
2. Reciprocating Engines

CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES

HEAT ENGINES

IC ENGINES

EC ENGINES

ROTORY

RECIPROCATING

ROTORY

RECIPROCATING

OPEN CYCLE GAS ENGINE

GASOLINE ENGINE

STEAM TURBINE

STEAM ENGINE

WANKEL ENGINE

DIESAL ENGINE

CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE

STIRLING ENGINE

Application

Automobile Marine Special vehicles (tanks, off road vehicles) Aircraft engines Industrial applications Farming Power plant Portable machinery

APPLICATIONS OF IC ENGINES
1.

2.

Which are the most widely used Heat Engines? Why? Advantages of Reciprocating IC Engines over other engines:
Absence of heat exchangers Mechanical simplicity. Engine components working at lower temp compared to high working fluid temp -> Higher Thermal Efficiency. Less weight to power ratio. Possible to develop engines of very small power output. Suitable for mobile applications.

DISADVANTAGES OF RECIPROCATING IC ENGINES

1.

2.

3.
4.

Vibration caused by reciprocating components. Not possible to use a variety of fuel. Incomplete combustion -> Pollution. Costly fuels are used.

BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS

IC ENGINE NOMENCLATURE
1.

CYLINDER BORE (BORE), d

Nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder; mm Area of a circle of dia equal to Bore.

2.

Piston Area (A)

Stroke (L)
Nominal distance piston travels between two successive reversals of its motion; mm

3.

NOMENCLATURE
4.

Stroke to Bore Ratio; L/d Ratio

Important parameter in classifying speed of engine. Under square Engine: d < L Square Engine: d = L Over square Engine: d > L
Over square engine can operate at higher speed.

5.

Dead Centre
Top Dead Centre (TDC) Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)

GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
Vc Clearance volume Vd Displacement or Swept volume VL or Vs Stroke volume
B Bore Dia L=2.a Cyl Vol V at any crank position:

Displacement or Swept Volume (Vs)

1.

Nominal Volume swept by working piston when traveling from one dead centre to other.

Vs = A x L Vs = (/4).d2 L

CUBIC CAPACITY OR ENGINE CAPACITY

Displacement volume of a cylinder multiplied by number of cylinders (K). Cubic Capacity = Vs x K

CLEARANCE VOLUME, VC Nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when it is at the top dead center (cc)

COMPRESSION RATIO , r
1.

Ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the BDC, VT, to the clearance volume, Vc.
r = VT Vc = (Vc + Vs) Vc

Example 1
1.

The engine capacity of a four stroke four cylinder engine of L/D ratio of 1.1 is 980 cc. If the clearance volume of one cylinder is 27.2 cc; calculate the bore, stroke and CR of this engine.

Working of IC engines

4 Stroke S I Engine 4 Stroke CI Engine 2 Stroke S I Engine 2Stroke C I Engine

FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

ANIMATED SLIDESHOW

FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

1.
2. 3.

Four strokes Stroke and valve positions Indicator diagrams

Ideal Actual

4.

Valve timing

PETROL ENGINE
1.
2.

3.

OTTO CYCLE FOUR STROKE CYCLE TWO STROKE CYCLE

Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression of air. Process 2-3: Heat addition at constant volume. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of air. Process 4-1: Heat rejection at constant volume.

FOUR STROKE SI ENGINE OTTO CYCLE

2 0 1. 2. 3. 4.

4 1 Suction Stroke (0 1) Compression Stroke (1 2) Power Stroke (3 4) Exhaust Stroke (1 0)

4 Cycle Process
1
Intake Valve Intake Manifold Cylinder Piston Connecting Rod Crank Crankcase

Exhaust Valve Exhaust Manifold Spark Plug

Intake Stroke Intake valve opens, admitting fuel and air. Exhaust valve closed for most of stroke

Compression Stroke Both valves closed, Fuel/air mixture is compressed by rising piston. Spark ignites mixture near end of stroke.

Power Stroke Fuel-air mixture burns, increasing temperature and pressure, expansion of combustion gases drives piston down. Both valves closed - exhaust valve opens near end of stroke

Exhaust Stroke Exhaust valve open, exhaust products are displaced from cylinder. Intake valve opens near end of stroke.

Briggs Engine - Intake

Compression

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

2 Stroke Process

Compression (ports closed) Air Taken Into Crankcase

Combustion (ports closed)

Exhaust (intake port closed)

Scavenging and Intake (ports open)

Air compressed in crankcase

2 STROKE ANIMATION

FOUR STROKE CI ENGINE

Diesel Engine Operation

Stroke 1 (intake) only air enters cylinder. Stroke 2 (compression) air is compressed to high extent, raising its temperature. Stroke 3 (power) diesel is injected, high air temperature ignites diesel. Stroke 4 (exhaust) burnt gases are expelled from the engine.

Working principle: Diesel engine

The four strokes requires 2 rotations of the crankshaft.
1. Induction Stroke

Starting from TDC, the piston moves

downwards.

The inlet valve also opens at the same time

and air is drawn into cylinder with out

restriction by a throttle valve.

When the piston reaches the BDC, the cylinder capacity is the largest.

2. Compression stroke

The inlet and exhaust valves are closed. The piston's upward movement compresses the air to the degree determined by the compression ratio (16:1 to 24:1). The air, in this process, heats up to 900C. Near the completion of the compression stroke, the fuel-injection system injects the fuel at high pressure (as much as 2000 bar in modem engines) in to hot compressed air in the CC. When the cylinder reaches the TDC, the cylinder capacity is at its minimum.

3. Ignition stroke

After the ignition lag (a few degrees of C/s rotation) the ignition stroke begins. The finely atomized and easily combustible diesel fuel spontaneously ignites and burns. As a result, the cylinder charge heats up even more and pressure in the cylinder rises. The mass of the fuel injected (quality based control) determines the amount of energy released. The pressure forces the piston downwards. The C/s drive translates the KE of the piston into torque.

4. Exhaust stroke

Just before the piston reaches the

BDC, the exhaust valve opens.

The hot pressurized gases flow out

of the cylinder.

The upwards movement of the piston forces the remaining

exhaust gas out of the cylinder.

1.

The air inside the diesel engine is compressed to

30...50 bar ( naturally aspirated engines)

2.

70...150 bar (turbocharged supercharged engines)

This raises the temperature ranging from 700C to 900C. The ignition temperature of the most easily combustible components of the diesel fuel is around 250C.

3.

DIESEL CYCLE
ISENTROPIC

Heat addition takes place at constant Pressure C

B
A S

Pressure-Volume Diagram

1.

2.

EO- Exhaust opens, EC- Exhaust closes, SOC-Start of combustion, 10Inlet opens, IC-Inlet closes, TDCTop dead centre, BDC-Bottom dead center PU- Ambient pressure, PL- Charge air pressure, Pz-Maximum cylinder pressure, Vc -Compression volume, Vh - Swept volume, WM Useful work, WG-Work during gas exchange (turbocharger)

Differences in Operations
Petrol Stroke 1 (intake) air & fuel mixture enters cylinder Stroke 2 (compression) air & fuel mixture is compressed Stroke 3 (power) spark plug fires, ignites fuel. Stroke 4 (exhaust) burnt gases are expelled from the engine

Diesel Stroke 1 (intake) only air enters cylinder. Stroke 2 (compression) air is compressed to high extent, raising temperature. Stroke 3 (power) diesel is injected, high air temperature ignites diesel. Stroke 4 (exhaust) burnt gases are expelled from the engine.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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Indicated Thermal Efficiency Brake Thermal Efficiency Mechanical Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio Mean Effective Pressure Mean Piston Speed Specific Power Output Specific Fuel Consumption Air - Fuel Ratio
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ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
Energy losses in Exhaust, Coolant, Radiation
1.

Indicated Thermal Efficiency; ith = IP / E Brake Thermal Efficiency; bth = BP / E Mechanical Efficiency; m = BP / IP

Energy (E) In Fuel (kW)

Energy losses in Friction, Pumping etc

1.

IP (kW) BP (kW)

1.

FP = BP IP
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Volumetric Efficiency, v
1. 2.

3.

Indicates breathing ability of engine. Power output depends on utilization of air v is the volume flow rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate at which volume is displaced by the system.

v =
06 June 2012

ma ma aVdisp N / 2 aVd
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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM :