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根岸偶联反应

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根岸偶联反应(英語:Negishi coupling)是一个有机反应。该反应中,有机锌试剂卤代烃的配合物的催化下发生偶联,生成一个新的C-C[1][2]

Negishi偶联反应

其中,

用含钯催化剂时,通常产率较高,对官能团的耐受性也比较好。

该反应以日本化学家根岸英一(日语:根岸 英一ねぎし えいいち Negishi Ei-ichi)命名,根岸凭借此贡献得到了2010年诺贝尔化学奖

反应机理

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在这个反应中具有催化活性的是零价的金属(M0)。反应整体上经过了卤代烃对金属的氧化加成金属转移还原消除这三步:

Negishi偶联反应机理

卤化烃基锌与二烃基锌都可以作为反应物。对模型化合物的研究发现,在金属转移一步中,前者会生成顺式的络合物从而能很快地发生还原消除的后续步骤,生成产物。而后者则会生成反式的络合物,必须经过缓慢的顺反异构体异构化过程[3]

最新进展

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Negishi偶联反应在最近的多个合成中有应用,包括从2-溴吡啶合成2,2'-联吡啶(所用的催化剂为四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)[4],从邻甲苯基氯化锌和邻位取代的碘苯(仍以四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)作催化剂)合成联苯衍生物[5],以及从1-癸炔与(Z)-1-碘-1-己烯合成5,7-十六碳二烯[6]

Negishi偶联还用于六(二茂铁)苯的合成,如下式所示[7]

六(二茂铁)苯的合成

这个反应用六碘苯与双(二茂铁)锌为原料,以三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)英语tris(dibenzylideneactone)dipalladium(0)作催化剂,在四氢呋喃中反应。产率仅为4%,这与芳环周围的位阻有关。

Negishi反应的一种最新的变化形式是先用2-氯-2-苯基苯乙酮1来氧化钯,生成含有OPdCl基团的钯配合物。该化合物随后发生双金属转移反应,接受分别来自有机锌试剂2有机锡试剂3的两个烃基,如下式所示[8]

双金属转移反应与交叉Negishi偶联

外部链接

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Anthony O. King, Nobuhisa Okukado and Ei-ichi Negishi. Highly general stereo-, regio-, and chemo-selective synthesis of terminal and internal conjugated enynes by the Pd-catalysed reaction of alkynylzinc reagents with alkenyl halides. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications. 1977: 683. doi:10.1039/C39770000683. 
  2. ^ Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis Laszlo Kurti, Barbara Czako Academic Press (March 4, 2005) ISBN 0-12-429785-4
  3. ^ Juan A. Casares, Pablo Espinet, Beatriz Fuentes, and Gorka Salas. Insights into the Mechanism of the Negishi Reaction: ZnRX versus ZnR2 Reagents. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2007, 129: 3508. doi:10.1021/ja070235b. 
  4. ^ Adam P. Smith, Scott A. Savage, J. Christopher Love, and Cassandra L. Fraser (2004). "Synthesis of 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine by a Negishi cross-coupling strategy: 5-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 10: 517. 
  5. ^ Ei-Ichi Negishi, Tamotsu Takahashi, and Anthony O. K (1993). "Synthesis of biaryls via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling: 2-methyl-4'-nitrobiphenyl". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 8: 430. 
  6. ^ Ei-Ichi Negishi, Tamotsu Takahashi, and Shigeru Baba (1993). "Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of conjugated dienes". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 8: 295. 
  7. ^ Yong Yu, Andrew D. Bond, Philip W. Leonard, Ulrich J. Lorenz, Tatiana V. Timofeeva, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Glenn D. Whitener and Andrey A. Yakovenko. Hexaferrocenylbenzene. Chemical Communications. 2006: 2572. doi:10.1039/b604844g. 
  8. ^ Yingsheng Zhao, Haibo Wang, Xiaohui Hou, Yanhe Hu, Aiwen Lei, Heng Zhang, and Lizheng Zhu. Oxidative Cross-Coupling through Double Transmetallation: Surprisingly High Selectivity for Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Alkylzinc and Alkynylstannanes. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006, 128: 15048. doi:10.1021/ja0647351. 
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