用户:Lilauid/草稿:立陶宛王国 (1918年)
立陶宛王国 | |||||||||||||||
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| 1918 | |||||||||||||||
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 1918年立陶宛王国在欧洲的位置 | |||||||||||||||
| 地位 | 德意志帝国的附属国 | ||||||||||||||
| 首都 | 维尔纽斯 | ||||||||||||||
| 常用语言 | 立陶宛语 波兰语 白俄罗斯语 俄文 | ||||||||||||||
| 政府 | 临时政府下的单一君主立宪制 | ||||||||||||||
| 当选国王 | |||||||||||||||
• 1918 | 威廉·卡尔 | ||||||||||||||
| 立法机构 | 立陶宛国民大会 | ||||||||||||||
| 历史时期 | 一战 | ||||||||||||||
• 维尔纽斯会议 | 1917年9月18日 | ||||||||||||||
• 立陶宛独立法案 | 1918年2月16日 | ||||||||||||||
| 1918年3月3日 | |||||||||||||||
• 被德意志帝国承认 | 1918年3月23日 | ||||||||||||||
• 施行君主制 | 1918年6月4日 | ||||||||||||||
• 威廉·卡尔当选国王 | 1918年7月11日 | ||||||||||||||
• 废除制暂停 | 1918年11月2日 | ||||||||||||||
• 德意志帝国投降 | 1918年11月11日 | ||||||||||||||
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立陶宛王国（立陶宛语：Lietuvos Karalystė，德语：Königreich Litauen）是于1918年2月建立的立陶宛君主立宪制国家。其在第一次世界大战即将结束时建国的，当时立陶宛地区被德意志帝国军事占领。1918年11月，王国正式解散。
1918年2月16日，立陶宛国民大会宣布立陶宛独立，但由于德国军队的持续存在，国民大会无法组成政府汗其他国家机构。德国人给出各种提议，其中普鲁士提议希望将立陶宛并入德意志帝国。但立陶宛并不接受这个提议，并希望透过建立一个独立的君主立宪制国家来维护自己的主权。
1918年6月4日，国民大会人投票将立陶宛王位授予德国贵族第二代乌拉赫公爵威廉·卡尔。1918年7月，威廉·卡尔接受了这项提议，并采用了尊号明道加斯二世。但事实上，他从未在立陶宛生活过。他的当选引起了很大的争议，使国民大会内部产生了分歧，这也导致国民大会没能达到预期的效果。由于德国战败并陷入十一月革命，1918年11月2日，立陶宛王国暂停了邀请威廉·卡尔的决议，结束了威廉·卡尔的统治。
背景
[编辑]1795年，波兰立陶宛联邦被瓜分，立陶宛也随之被俄罗斯帝国吞并。1915年，第一次世界大战期间，德国占领了俄罗斯帝国西部地区，包括立陶宛。1917年俄国革命后，德国构思了一个中欧地缘政治战略，这个战略构想了一个由傀儡国家组成的区域网络，充当缓冲区。[1]德国允许召开维尔纽斯会议，希望借此表现出立陶宛民族想要脱离俄罗斯并与德国建立“更密切的关系”。[2]1917年9月，会议选出了20个人，组成了立陶宛国民大会，并授权其与德国就立陶宛独立进行谈判。德国正在为即将开始的布列斯特-立陶夫斯克条约的谈判做准备，并寻求立陶宛发表声明，表示他们希望与德国建立“坚定而永久的同盟”。[3]1917年12月11日，立陶宛国民大会通过了与德国建立坚定而永久的同盟的宣言。然而，这些让步在国民大会中存在分歧，而且立陶宛仍然没有获得德国的承认。为了达到独立的目的，国民大会于1918年2月16日通过了《立陶宛独立法案》。该法案没有提及与德国的同盟，并且还宣布“终止以前将立陶宛与其他国家联系在一起的所有国家关系”。[4]3月3日，德国和俄罗斯苏维埃共和国签署了《布列斯特-立托夫斯克条约》，苏俄宣布波罗的海国家位于德国核心利益区，且放弃对它们的任何主权要求。12月11日，德国正式承认立陶宛独立。[5]然而，立陶宛仍被德国军队占领，且国民大会仍然没有任何实际权力，仅被德国人视为一个顾问委员会。[6]
选举
[编辑]候选人
[编辑]The crown of Lithuania was initially offered to Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia, by the military command of Ober Ost.[7] This would have created a personal union between Lithuania and Prussia. An alternative proposal called for the election of Wilhelm's youngest son, Prince Joachim.[8] Such plans for expansion of already dominant Protestant Prussia were opposed by the Catholic ruling houses, like the Wettins of Saxony and the Wittelsbacher of Bavaria.[8] Saxony promoted Prince Friedrich Christian, second son of King Frederick Augustus III. This proposal was a reminder of historical ties between Saxony and Lithuania: the House of Wettin had produced two rulers for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1697 and 1763 (and the 1791 Constitution of Poland–Lithuania elected the Heads of the House of Wettin as hereditary Sovereigns).[8] A number of other candidates were also considered. Such plans were viewed by the Lithuanians as a threat to their independence. The threat became more pressing after a meeting of German officials on 19 May, where conventions governing the "firm and permanent alliance" were discussed leaving very little autonomy for the Lithuanians.[9]
An idea was advanced to create a constitutional monarchy and invite a candidate who would fight to preserve Lithuanian independence. The Presidium of the Council of Lithuania voted confidentially on 4 June 1918, to establish a hereditary monarchy and to invite Duke Wilhelm of Urach. Duke William was suggested by Matthias Erzberger, who had worked with Lithuanians in Switzerland.[8] His candidacy had been discussed at least since March 1918.[10] Duke William seemed to be a perfect candidate as he was a Catholic, was not in line of succession to the Kingdom of Württemberg due to his grandfather's morganatic marriage, was not closely related to the House of Hohenzollern, and had no ties to Poland.[8][nb 1] Due to obstacles posed by the German military, the Lithuanian delegation to see Duke William in Freiburg im Breisgau was delayed until 1 July.[8] Duke William and his oldest son (as heir apparent) accepted the offer without conditions.[11] On 11 July[nb 2] the Council of Lithuania voted (13 for, 5 against, and 2 abstentions) to officially establish the monarchy.[12] On 12 August the Council sent a formal invitation to Duke William to become King Mindaugas II of Lithuania.[nb 3]
形势
[编辑]Duke William was presented with a twelve-point proposal which resembled medieval pacta conventa.[13] The monarch had the executive power to appoint ministers, sign legislation into law, and initiate legislation in the parliament. The ministers were to be selected from among the Lithuanians and were to ultimately report to the parliament.[14] The King was to abide by the Constitution, protect the independence and territorial integrity of Lithuania, and preserve religious tolerance. Without parliamentary approval, he could not become ruler of another state. The Lithuanian language was to be used as the official state and court language,[13] with a special provision to limit and eventually exclude all foreigners from the royal court.[15] The monarch and his family were obligated to reside in Lithuania, spending no more than 2 months a year abroad. His children were to be educated and raised in Lithuania.[15] In essence, the Lithuanians imposed "elective ethnicity."[16] There were reports that Duke William began learning the Lithuanian language and reading about Lithuanian history and customs,[10] but he never visited Lithuania.[17]
Some authors called these conditions a constitution, but that is not accurate. Lithuanian law scholar Michał Pius Römer has called it an "embryo of a constitution"; these conditions were a very basic and temporary framework that would have developed into a constitution, had not the monarchy been abolished.[18] A project for a full constitution was later found in German archives, but it was never discussed by the Council of Lithuania and remained just a draft.[19]
选举结束后
[编辑]The proposal for monarchy was controversial and created a rift between right-wing and left-wing members of the Council of Lithuania. The proposal was most strongly supported by Antanas Smetona, Jurgis Šaulys, and Catholic priests.[20] When the monarchy was approved, four members of the council resigned in protest: Steponas Kairys, Jonas Vileišis, Mykolas Biržiška, Stanisław Narutowicz (Stanislovas Narutavičius). Petras Klimas also voted against, but did not resign.[12] At the same time the Council co-opted six new members: Martynas Yčas, Augustinas Voldemaras, Juozas Purickis, Eliziejus Draugelis, Jurgis Alekna and Stasys Šilingas.[12] The debate over a constitutional monarchy vs. democratic republic was not a new one. Earlier, in December 1917, the council had voted 15-to-5 that a monarchy would suit Lithuania better.[21] The proponents argued that the Lithuanians were not politically mature for a republic and that the Germans would more readily support a monarchy. The opponents maintained that the council had no legal right to determine such fundamental matters as these had been delegated to the future Constituent Assembly of Lithuania by the Vilnius Conference.[22]
The Germans did not approve of the new king. They claimed that their recognition of independent Lithuania was based on the Act of 11 December, which provided for an alliance with Germany and therefore Lithuania did not have the right to unilaterally elect a new monarch.[23] They also protested that the Council of Lithuania had changed its name to the State Council of Lithuania just before the approval of Mindaugas II. The Council stopped using its new name in communications with the Germans but stood by its new king.[24] The Lithuanian press was censored and not allowed to publish any news about the new king, while the German press unanimously criticized the decision.[25] When Lietuvos aidas, the newspaper of the council, refused to print an article denouncing the new king, the newspaper was shut down for a month.[16] German–Lithuanian relations remained tense until October 1918. The election also further damaged the reputation of the council, already portrayed as a German puppet, among the Entente powers and the Lithuanian diaspora.[24] Lithuanians in the west thought that Lithuania should place its hopes of independence with the Entente and not Germany. This rift further fractured and weakened the Lithuanian positions.[26]
终结
[编辑]As Germany was losing the war, the Lithuanians received more freedom of action. On 20 October 1918, Chancellor of Germany Prince Maximilian of Baden repeated recognition of independent Lithuania, promised to convert the German military administration into a civilian government, and to allow the Lithuanians to take over once they had sufficient capabilities.[27] After receiving this news, the Council of Lithuania convened on 28 October to discuss a provisional constitution and formation of the government. As no projects or drafts had been prepared beforehand, these decisions needed to be made by the council during its session and this process took several days.[28] The changed political situation also dictated the council's need to rescind its decision to elect Mindaugas II. Lithuania, hoping to receive recognition from the Entente, could not have the Entente's enemy as its king.[29] Duke William indicated that he was willing to abandon the throne. Therefore, on 2 November, the Council suspended its invitation to Duke William leaving the final decision to the future Constituent Assembly of Lithuania.[29] Later the same day the Council adopted the first provisional constitution, which did not declare either monarchy or republic. The constitution simply organized the government on a provisional basis until the Constituent Assembly made a final decision.[10] Further constitutions did not reconsider a monarchy.
See also
[编辑]- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
- Kingdom of Finland (1918)
- Kingdom of Lithuania
- Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)
- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19)
- United Baltic Duchy
注释
[编辑]- ^ Poland wished to resurrect the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; for example, see Międzymorze proposed by Józef Piłsudski. The Lithuanians feared that any union with Poland masked Polish imperialism and would bring back Polish political and cultural dominance. Eventually the tensions between Poland and Lithuania grew into the Polish–Lithuanian War.
- ^ The date is often incorrectly given as 13 July 1918.
- ^ King Mindaugas (reigned 1251–1263) was the only crowned King of Lithuania. The name signified historical continuity with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Co-opted Council member Juozas Purickis wrote to the press that "Mindaugas I created the Lithuanian state, while his descendant Mindaugas II will reestablish it." (Janužytė 2007，第19页) Note that the lineage between both men is based on genealogical speculation.
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Sužiedėlis 1970–1978，第581页.
- ^ Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999，第26页.
- ^ Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999，第29页.
- ^ Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999，第30页.
- ^ Senn 1975，第33页.
- ^ Tuska 1995，第32页.
- ^ Senn 1975，第35–36页.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Senn 1975，第36页.
- ^ Čepėnas 1986，第215–217页.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Paleckis 2006.
- ^ Maksimaitis 2005，第49页.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Skirius 2002.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Janužytė 2007，第19页.
- ^ Maksimaitis 2005，第52–53页.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Maksimaitis 2005，第53页.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Liulevicius 2000，第210页.
- ^ Page 1959，第94页.
- ^ Maksimaitis 2005，第54页.
- ^ Maksimaitis 2005，第56, 60页.
- ^ Tuska 1995，第49页.
- ^ Maksimaitis 2005，第45–46页.
- ^ Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999，第31页.
- ^ Senn 1975，第37页.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Senn 1975，第38页.
- ^ Čepėnas 1986，第220–221页.
- ^ Senn 1975，第38–39页.
- ^ Senn 1975，第39–40页.
- ^ Maksimaitis 2005，第62页.
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Maksimaitis 2005，第64页.
引用来源
[编辑]- Čepėnas, Pranas. Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. 1986. ISBN 5-89957-012-1 （立陶宛语）.
- Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich. Tuskenis, Edvardas , 编. Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1999. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
- Janužytė, Audronė. Lietuvių istorikų politikų valstybingumo samprata (1907–1918 m.). Istorija. Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai. 2007, 65 [18 April 2010]. ISSN 1392-0456. （原始内容存档于23 September 2015） （立陶宛语）.
- Liulevicius, Vejas G. War land on the Eastern Front: culture, national identity and German occupation in World War I. Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-66157-7.
- Maksimaitis, Mindaugas. Lietuvos valstybės konstitucijų istorija (XX a. pirmoji pusė). Vilnius: Justitia. 2005. ISBN 9955-616-09-1 （立陶宛语）.
- Page, Stanley W. The Formation of the Baltic States. Harvard University Press. 1959. OCLC 491526167.
- Paleckis, Mindaugas. Karališkojo kraujo paieškos: Lietuva ir šimto dienų karalius. Bernardinai.lt. 24 October 2006 （立陶宛语）.
- Senn, Alfred Erich. The Emergence of Modern Lithuania. Greenwood Press. 1975 [1959]. ISBN 0-8371-7780-4.
- Skirius, Juozas. Vokietija ir Lietuvos nepriklausomybė. Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės. Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. 2002 [17 April 2010]. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. （原始内容存档于3 March 2008） （立陶宛语）.
- Sužiedėlis, Simas (编). Council of Lithuania. Encyclopedia Lituanica I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 1970–1978. LCCN 74-114275.
- Tuska, Liudas. Antanas Smetona. Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai. Valstybinis leidybos centras. 1995. ISBN 9986-09-055-5 （立陶宛语）.
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