Zemljotres u Tangshanu 1976.
| Zemljotres u Tangšanu 1976. | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Datum | A: 27. juli 1976. 19:42:55 B: 28. juli 1976. 10:45:36 |
| Jačina | A: 7,6 Mw; 7,6 Ms B: 7,0 Mw; 7,4 Ms |
| Dubina | A: 12.2 km B: 16.7 km |
| Lokacija epicentra | 39°38′N 118°06′E / 39.63°N 118.10°E 39°43′N 118°26′E / 39.72°N 118.44°E |
| Pogođene države | Narodna Republika Kina |
| Ukupna šteta | 10 milijardi kineskih juan |
| Max. intenzitet | XI (Ekstreman) |
| Žrtve | 242.419[1] |
Zemljotres u Tangšanu 1976., takođe poznat kao Veliki Tangšanski zemljotres (kineski: 唐山大地震, Tángshān dà dìzhèn),[2] bila je prirodna katastrofa usled zemljotresa od 7,6 Mw koji je 28. jula 1976. u 3:42 ujutro pogodio region oko Tangšana, u provinciji Hebei, u Narodnoj Republici Kini. Za nekoliko minuta grad Tangšan, industrijski grad sa oko milion stanovnika, prestao je da postoji. Osamdeset pet posto zgrada u gradu srušilo se ili je bilo neupotrebljivo, sve službe su propale, a većina drumskih i željezničkih mostova srušila se ili bila ozbiljno oštećena.[3] Najmanje 242.000 ljudi je umrlo (neki tvrde da je bilo tri puta više žrtvi), čineći ovo trećim (ili eventualno drugim) najsmrtonosnijim zemljotresom u zabeleženoj istoriji nakon zemljotresa u Shaanxiju 1556. godine, koji je i dalje najsmrtonosniji potres u istoriji.[4]
Tangšanska katastrofa je bila najistaknutija od nekoliko 1976. godine, što bi u kineskoj tradiciji moglo da signalizira da je vlada izgubila politički legitimitet.[5] Zemljotres u Tangšanu takođe se javio bez upozorenja, podrivajući ključni stav maoističke ideologije, da se zemljotresi mogu predvideti.[6] Uprkos tome, odgovor vlade pokazao je da je spremna i kompetentna za brzo pružanje pomoći.[7]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017; Chen et al. 1988
- ^ So-called by numerous sources, of which the voluminous work edited by Housner i He (2002) is the most notable.
- ^ Housner i He 2002, Prologue
- ^ See the #Death toll section for the various fatality figures.
- ^ Yeoh 2010, str. 273; Press et al. 1975, str. 879. Yeoh called the Tangshan earthquake "[p]robably one of the deadliest wraths of nature in modern times".
- ^ Cha 1976, str. 7
- ^ Raleigh et al. 1977, str. 259
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Bo, Zhiyue (2010), "Chapter 7, Sichuan Earthquake", China's Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization, Series on Contempoary China, 19, ISBN 978-981-283-672-4.
- Butler, Rhett; Stewart, Gordon S.; Kanamori, Hiroo (februar 1979), "The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake—A complex sequence of intraplate events" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 69 (1): 207–220.
- Cha, Chi-Yuan (august 1976), "General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China" (PDF), u Muller, Paul M. (ured.), Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, str. 5–11.
- Chen, Yong; Tsoi, Kam-Ling; Chen, Feibi; Gao, Zhenhuan; Zou, Qijia; Chen, Zhangli, ured. (1988), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster, Oxford: Pergamon Press, str. 153, ISBN 978-0080348759, LCCN 88005916.
- Chen, Qi-Fu; Wang, Kelin (novembar 2010), "The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Earthquake Prediction in China", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100 (5B): 2840–2857, Bibcode:2010BuSSA.100.2840C, doi:10.1785/0120090314.
- Chinese Earthquake Administration (5. 5. 2009), "二十世纪以来死亡人数最多的地震" [The most deadly earthquake since the twentieth century].
- Chu, Fung-Ming (august 1976), "Outline of Prediction and Forecast of Haicheng Earthquake of M=7.3" (PDF), u Muller, Paul M. (ured.), Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, str. 11–19.
- Dong, Guangjian; Wang, Yuren (2002), "Repair and Recovery of the Douhe Reservoir" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 781–786
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Geller, Robert J. (decembar 1997), "Earthquake prediction: a critical review" (PDF), Geophysical Journal International, 131 (3): 425–450, Bibcode:1997GeoJI.131..425G, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x.
- Golany, Gideon S. (1992), Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings: Indigenous Lessons for Modern Urban Design, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1369-7.
- Guo, Shunmin (2002), "Occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake from the View of Fault Block Movement", u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 24–47
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Hammond, Allen L. (7. 5. 1976), "Earthquakes: An evacuation in China, a warning in California", Science, 192 (4239): 538–539, Bibcode:1976Sci...192..538H, doi:10.1126/science.192.4239.538, PMID 17745640.
- Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, ured. (2002), "Overview Volume" (PDF), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. English translation of the Chinese report of 1986.
- Hou, Jian-Jun; Han, Mu-Kang; Chai, Bao-Long; Han, Heng-Yue (maj 1998), "Geomorphological observations of active faults in the epicentral region of the Huaxian large earthquake in 1556 in Shaanxi Province, China", Journal of Structural Geology, 20 (5): 549–557, Bibcode:1998JSG....20..549H, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00112-0.
- International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30. 5. 2011), "Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization", Annals of Geophysics, 54 (4): 315–391, doi:10.4401/ag-5350.
- Jennings, Paul C. (1980), "Chapter 4: Report on the Tangshan Earthquake", Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction in China: A Trip Report of the American Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction Delegation, National Academy of Sciences, str. 69–133, ISBN 978-0-309-02937-7.
- Kerr, Richard (2. 11. 1979), "Prospects for Earthquake Prediction Wane", Science, 206 (4418): 542–545, Bibcode:1979Sci...206..542K, doi:10.1126/science.206.4418.542, PMID 17759414.
- Kusky, Timothy M.; Li, Jianhai (decembar 2003), "Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton" (PDF), Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 22 (4): 383–397, Bibcode:2003JAESc..22..383K, doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3.
- Kusky, Timothy M.; Windley, B. F.; Zhai, M.-G. (2007), Zhai, M.-G.; Windley, B. F.; Kusky, T. M.; Meng, Q. R. (ured.), "Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: from orogen to craton to orogen" (PDF), Mesozoic Sub-Continental Lithospheric Thinning Under Eastern Asia, Special Publications 280, Geological Society, 280 (1), str. 1–34, Bibcode:2007GSLSP.280....1K, doi:10.1144/SP280.1.
- Li, Lisa Yinghong (2016), "Chapter 21: Experiencing Disasters in Two Places: China's 1976 Tangshan Earthquake and Japan's 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Radiation", u Karan, Pradyumna P.; Suganuma, Unryu (ured.), Japan after 3/11: Global Persepctives on the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Fukushima Meltdown, str. 417–431, ISBN 978-0-8131-6730-5.
- Liao, Shuqiao; Gu, Zuoqin (2002), "Damage to Railway Engineering" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 1–59
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- 林[Lin], 泉 [Quan] (1982), 地球的震撼 [The Earth's Shock] (jezik: kineski), Beijing, China: 中国地震出版社 [Seismological Press].
- Lomnitz, Cinna; Lomnitz, Larissa (12. 1. 1978), "Tangshan 1976: a case history in earthquake prediction", Nature, 271 (5641): 109–111, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..109L, doi:10.1038/271109a0.
- Malcolm, Andrew H. (2. 6. 1977), "Chinese Disclose That 1976 Quake Was Deadliest in Four Centuries", New York Times, str. 1.
- Mao, Yingsheng; Liang, ZhiJiang; Cui, Fuwen (2002), "Lightly Damaged Bridges in the High Intensity Earthquake Zone", u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 231–242
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Mi, Enli (2002), "The Repair and Resoration of the Kailuan Coal Mine" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 747–764
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Palmer, James (2012), Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-01478-1.
- "Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting" (PDF), Peking Review, 18 (12), str. 20–21, 21. 3. 1975
- Pelling, Mark; Dill, Kathleen (2006), "'Natural' Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action" (PDF), Burmalibrary.org, ISP/NSC Briefing paper.
- Peng, Funan (jun 2008), "The success of the prediction of Haicheng earthquake and the negligence of the Tangshan earthquake", Engineering Sciences, 6 (2): 9–18, arhivirano s originala, 5. 8. 2018, pristupljeno 12. 12. 2019.
- Press, Frank; Bullock, Mary; Hamilton, Robert M.; Brace, William F.; Kisslinger, Carl; Bonilla, Manuel G.; Allen, Clarence C.; Sykes, Lynn R.; Raleigh, C. Barry; Knopoff, Leon; Clough, Ray W.; Hofheinz, Roy (1975), "Earthquake Research in China", Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 56 (11): 838–881, Bibcode:1975EOSTr..56..838., doi:10.1029/EO056i011p00838. The "American Seismological Delegation".
- Qian, Denggao; Zhu, Chendong (2002), "Emergency at the Baihe River Main Dam on the Miyuan Reservoir" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 787–791
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (maj 1977), "Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake", Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
- Scholz, Christopher (mart 1997), "What Ever Happened to Earthquake Prediction?", Geotimes, 42 (3), arhivirano s originala, 5. 8. 2018, pristupljeno 12. 12. 2019.
- Shen, Ersong (2002), "Repair of the Tangshan Municipal Water Supply System and Recovery of the Water Supply", u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 819–822
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Spence, Jonathan (1991), The Search for Modern China, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-30780-1.
- Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005), "Chapter 15: The 1976 Tangshan, China, Earthquake", Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time, ISBN 978-0-8065-2558-7.
- State Council Document No. 69, 29. 6. 1974, arhivirano s originala, 2. 10. 2009, pristupljeno 21. 3. 2011.
- Stoltman, Joseph P.; Lidstone, John; Dechano, M. Lisa. (2004), International Perspectives on Natural Disasters, Springer Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4020-2850-2.
- Wang, Kelin; Chen, Qi-Fu; Sun, Shihong; Wang, Andong (jun 2006), "Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96 (3): 757–795, Bibcode:2006BuSSA..96..757W, doi:10.1785/0120050191.
- Wang, Ru-diao (februar 2007), "Questioning about that "830 Thousand People Died" in the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake", Earthquake Research in Shanxi, 2: 42–46, ISSN 1000-6265, arhivirano s originala, 6. 12. 2018, pristupljeno 12. 12. 2019.
- Wang, Zixing; Cui, Xifu; Liu, Keren (2002), "Disaster Relief After the Tangshan Earthquake" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 747–764
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Whitham, K.; Berry, M.J.; Heidebrecht, A.C.; Kanasewich, E.R.; Milne, W.G (1976), "Earthquake Prediction in China", Geoscience Canada, 3 (4): 96, 263–268.
- Xie, Lili; Qu, Zhe (januar 2018), "On civil engineering disasters and their mitigation" (PDF), Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 17 (1): 1–10, Bibcode:2018EEEV...17....1X, doi:10.1007/s11803-018-0420-6.
- Xiao, Yuefan (oktobar 2013), The Politics of Crisis Management in China [dissertation] (PDF).
- Xing, Jiaming; Zou, Baoshan (2002), "Geomorphologic Characteristics in the Beijing–TianjinT–angshan Area and Their Relation with Tectonic Activity" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 85–98
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- 唐山地震纪念墙上的新名字：每个名字，都是一块墓碑 [The new name on the Tangshan earthquake memorial wall: each name is a tombstone] (jezik: kineski), Xinhua News Agency, 29. 7. 2017, arhivirano s originala, 7. 2. 2019, pristupljeno 27. 2. 2019
- Xu, Wei (2002), "Earthquake Intensity Distribution in the City of Beijing" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 241–243
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Yang, Lihua (2002a), "Geologic-Tectonic Background and Seismogenic Structure of the Tangshan Earthquake" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 85–98
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Yang, Lihua (2002b), "Distribution and Ground Failure Intensity Distribution of the Tangshan Earthquake" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 171–183
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Yao, Binghua (2002), "Earthquake Damage Distribution in the City of Beijing" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 244–248
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng (oktobar 2010), "Changing China: Three Decades of Social Transformation", International Journal of China Studies, 1 (2): 239–308, ISSN 2180-3250.
- Zhao, Yucheng (2002), "Earthquake Damage to Shafts and Roadways in Kailuan" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 2, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 625–645
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć).
- Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002), "Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas" (PDF), u Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (ured.), The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, str. 1–23
|volume=sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć). - Qian Gang. The Great China Earthquake. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. Zemljotres u Tangshanu 1976..
- James Palmer (2011). Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01478-1. (hardcover alk. paper) 9780465023493 (ebk. alk. paper).
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]
Commons ima datoteke na temu: Zemljotres u Tangshanu 1976.
- "Integration of Public Administration and Earthquake Science: The Best Practice Case of Qinglong County" at GlobalWatch.org
- An isoseismal map (showing the different zones of shaking intensity) of the Tangshan earthquakeArhivirano 28. 11. 2020. na Wayback Machine
- Report on The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 Arhivirano 4. 5. 2013. na Wayback Machine: English translation of an extensive Chinese report from 1986.
- Knotts, Joey (5. 12. 2019). "Beijing Tremors a Ghostly Reminder of Catastrophic 1976 Tangshan Quake". The Beijinger.
