Potres u Tangshanu 1976.
| |
| Datum | A: 27. juli 1976. 19:42:55; B: 28. juli 1976. 10:45:36 |
|---|---|
| Magnituda | A: 7,6 Mw; 7,6 Ms[1] B: 7,0 Mw; 7,4 Ms[2] |
| Dubina | A: 12.2 km[1] B: 16.7 km[2] |
| Lokacija epicentra | 39°38′N 118°06′E / 39.63°N 118.10°E 39°43′N 118°26′E / 39.72°N 118.44°E |
| Tip | doublet |
| Pogođene zemlje/oblasti |
Hebei provincija, Narodna Republika Kina |
| Ukupna šteta | 10 milijardi kineskih juan |
| Maks. intenzitet | XI (ekstrem) |
| Žrtve | 242.419[3] |
Tangšanski zemljotres 1976, takođe poznat kao Veliki tangšanski zemljotres (kin. 唐山大地震, Tángshān dà dìzhèn),[4] bila je prirodna katastrofa usled zemljotresa od 7,6 Mw koji je 28. jula 1976. u 3:42 ujutro pogodio region oko Tangšana, u provinciji Hebei, u Narodnoj Republici Kini. Za nekoliko minuta grad Tangšan, industrijski grad sa oko milion stanovnika, prestao je da postoji. Osamdeset pet posto zgrada u gradu srušilo se ili je bilo neupotrebljivo, sve službe su propale, a većina drumskih i željezničkih mostova srušila se ili bila ozbiljno oštećena.[5] Najmanje 242.000 ljudi je umrlo (neki tvrde da je bilo tri puta više žrtvi), čineći ovo trećim (ili eventualno drugim) najsmrtonosnijim zemljotresom u zabeleženoj istoriji nakon potresa u Shaanxiu 1556. godine, koji je i dalje najsmrtonosniji potres u istoriji.[6]
Tangšanska katastrofa je bila najistaknutija od nekoliko 1976. godine, što bi u kineskoj tradiciji moglo da signalizira da je vlada izgubila politički legitimitet.[7] Zemljotres u Tangšanu takođe se javio bez upozorenja, podrivajući ključni stav maoističke ideologije, da se zemljotresi mogu predvideti.[8] Uprkos tome, odgovor vlade pokazao je da je spremna i kompetentna za brzo pružanje pomoći.[9]
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 ISC-EHB Event 711732 [IRIS]
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 ISC-EHB Event 711773 [IRIS]
- ↑ Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017; Chen et al. 1988
- ↑ So-called by numerous sources, of which the voluminous work edited by Housner & He (2002) is the most notable.
- ↑ Housner & He 2002, Prologue
- ↑ See the #Death toll section for the various fatality figures.
- ↑ Yeoh 2010: str. 273; Press et al. 1975: str. 879. Yeoh called the Tangshan earthquake "[p]robably one of the deadliest wraths of nature in modern times".
- ↑ Cha 1976: str. 7
- ↑ Raleigh et al. 1977: str. 259
- Bo, Zhiyue (2010), „Chapter 7, Sichuan Earthquake”, China's Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization, Series on Contempoary China, 19, ISBN 978-981-283-672-4.
- Butler, Rhett; Stewart, Gordon S.; Kanamori, Hiroo (februar 1979), „The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake—A complex sequence of intraplate events”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 69 (1): 207–220.
- Cha, Chi-Yuan (avgust 1976), „General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China”, Muller, Paul M., Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 5–11.
- The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988, pp. 153, ISBN 978-0080348759, LCCN 88005916.
- Chen, Qi-Fu; Wang, Kelin (novembar 2010), „The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Earthquake Prediction in China”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100 (5B): 2840–2857, Bibcode 2010BuSSA.100.2840C, DOI:10.1785/0120090314.
- Chinese Earthquake Administration (5. 5. 2009). „二十世纪以来死亡人数最多的地震” [The most deadly earthquake since the twentieth century]..
- Chu, Fung-Ming (avgust 1976), „Outline of Prediction and Forecast of Haicheng Earthquake of M=7.3”, Muller, Paul M., Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 11–19.
- Dong, Guangjian; Wang, Yuren (2002), „Repair and Recovery of the Douhe Reservoir”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 781–786.
- Geller, Robert J. (decembar 1997), „Earthquake prediction: a critical review”, Geophysical Journal International 131 (3): 425–450, Bibcode 1997GeoJI.131..425G, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x.
- Golany, Gideon S. (1992), Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings: Indigenous Lessons for Modern Urban Design, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1369-7.
- Guo, Shunmin (2002), „Occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake from the View of Fault Block Movement”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 24–47.
- Hammond, Allen L. (7. 5. 1976), „Earthquakes: An evacuation in China, a warning in California”, Science 192 (4239): 538–539, Bibcode 1976Sci...192..538H, DOI:10.1126/science.192.4239.538, PMID 17745640.
- Housner, George W., ur. (2002), „Overview Volume”, The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. English translation of the Chinese report of 1986.
- Hou, Jian-Jun; Han, Mu-Kang; Chai, Bao-Long; Han, Heng-Yue (maj 1998), „Geomorphological observations of active faults in the epicentral region of the Huaxian large earthquake in 1556 in Shaanxi Province, China”, Journal of Structural Geology 20 (5): 549–557, Bibcode 1998JSG....20..549H, DOI:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00112-0.
- International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30. 5. 2011), „Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization”, Annals of Geophysics 54 (4): 315–391, DOI:10.4401/ag-5350.
- Jennings, Paul C. (1980), „Chapter 4: Report on the Tangshan Earthquake”, Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction in China: A Trip Report of the American Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction Delegation, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 69–133, ISBN 978-0-309-02937-7.
- Kerr, Richard (2. 11. 1979), „Prospects for Earthquake Prediction Wane”, Science 206 (4418): 542–545, Bibcode 1979Sci...206..542K, DOI:10.1126/science.206.4418.542, PMID 17759414.
- Kusky, Timothy M.; Li, Jianhai (decembar 2003), „Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 22 (4): 383–397, Bibcode 2003JAESc..22..383K, DOI:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3.
- Kusky, Timothy M.; Windley, B. F.; Zhai, M.-G. (2007), Zhai, M.-G., ur., „Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: from orogen to craton to orogen”, Mesozoic Sub-Continental Lithospheric Thinning Under Eastern Asia, Special Publications 280 (Geological Society) 280 (1): pp. 1–34, Bibcode 2007GSLSP.280....1K, DOI:10.1144/SP280.1.
- Li, Lisa Yinghong (2016), „Chapter 21: Experiencing Disasters in Two Places: China's 1976 Tangshan Earthquake and Japan's 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Radiation”, Karan, Pradyumna P.; Suganuma, Unryu, Japan after 3/11: Global Persepctives on the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Fukushima Meltdown, pp. 417–431, ISBN 978-0-8131-6730-5.
- Liao, Shuqiao; Gu, Zuoqin (2002), „Damage to Railway Engineering”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1–59.
- 林[Lin], 泉 [Quan] (1982) (zh), [The Earth's Shock], Beijing, China: 中国地震出版社 [Seismological Press].
- Lomnitz, Cinna; Lomnitz, Larissa (12. 1. 1978), „Tangshan 1976: a case history in earthquake prediction”, Nature 271 (5641): 109–111, Bibcode 1978Natur.271..109L, DOI:10.1038/271109a0.
- Malcolm, Andrew H. (2. 6. 1977), „Chinese Disclose That 1976 Quake Was Deadliest in Four Centuries”, New York Times: 1.
- Mao, Yingsheng; Liang, ZhiJiang; Cui, Fuwen (2002), „Lightly Damaged Bridges in the High Intensity Earthquake Zone”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 231–242.
- Mi, Enli (2002), „The Repair and Resoration of the Kailuan Coal Mine”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 747–764.
- Palmer, James (2012), Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-01478-1.
- „Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting”, Peking Review 18 (12): 20–21, 21. 3. 1975
- Pelling, Mark; Dill, Kathleen (2006), 'Natural' Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action, ISP/NSC Briefing paper, Burmalibrary.org.
- Peng, Funan (jun 2008), „The success of the prediction of Haicheng earthquake and the negligence of the Tangshan earthquake”, Engineering Sciences 6 (2): 9–18, arhivirano iz originala na datum 05. 08. 2018, pristupljeno 12. 12. 2019.
- Press, Frank; Bullock, Mary; Hamilton, Robert M.; Brace, William F.; Kisslinger, Carl; Bonilla, Manuel G.; Allen, Clarence C.; Sykes, Lynn R. i dr.. (1975), „Earthquake Research in China”, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 56 (11): 838–881, Bibcode 1975EOSTr..56..838., DOI:10.1029/EO056i011p00838. The "American Seismological Delegation".
- Qian, Denggao; Zhu, Chendong (2002), „Emergency at the Baihe River Main Dam on the Miyuan Reservoir”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 787–791.
- Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C. i dr.. (maj 1977), „Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode 1977EOSTr..58..236., DOI:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
- Scholz, Christopher (mart 1997), „What Ever Happened to Earthquake Prediction?”, Geotimes 42 (3), arhivirano iz originala na datum 05. 08. 2018, pristupljeno 12. 12. 2019.
- Shen, Ersong (2002), „Repair of the Tangshan Municipal Water Supply System and Recovery of the Water Supply”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 819–822.
- Spence, Jonathan (1991), The Search for Modern China, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-30780-1.
- Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005), „Chapter 15: The 1976 Tangshan, China, Earthquake”, Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time, ISBN 978-0-8065-2558-7.
- State Council Document No. 69, 29. 6. 1974, arhivirano iz originala na datum 02. 10. 2009, pristupljeno 21. 3. 2011.
- Stoltman, Joseph P.; Lidstone, John; Dechano, M. Lisa. (2004), International Perspectives on Natural Disasters, Springer Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4020-2850-2.
- Wang, Kelin; Chen, Qi-Fu; Sun, Shihong; Wang, Andong (jun 2006), „Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (3): 757–795, Bibcode 2006BuSSA..96..757W, DOI:10.1785/0120050191.
- Wang, Ru-diao (februar 2007), „Questioning about that "830 Thousand People Died" in the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake”, Earthquake Research in Shanxi 2: 42–46, ISSN 1000-6265, arhivirano iz originala na datum 06. 12. 2018, pristupljeno 12. 12. 2019.
- Wang, Zixing; Cui, Xifu; Liu, Keren (2002), „Disaster Relief After the Tangshan Earthquake”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 747–764.
- Whitham, K.; Berry, M.J.; Heidebrecht, A.C.; Kanasewich, E.R.; Milne, W.G (1976), „Earthquake Prediction in China”, Geoscience Canada 3 (4): 96, 263–268.
- Xie, Lili; Qu, Zhe (januar 2018), „On civil engineering disasters and their mitigation”, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 17 (1): 1–10, Bibcode 2018EEEV...17....1X, DOI:10.1007/s11803-018-0420-6.
- Xiao, Yuefan (oktobar 2013), The Politics of Crisis Management in China [dissertation].
- Xing, Jiaming; Zou, Baoshan (2002), „Geomorphologic Characteristics in the Beijing–TianjinT–angshan Area and Their Relation with Tectonic Activity”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 85–98.
- (zh) [The new name on the Tangshan earthquake memorial wall: each name is a tombstone], Xinhua News Agency, 29. 7. 2017, arhivirano iz originala na datum 07. 02. 2019, pristupljeno 27. 2. 2019
- Xu, Wei (2002), „Earthquake Intensity Distribution in the City of Beijing”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 241–243.
- Yang, Lihua (2002a), „Geologic-Tectonic Background and Seismogenic Structure of the Tangshan Earthquake”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 85–98.
- Yang, Lihua (2002b), „Distribution and Ground Failure Intensity Distribution of the Tangshan Earthquake”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 171–183.
- Yao, Binghua (2002), „Earthquake Damage Distribution in the City of Beijing”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 244–248.
- Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng (oktobar 2010), „Changing China: Three Decades of Social Transformation”, International Journal of China Studies 1 (2): 239–308, ISSN 2180-3250.
- Zhao, Yucheng (2002), „Earthquake Damage to Shafts and Roadways in Kailuan”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 2, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 625–645.
- Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002), „Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas”, Housner, George W., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, Volume 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1–23.
- Qian Gang. The Great China Earthquake. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 1989. ISBN 9780835122276. pp. .
- James Palmer (2011). Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01478-1. (hardcover alk. paper) 9780465023493 (ebk. alk. paper).
- "Integration of Public Administration and Earthquake Science: The Best Practice Case of Qinglong County" at GlobalWatch.org
- An isoseismal map (showing the different zones of shaking intensity) of the Tangshan earthquakeArhivirano 2020-11-28 na Wayback Machine-u
- Report on The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 Arhivirano 2013-05-04 na Wayback Machine-u: English translation of an extensive Chinese report from 1986.
- Knotts, Joey (5. 12. 2019). „Beijing Tremors a Ghostly Reminder of Catastrophic 1976 Tangshan Quake”. The Beijinger.
