Kemerovo Oblast (Russian: Ке́меровская о́бласть, romanized: Kemerovskaya oblast', Russian pronunciation: [ˈkʲemʲɪrəfskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]), also known as Kuzbass (Russian: Кузба́сс, Russian pronunciation: [kʊzˈbas]),[11] after the Kuznetsk Basin, is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Kemerovo is the administrative center and largest city of the oblast. Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russia's most urbanized regions, with over 70% of the population living in its nine principal cities. Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but native Shors and Kalmak Siberian Tatars also live in the oblast, along with Ukrainians, Volga Tatars, and Chuvash. The population recorded during the 2021 Census was 2,600,923.
Kemerovo Oblast | |
|---|---|
| Кемеровская область | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: Anthem of Kemerovo Oblast [3] | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 55°21′18″N 86°05′24″E / 55.355°N 86.090°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | Siberian[1] |
| Economic region | West Siberian[2] |
| Administrative center | Kemerovo |
| Government | |
| • Body | Legislative Assembly[4] |
| • Governor[4] | Ilya Seredyuk |
| Area | |
• Total | 95,725 km2 (36,960 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 34th |
| Population | |
• Total |  2,600,923 |
• Estimate (2018)[7] | 2,694,877 |
| • Rank | 16th |
| • Urban | 86.5% |
| • Rural | 13.5% |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (MSK+4  [8]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-KEM |
| License plates | 42, 142 |
| OKTMO ID | 32000000 |
| Official languages | Russian[9] |
| Website | http://www.ako.ru |
Geography
editKemerovo Oblast is located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian Mountains. The oblast, which covers an area of 95,500 square kilometers (36,900 sq mi),[12] shares a border with Tomsk Oblast in the north, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia in the east, the Altai Republic in the south, and with Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai in the west. Verkhny Zub peak, the highest point of the oblast, is located in the eastern border.[13]
Climate
editThe climate of the oblast is continental: winters are cold and long, summers are warm, but short. The average January temperature ranges from −17 to −20 °C (1 to −4 °F), the average in July is 17 to 18 °C (63 to 64 °F). Average annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (12 in) on the plains and the foothills of up to 1,000 mm (39 in) or more in mountainous areas. The duration of the frost-free period is 100 days in the north area, and up to 120 days in the south of the Kuznetsk Basin.
Environment
editThe environmental conditions in Kuznetsk Basin are heavily influenced by the regional industrial activities, especially, by coal mining. The report about the environmental conditions in Kemerovo region from 2014 indicated that there are more than 20 thousand of enterprises, emitting more than 250 types of atmospheric pollutants,[14] where most urban areas with the worst air quality are located in the Kuznetsk Basin: Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, Myski, Kaltan, Polysaevo, Belovo and Leninsk-Kuznetskiy.[14]
Atmospheric pollution is apparent over Kuznetsk Basin as major regional long-term tropospheric NO2 anomaly was identified over the region in 2006-2020 years.[15] The anomaly was driven primarily by coal mining and processing activities in the region, being exacerbated by the regional topography, favorable for accumulation of atmospheric pollutants and metal production in Novokuznetsk. Unlike other Siberian cities, where atmospheric concentration of NO2 has been decreasing in recent years, the concentration of NO2 is increasing in the cities of the Kuznetsk Basin due to the increasing coal production in the region.[15]
History
editThe oblast was established on January 26, 1943,[10] but it has considerably older antecedents. Shors, Teleuts and Siberian Tatars are native peoples of the region. The oldest city in Kemerovo Oblast is Novokuznetsk, founded in 1618, soon after Cossack ataman Yermak's push into Siberia.
The territory of modern Kemerovo Oblast has been inhabited for several thousand years. In 1618, Kuznetsk fort was established in the south of the future oblast to protect the land from Russian and Mongolian Dzhungarian invaders. During the 19th century, the territory of the modern oblast was a part of Tomsk Governorate.
Soviet period
editAfter the October Revolution of 1917, Kuzbass experienced significant strife as part of the Russian Civil War. A major peasant rebellion took place in the region in early 1921, but was suppressed by the Red Army.[16] In 1930, Kuzbass became part of the West Siberian Krai, and then the Novosibirsk Oblast. Post revolutionary period was characterized by the transition to a planned economy, the creation of the Ural-Kuzbass industrial complex development of the coal, metallurgical and chemical industries Kuzbass Kemerovo Coke built, Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine, a lot of new mines. Industrial enterprises are being built near the workers' settlements, which quickly became a city: Kiselevsk Osinniki Krasnobrodsky, Tashtagol Kaltan Mezhdurechensk and others.
During the Great Patriotic War, Kemerovo region became a major supplier of coal and metal. From Novokuznetsk steel produced over 50,000 tanks and 45,000 aircraft. In Kuzbass from the occupied areas were evacuated equipment 71 enterprises, most of which have remained in the Kuzbass.
In January 26, 1943, the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet issued a decree, decided to allocate from the Novosibirsk Oblast of Kuzbass and the establishment on its territory of Kemerovo region with administrative center in the city of Kemerovo. In the new Oblast included 17.5% of the Novosibirsk region, 9 of the 12 cities of regional subordination, 17 of the 20 workers' settlements, 23 of the 75 districts. The population of the Kemerovo Oblast was 42% of the total population of the Novosibirsk Oblast.
Aeroflot Flight 593 crashed into a mountain range in the Kemerovo Oblast in 1994.
Politics
edit
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Kemerovo CPSU Committee (who in reality had the highest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of Kemerovo Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Kemerovo Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
Administrative divisions
editEconomy
editThe northern area of the region is more agricultural. The region has a dense railway network, including the Trans-Siberian Railway, which passes through the oblast. Novokuznetsk is the center of the engineering industry.
Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russia's most important industrial regions, with some of the world's largest deposits of coal. The south of the region is dominated by metallurgy and the mining industry, as well as mechanical engineering and chemical production.
The Evraz Group and an ore subsidiary Evrazruda operate iron ore mining and processing facilities along with the Raspadskaya, Yuzhkuzbassugol, the Siberian holding company SIBPLAZ. Coal and coking coal mines are located there. Prokopevsk, Kiselevsk, and Andzhero-Sudzhensk are coal-producing centers. The Zhernovskoye coal mine has reserves amounting to 163 million tonnes of coking coal.[17] In November 2021, the Listvyazhnaya mine disaster took place, in which many people were trapped.
Honors
editA minor planet 2140 Kemerovo discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after Kemerovo Oblast.[18]
Demographics
edit
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1959 | 2,785,872 | — |
| 1970 | 2,918,353 | +4.8% |
| 1979 | 2,958,066 | +1.4% |
| 1989 | 3,176,335 | +7.4% |
| 2002 | 2,899,142 | −8.7% |
| 2010 | 2,763,135 | −4.7% |
| 2021 | 2,600,923 | −5.9% |
| Source: Census data | ||
Population: 2,600,923 (2021 Census);[19] 2,763,135 (2010 Census);[20] 2,899,142 (2002 Census);[21] 3,176,335 (1989 Soviet census).[22]
Vital statistics for 2022:[23][24]
- Births: 19,790 (7.6 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 38,363 (14.8 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[25]
1.26 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[26]
Total — 67.61 years (male — 62.80, female — 72.37)
Ethnic composition (2010):[20]
- Russians - 93.7%
- Tatars - 1.5%
- Ukrainians - 0.8%
- Germans - 0.9%
- others - 1.5%
- 55,899 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[27]
Settlements
editLargest cities or towns in Kemerovo Oblast
2010 Russian Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
 Novokuznetsk  Kemerovo |
1 | Novokuznetsk | City of oblast significance of Novokuznetsk | 547,904 |  Prokopyevsk  Mezhdurechensk | ||||
| 2 | Kemerovo | City of oblast significance of Kemerovo | 532,981 | ||||||
| 3 | Prokopyevsk | City of oblast significance of Prokopyevsk | 210,130 | ||||||
| 4 | Mezhdurechensk | City of oblast significance of Mezhdurechensk | 101,678 | ||||||
| 5 | Leninsk-Kuznetsky | City of oblast significance of Leninsk-Kuznetsky | 101,666 | ||||||
| 6 | Kiselyovsk | Town of oblast significance of Kiselyovsk | 98,365 | ||||||
| 7 | Yurga | Town of oblast significance of Yurga | 81,533 | ||||||
| 8 | Belovo | Town of oblast significance of Belovo | 76,764 | ||||||
| 9 | Anzhero-Sudzhensk | Town of oblast significance of Anzhero-Sudzhensk | 76,646 | ||||||
| 10 | Beryozovsky | Town of oblast significance of Beryozovsky | 47,279 | ||||||
Religion
editAs of a 2012 survey[28] 34.1% of the population of Kemerovo Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 7% declares to be nondenominational Christian (excluding the Protestant churches), 3% are members of Rodnovery, the Slavic folk religion, 1% are either believers of Orthodox Christianity not belonging to any church or members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 1% are Muslims, 5.9% are followers of other religion or people who did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 31% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 17% to be atheist.[28]
See also
edit
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Official website of the Council of People's Deputies of Kemerovo Oblast. Anthem of Kemerovo Oblast Archived June 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ a b Charter of Kemerovo Oblast, Article 9
- ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ a b Charter of Kemerovo Oblast, Article 2
- ^ "Кемеровская область официально стала Кузбассом » Кузбасс главное" (in Russian). March 27, 2019. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Google Earth
- ^ a b Report about the environmental conditions in Kemerovo region in 2014 (PDF) (Report). Administration of Kemerovo region. 2015.
- ^ a b Labzovskii, Lev D.; Belikov, Dmitry A.; Damiani, Alessandro (July 22, 2022). "Spaceborne NO2 observations are sensitive to coal mining and processing in the largest coal basin of Russia". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 12597. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1212597L. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16850-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9307612. PMID 35869177. S2CID 250989836.
- ^ "Common Grave of Red Army Soldiers". Kemerovo Oblast. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
- ^ "Zhernovskoye Coal Mine". nlmk.com. 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 173. ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
- ^ Перепись-2010: русских становится больше Archived December 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
Sources
edit- Законодательное Собрание Кемеровской области. №10-ОЗ 5 июня 1997 г. «Устав Кемеровской области», в ред. Закона №65-ОЗ от 8 июля 2015 г. «О внесении поправки в Устав Кемеровской области». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №102, 11 июня 1997 г. (Legislative Assembly of Kemerovo Oblast. #10-OZ June 5, 1997 Charter of Kemerovo Oblast, as amended by the Law #65-OZ of July 8, 2015 On Amending the Charter of Kemerovo Oblast. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).
External links
edit
- (in Russian) Informational website of Kemerovo Oblast