Pelecanidae
Pelecanidae (Graece πελεκάν[1] > πέλεκυς 'securis'[2][3]) sunt familia magnarum avium aquaticarum, inter quarum proprietates sunt rostrum longum et saccus gularis magnus, qui ad praedas capiendas aquamque expellendam adhibetur antequam res contentae vorantur. Eis sunt pennae plerumque pallidae, pelecanis occidentalibus thagisque exceptis. Omnium specierum rostra, sacculi, cutisque faciei nuda clarissime ante tempus feturae colorantur. Octo speciebus vivis est distributio geographica latissima, quae autem latitudine a tropicis ad zonam temperatam extenditur, quamquam hae aves ab interioribus Americae Australis regionibus, regionibus polaribus, marique aperto absunt.
Pelecani ad fregatas, phalacrocoraces, phaethoness, sulidasque coniuncti olim habebantur, sed potius hodie constat inter ornithologos ei artissime cum Scopo umbretta et Balaenicipite regi coniungi, et in ordine Pelecaniformium ponuntur. Threskiornithinae, plataleinae, et ardeidae (inter quas botaurinae) in eodem ordine digeruntur. Fossilia pelicanorum indicia abhinc annorum saltem 30 milliones reperiuntur, ad reliquias rostri specierum hodiernarum simillimis in stratis Oligocaenis in Francia repertis. Putantur se evolvisse in Mundo Vetere, tum in Americam migravisse; quod in coniunctionibus intra genus videtur, quia octo species in stirpes mundorum Veteris et Novi digeruntur.
Pelecani aquas interiores et litorales frequentant, ubi praecipue piscibus vescuntur, quos ad vel prope superficiem aquae capiunt. Aves gregarii sunt. Quattuor species pennis albis super humum, quattuorque species pennis fuscis vel canis plerumque in ibus nidificare solent. Coniunctio inter pelecanos et homines pugnax aliquando est; nam piscatores eos alacriter insectantur. Eorum numeri decreverunt ob habitationem destructam perturbatamque et circumiecta polluta, ac tres species in periculo putantur. Significationem culturalem in mythologia atque in iconographia Christiana heraldicaque diu habent.
Cladogramma
[recensere | fontem recensere]Coniunctiones evolutionariae inter species exstantes, in Kennedy, Taylor, Nádvorník, et Spencer (2013) conditae.
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Cladogramma etiam in Hackett et al. (2008) conditum.[4] |
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| Vivae generis Pelecani species | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Binomina[5]; | Imago | Descriptio | Spatium et status |
| Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 |
 |
Longitudo 1.3–1.8 m, spatium alarum 2.44–2.9 m, pondus 5–9 kg.[6] Pinnae paene omnino alibae, praeter pennas volatus primarias et secundarias solum volatu visibiles. | Species monotypica. America Septentrionalis interior, in Mexico hiemans.[7] Status: Least Concern. |
| Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766 |
 |
Longitudo ad 1.4 m, spatium alarum 2–2.3 m, pondus 3.6–4.5 kg.[8] Minimus pelicanus.[9] | Quinque subspecies. Distributio litoralis, ab America Septentrionali et Mari Caribico ad Americam Australem septentrionalem et Insulas Galapagenses.[7] Status: Least Concern. |
| Pelecanus thagus Molina, 1782 |
 |
Longitudo ad 1.52 m, spatium alarum 2.48 m,[10] pondus 7 kg.[11] | Species monotypica. Litus Pacificum Americae Australis ab Aequatore et Peruvia ad meridiem ad Tsiliam australem.[7] Status: Near Threatened. |
| Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 |
 |
Longitudo 1.40–1.75 m, spatium alarum 2.45–2.95 m, pondus 10–11 kg.[12][13] Pennae albae, parte faciali et cruribus roseis. | Species monotypica. Distributio rara ab Mediterraneo orientali ad orientem ad Indosinam et Paeninsulam Malayanam et ad meridiem ad Africam Australem.[7] Status: Least Concern. |
| Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824 |
 |
Longitudo 1.60–1.90 m, spatium alarum 2.5–3.4 m, pondus 4–8.2 kg.[14] Plerumque albus, partibus nigris inter pinnas primarias et rostro magno, roseo pallido. | Species monotypica. Australia et Nova Guinea; errans in Novam Zelandiam, Insulas Salomonis, Archipelagum Bismarckianum, Vitios, et Wallaceam.[7] Status: Least Concern. |
| Pelecanus rufescens Gmelin, 1789 |
 |
Longitudo 1.25–1.32 m, spatium alarum 2.65–2.9 m,[15] pondus 3.9–7 kg.[16] Canus, pinnis albis, aliquando roseis in tergo, mandibulo flavo et sacculo cano.[15] | Species monotypica. Africa, Insulae Seisellenses, et Arabia meridio-occidentalis;[7] exstinctus in Madagascaria.[17] Status: Least Concern. |
| Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 |
 |
Longitudo 1.60–1.80 m, spatium alarum 2.70–3.20 m, pondus 10–12 kg.[12][13] Maximus pelicanus; a Pelecano onocrotalo variat ob pinnas collis crispas, cruribus canis, et pinnis a cana ad albam.[15] | Species monotypica. Ab Europa meridio-orientali ad Indiam et Sinas.[7] Status: Near Threatened. |
| Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, 1789 |
 |
Longitudo 1.27–1.52 m, spatium alarum 2.5 m, pondus circa 5 kg.[18] Plerumque canus et albus, clunibus roseis et sacculo maculato.[18] | Species monotypica. Asia meridiana a Pakistania trans Indiam ad orientem ad Indonesiam;[7] exstinctus in Philippinis et fortasse Sinis orientalibus.[18] Status: Near Threatened. |
Fossilia
[recensere | fontem recensere]Inter fossilia pelecanorum repertorum sunt:
- Pelecanus cadimurka, Rich & van Tets, 1981 (Pliocaeno exeunte in Australia Australi)[19]
- Pelecanus cautleyi, Davies, 1880 (Pliocaeno ineunte in Siwalik Hills Indiae)
- Pelecanus fraasi, Lydekker, 1891 (Medio Miocaeno in Bavaria)
- Pelecanus gracilis, Milne-Edwards, 1863 (Miocaeno ineunte in Francia) (vide Miopelecanus)
- Pelecanus halieus, Wetmore, 1933 (Pliocaeno exeunte in Idaho)[20];;
- Pelecanus intermedius, Fraas, 1870 (Miocaeno medio in Bavaria) (ad Miopelecanos a Cheneval anno 1984 translatus)
- Pelecanus odessanus, Widhalm, 1886 (Miocaeno exeunte, prope Odessa Ukrainae)[21]
- Pelecanus schreiberi, Olson, 1999 (Pliocaene ineunte in Carolina Septentrionali)
- Pelecanus sivalensis, Davies, 1880 (Pliocaeno ineunte in Siwalik Hills Indiae)
- Pelecanus tirarensis, Miller, 1966 (Oligocaeno exeunte ad Miocaenuim medium in Australia Australi)[22]
In societatae humana
[recensere | fontem recensere]Pelecanus onocrotalus est avis civitatis Romaniae.[23] Pelecanus occidentalis est avis civitatis trium civitatum Caribicorum: Sancti Christophori et Nivis, Barbatae, et Sancti Martini , quorum insignibus exornat.[24][25][26] Qui etiam est avis civitatis Ludovicianae, quae vulgo appellatur Pelican State ('Civitas Pelecanorum'); quae avis in vexillo et sigillo civitatis videri potest. Sigilla Universitatis Civicae Ludovicianae et Universitatis Tulane exornat, et est mascot New Orleans Pelicans turma NBA, Universitatis Tulane, et Universitatis Indorum Occidentalium. Logotypus pelecani albi adhibetur a Montepio Geral, argentaria Portugallica,[27] et pelecanus in reverso nummi unius lek Albanici depingitur, anno 1996 facti.[28] Nomen et imago adhibentur a Pelican Books, impressione librorum non fictionalium a Penguin Books editorum. Sigillum Instituti Collegiati Packerani, quod pelecanum iuvenem nutrientem depingit in usu est ex anno 1885.[29] Factio Solidaritatis Americana, factio politica Democratica Christiana, pelecano pro suo signo animali utitur, sua fundamenta socialis doctrinae Catholicae attingens.
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Jobling 1992:296.
- ↑ Partridge 1983:479.
- ↑ Nomen in Graecia classica ad pelecanos et picidas adhibebatur (Simpson et Weiner 1989:1299).
- ↑ Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Cox, W. A. et al (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science 320 (5884): 1763–68.
- ↑ "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Pelecaniformes (Version 2.003)". www.zoonomen.net. 14 Decembris 2011.
- ↑ Nellis, David W. (2001). Common Coastal Birds of Florida & the Caribbean. Sarasotae Floridae: Pineapple Press. p. 11. ISBN 1-56164-191-X.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Sibley, Charles Gald; Monroe, Burt Leavelle (1990). Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. pp. 314–15. ISBN 0300049692.
- ↑ "BrownPelican". Endangered Species Program information sheet. US Fish & Wildlife Service. November 2009.
- ↑ Ridgely, Robert S.; Gwynne, John A. (1992). A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0691025126.
- ↑ Chester, Sharon R. (2008). A Wildlife Guide to Chile: Continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago. Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. pp. 174–75. ISBN 0691129762.
- ↑ Austermühle, Stefan (17 Octobris 2010). "PeruvianPelican". Mundo Azul.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes). Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 93–98. ISBN 019854099X.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999). Collins Bird Guide. Collins. p. 76. ISBN 0-00-219728-6.
- ↑ "Australian Pelican". Unique Australian Animals.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Beaman, Mark; Madge, Steve (2010). The Handbook of Bird Identification: For Europe and the Western Palearctic. Londinii: A&C Black. pp. 83–85. ISBN 1408134942.
- ↑ Elliott (1992), p. 309.
- ↑ Langrand, Olivier (1990). Guide to the Birds of Madagascar. Portu Novo Connecticutae: Yale University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0300043104.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Brazil, Mark (2009). Birds of East Asia. Londinii: A&C Black. p. 110. ISBN 0713670401
- ↑ Rich, P. V.; van Tets, J. (1981). "The Fossil Pelicans of Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 18 (12): 235–64.
- ↑ Wetmore, A. (1933). "Pliocene Bird Remains from Idaho". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 87 (20): 1–12.
- ↑ Widhalm, J. (1886). "Die Fossilen Vogel-Knochen der Odessaer-Steppen-Kalk-Steinbrüche an der Neuen Slobodka bei Odessa". Schriften der Neurussische Gesellschaft der Naturforscher zu Odessa 10: 3–9.
- ↑ Miller, A.H. (1966). "The Fossil Pelicans of Australia". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 14: 181–90.
- ↑ "NationalBirds". List of national birds and flowers or plants of European countries. Eupedia
- ↑ "PelicanCraft Centre: Overviewpublisher=Barbados Investment and Development Corporation".
- ↑ "NationalSymbols: The Coat of Arms". Historic Heritage. St Christopher National Trust
- ↑ "CoatofArms". St Maarten Museum website. Sint Maarten National Heritage Foundation
- ↑ "Montepio institutional". Montepio Bank website. Montepio.
- ↑ "Albanian coins in issue in 1995, 1996 and 2000". BankofAlbania. 2009.
- ↑ "MiddleSchoolHandbook". packer.edu.
- ↑ "Brown Pelican breeding and nesting habits," Florida Wildlife Viewing (M. Timothy O’Keefe).
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Elliott, Andrew. 1992. Family Pelecanidae (Pelicans). In Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks, ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, 290–311. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788487334108.
- Jobling, James A. 2010. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 9781408125014.
- Kennedy, Martyn, Scott A. Taylor, Petr Nádvorník, et Hamish G. Spencer. 2013. The phylogenetic relationships of the extant pelicans inferred from DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66(1):215–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.034. PMID 23059726.
- Marchant, S., et P. J. Higgins. 1990. Ratites to Ducks. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, vol. 1. Melburni Victoriae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195530683.
- Nelson, J. Bryan. 2005. Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives: Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae. Illustrationes Andrew MacKay; adumbrationes John Busby. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198577273.
- Partridge, Eric. 1983. Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Novi Eboraci: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-414252.
- Simpson, J. et E. Weiner, eds. 1989. Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. 2a. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198611862.
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]
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Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad pelecanum spectant. |
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Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Pelecanidae spectant. |
- Pelliculaepelicanorum. Internet Bird Collection.