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An insight into the provenance of the Phoenician-Punic glass beads of the necropolis of Vinha das Caliças (Beja, Portugal)

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Abstract

Phoenician-Punic glass beads recovered from the necropolis of Vinha das Caliças 4 (Beja, Portugal), dated to the Iron Age, were studied by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM–EDS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).

All glass was found to be soda-lime-silica natron-based glass. Trace element and rare earth element analysis suggest that the blue, turquoise, white, and colorless glass was manufactured in the Levant region, using rather pure coastal sands, while two amber and black-colored glass beads seem to have been produced in Egypt. Although the exact manufacture location of these Phoenician-Punic glass beads remains unknown, these results are in agreement with the commercialization of raw glass produced in established primary glass workshops in the Levant and in Egypt. The procurement of cobalt ores from specific geological provinces, on the other hand, is a strong evidence of the existence of large-scale trade routes of both raw materials and finished artefacts in the Iron Age. The finished artefacts trade routes included not only the previously established Mediterranean world and sub-Saharan Africa, but also Southern Central Iberia.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study, which are not included in the manuscript or as supplementary information (Online Resource 1) are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to thank the Museum of Luz (Mourão, Alentejo) and ArqueoHoje for providing access to the archeological artefacts.

Funding

This study was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and by the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund (projects UIDB/04449/2020 and UIDP/04449/2020, and Ph.D. Fellowship SFRH/BD/128889/2017) and by a Concerted Research Action of Ghent University.

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  1. HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal

    Mafalda Costa, Pedro Barrulas, Luís Dias & José Mirão

  2. Archaeometry Research Group, Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint−Pietersnieuwstraat 35, B−9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Mafalda Costa & Peter Vandenabeele

  3. UNIARQ – Archaeological Center of the University of Lisbon, 1600-214, Lisboa, Portugal

    Ana Margarida Arruda

  4. Arqueohoje, Rua da Escola, Lote 9, Loja 2, Santa Eulália, 3500-682, Viseu, Portugal

    Rui Barbosa

  5. Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12, 9000, Gent, Belgium

    Peter Vandenabeele

  6. Geosciences Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Colégio Luís António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal

    José Mirão

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Contributions

Mafalda Costa: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization; Pedro Barrulas: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation; Ana Margarida Arruda: conceptualization, resources, writing—review and editing; Luís Dias: conceptualization, investigation, validation; Rui Barbosa: conceptualization, resources; Peter Vandenabeele: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition; José Mirão: conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, resources, writing—review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition.

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Costa, M., Barrulas, P., Arruda, A.M. et al. An insight into the provenance of the Phoenician-Punic glass beads of the necropolis of Vinha das Caliças (Beja, Portugal). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 13, 149 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01390-5

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