Berɛ tenten mu wien bɔberɛ
- Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu
Wim tebea ne wim tebea a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ wɔ beae bi, na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɛboro mfe aduasa. Nea ɛyɛ katee kɛse no, ɛyɛ wim tebea mu nsakrae ahorow a ɛkɔ so wɔ bere tenten a efi asram kosi mfe ɔpepem pii mu ne sɛnea ɛsakrasakra. Wim tebea mu nsakrae ahorow a wɔtaa susuw no bi ne ɔhyew, wim nhyɛso, mframa, ne osutɔ . Beae bi wim tebea nya nkɛntɛnso wɔ ne latitude / longitude, asase, sorokɔ, asase a wɔde di dwuma ne nsu a ɛbɛn ne ne nsu a ɛsen no so.[1][2][3]
Wim tebea ( from Tete Hela kasa κλίμα na ɛwɔ hɔ ‘inclination’ ) no, wɔtaa kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ wim tebea a wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ bere tenten mu.[4].Bere a wɔde gyina hɔ ma sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ no yɛ mfe aduasa,[5] nanso wobetumi de mmere afoforo adi dwuma a egyina atirimpɔw no so. Wim tebea nso ka akontaabu a ɛnyɛ nea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ te sɛ nsakrae kɛse a ɛba da biara da anaa afe biara mu no ho. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) 2001 nsɛmfua nkyerɛaseɛ te sɛ nea edidi so yi:
Wɔtaa kyerɛkyerɛ wim tebea mu wɔ ntease ketewaa mu sɛ "wim tebea a wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ," anaasɛ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ katee so no, sɛ akontaabu mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛfa dodow a ɛfata no mfinimfini ne nsakrae a ɛba wɔ bere a efi asram kosi mfe mpempem anaa ɔpepem pii mu ho. Tete bere no yɛ mfe 30, sɛnea World Meteorological Organization(WMO) kyerɛkyerɛ mu no. Saa dodow yi taa yɛ nneɛma a ɛsakra wɔ soro te sɛ ɔhyew, osutɔ, ne mframa. Wim tebea wɔ ntease a ɛtrɛw mu ne tebea a akontaabu mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu ka ho, a ɛfa wim tebea nhyehyɛe ho.[6]
World Meteorological Organization(WMO) ka " wim tebea a ɛfata " ho asɛm sɛ "nsɛntitiriw a wim tebea ho animdefo de di dwuma na ɔde toto wim tebea ho nsɛm a ɛkɔ so mprempren ho toto nea atwam anaa nea wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛtaa ba ho. Wɔkyerɛ wim tebea a ɛfata ase sɛ akontaabu mu nkyɛmu a ɛwɔ wim tebea mu ade bi (sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔhyew) mu wɔ mfe aduasa mu. Wɔde mfeɛ aduasa bere di dwuma efisɛ ɛware sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi ayi nsakrae anaa nneɛma a ɛnteɛ biara a ɛba afe ntam te sɛ El Niño–Southern Oscillation, nanso ɛyɛ tiaa nso sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ebetumi ada wim tebea a ɛware adi." [7]
World Meteorological Organization(WMO) no fii Amanaman Ntam Wim Tebea Ho Ahyehyɛde a ɛhyehyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho bagua bi a ɛhwɛ wim tebea ho wɔ afe 1929 mu no mu. Wɔ ne 1934 Wiesbaden nhyiam ase no mfiridwuma bagua no paw mfe aduasa bere a efi 1901 kosi 1930 sɛ bere a wɔde bɛhwɛ wim tebea ho gyinapɛn a ɛfata. Wɔ afe 1982 mu no WMO penee so sɛ wɔbɛma wim tebea a ɛfata ayɛ foforo, na akyiri yi wogyinaa wim tebea ho nsɛm a efi January 1, 1961 kosi December 31, 1990 so wiee eyinom 1961-1990 wim tebea a ɛfata no yɛ bere a wɔde gyina so. Wim tebea ho nhyehyɛe a edi hɔ a WMO betintim no fi 1991 kosi 2010.[8] Sɛ yɛde nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano firi wim nsakraeɛ a ɛtaa ba (mframa hyeɛ, nhyɛsoɔ, osutɔ ne mframa) mu to nkyɛn a, nsakraeɛ foforɔ te sɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini, nea wotumi hu, mununkum dodoɔ, owia hann, asase mu hyeɛ, pan mu nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew, nna a aprannaa bɛbɔ ne nna a aprannaa bɛtɔ nso wɔ hɔ wɔaboaboa ano de asusuw nsakrae a ɛba wim tebea mu.[9]
Wɔde kasasin a agye din a ɛne "Wim tebea ne nea wohwɛ kwan, wim tebea ne nea wunya" no bɔ nsonsonoe a ɛda wim tebea ne wim tebea ntam no mua wɔ ɔkwan a mfaso wɔ so. Wɔ abakɔsɛm mu bere tenten mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nneɛma ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛsakra daa a ɛkyerɛ wim tebea, a nea ɛka ho ne latitude, sorokɔ, asase ne nsu fa, ne po ne mmepɔw a ɛbɛn. Saa nneɛma a ɛsakra yi nyinaa sesa wɔ mfe ɔpepem pii mu nkutoo esiane nneɛma a ɛkɔ so te sɛ plate tectonics nti . Nneɛma afoforo a ɛkyerɛ wim tebea yɛ nea ɛyɛ nnam kɛse: po no mu thermohaline a ɛkyinkyini no ma 5 °C (41) a ɛwɔ hɔ °F) Atlantic Po no atifi fam hyew a ɛba bere a wɔde toto po mu nsukorabea afoforo ho no. Po mu nsu afoforo san kyekyɛ ɔhyew mu wɔ asase ne nsu ntam wɔ ɔmantam mu kɛse. Afifide a ɛdɔɔso ne sɛnea ɛkata so no ka owia hyew a ɛtwetwe, nsu a ɛkora so, ne osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu. Nsakrae a ɛba wim mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew dodow mu na ɛkyerɛ owia ahoɔden dodow a okyinnsoromma yi kura, na ɛde wiase nyinaa hyew anaasɛ wiase nyinaa onwini ba . Nsakraeɛ a ɛkyerɛ wim tebea no dɔɔso na nkitahodiɛ no yɛ den, nanso wɔpene so sɛ wɔte nsɛm a ɛtrɛ no ase, anyɛ yie koraa no, ɛfa nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ abakɔsɛm mu wim nsakraeɛ ho.
Wim tebea mu nkyekyem ahorow
[sesa]
Wim tebea mu nkyekyem yɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛkyekyɛ wiase wim tebea mu akuwakuw. Ebia wim tebea mu nkyekyem bi ne biome nkyekyem bi wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, efisɛ wim tebea yɛ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ asetra so wɔ ɔmantam bi mu. Nea wɔde di dwuma kɛse no mu biako ne Köppen wim tebea mu nkyekyem nhyehyɛe a wodii kan yɛe wɔ afe 1899 mu no
Akwan pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kyekyɛ wim tebea mu ma ɛyɛ nniso ahorow a ɛte saa ara. Mfiase no, wɔkyerɛɛ wim tebea ase wɔ Tete Hela mu de kyerɛkyerɛ wim tebea a egyina beae bi latitude so. Wobetumi akyekyɛ nnɛyi akwan a wɔfa so kyekyɛ wim tebea mu no mu kɛse ayɛ no awosu mu akwan, a ɛtwe adwene si nea ɛde wim tebea ba so, ne akwan a wɔfa so hwehwɛ nneɛma mu, a ɛtwe adwene si nea wim tebea de ba so. Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa awosuo mu nkyekyɛmu ho ne akwan a egyina mpɛn dodoɔ a mframa dodoɔ ahodoɔ anaa mmeaeɛ a ɛwɔ synoptic wim tebea mu basabasayɛ mu no so. Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa nkyekyɛmu a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu no bi ne wimu tebea a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu denam afifideɛ a ɛtumi gyina ano, evapotranspiration, anaa nea ɛboro so no Köppen wim tebea nkyekyɛmu a mfitiaseɛ no wɔyɛɛ no sɛ wɔde bɛkyerɛ wim tebea a ɛbata biomes binom ho. Sintɔ a ɛtaa ba wɔ saa nkyekyɛmu nhyehyɛe ahorow yi mu ne sɛ ɛma ahye soronko ba mmeae a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu no ntam, sen sɛ ɛbɛma wim tebea mu nneɛma a abu so kɛse wɔ abɔde mu no bɛsakra nkakrankakra.
Wien bɔberɛ nsakrae
[sesa]
Wim bɔberɛ nsakrae yɛ nsakrae a ɛba wiase nyinaa anaa ɔmantam mu wim tebea mu bere a bere kɔ so no. Ɛda nsakrae a ɛba wɔ wim tebea a ɛsakra anaasɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ no mu wɔ bere nsenia a efi mfe du du kosi mfe ɔpepem pii mu adi. Saa nsakrae yi betumi afi nneɛma a ɛkɔ so wɔ Asase no mu, tumi a efi akyi (sɛ nhwɛso no, nsakrae a ɛba owia hann ahoɔden mu) anaa, nnansa yi ara, nnipa dwumadi ahorow mu aba. Wɔ nnansa yi dwuma a wɔde di dwuma mu, titiriw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyehyɛe mu no, asɛmfua "wim nsakrae" taa kyerɛ nsakrae a ɛba nnɛyi wim tebea mu nkutoo, a nea ɛka ho ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ asase ani a wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a wonim no sɛ wiase nyinaa hyew . Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, wɔde asɛmfua no nso di dwuma de susuw sɛ nnipa na ɛde ba, sɛnea ɛte wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛfa Wim Tebea Nsakrae Ho (UNFCCC) mu no. UNFCCC de "wim tebea mu nsakrae" di dwuma ma nsakrae a ɛnyɛ nnipa de ba.
Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so
[sesa]- ↑ Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021). "Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. p. 2222. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ↑ Shepherd, Dr. J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005). "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ↑ Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022). "Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?". Meteorology (in English). 1 (2): 171–182. doi:10.3390/meteorology1020012. ISSN 2674-0494.
- ↑ "Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ↑ "Climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
- ↑ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I: Glossary. Nhwɛsoɔ:Webarchive Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
- ↑ "Climate Data and Data Related Products". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
- ↑ "WMO Climatological Normals". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
- ↑ WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals (2017 ed.). World Meteorological Organization. 2017. ISBN 978-92-63-11203-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2022-08-20.