Numpy | Mathematical Function
Last Updated :
23 Jul, 2025
NumPy contains a large number of various mathematical operations. NumPy provides standard trigonometric functions, functions for arithmetic operations, handling complex numbers, etc.
Trigonometric Functions –
NumPy has standard trigonometric functions which return trigonometric ratios for a given angle in radians.
numpy.sin(x[, out]) = ufunc ‘sin’) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate trignmetric sine for all x(being the array elements).
Python
# Python program explaining
# sin() function
import numpy as np
import math
in_array = [0, math.pi / 2, np.pi / 3, np.pi]
print ("Input array : \n", in_array)
Sin_Values = np.sin(in_array)
print ("\nSine values : \n", Sin_Values)
Output :
Input array :
[0, 1.5707963267948966, 1.0471975511965976, 3.141592653589793]
Sine values :
[ 0.00000000e+00 1.00000000e+00 8.66025404e-01 1.22464680e-16]
numpy.cos(x[, out]) = ufunc ‘cos’) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate trignmetric cosine for all x(being the array elements).
Python
# Python program explaining
# cos() function
import numpy as np
import math
in_array = [0, math.pi / 2, np.pi / 3, np.pi]
print ("Input array : \n", in_array)
cos_Values = np.cos(in_array)
print ("\nCosine values : \n", cos_Values)
Output :
Input array :
[0, 1.5707963267948966, 1.0471975511965976, 3.141592653589793]
Cosine values :
[ 1.00000000e+00 6.12323400e-17 5.00000000e-01 -1.00000000e+00]
| FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| tan() | Compute tangent element-wise. |
|---|
| arcsin() | Inverse sine, element-wise. |
|---|
| arccos() | Trigonometric inverse cosine, element-wise. |
|---|
| arctan() | Trigonometric inverse tangent, element-wise. |
|---|
| arctan2() | Element-wise arc tangent of x1/x2 choosing the quadrant correctly. |
|---|
| degrees() | Convert angles from radians to degrees. |
|---|
| rad2deg() | Convert angles from radians to degrees. |
|---|
| deg2rad | Convert angles from degrees to radians. |
|---|
| radians() | Convert angles from degrees to radians. |
|---|
| hypot() | Given the “legs” of a right triangle, return its hypotenuse. |
|---|
| unwrap() | Unwrap by changing deltas between values to 2*pi complement. |
|---|
Hyperbolic Functions –
numpy.sinh(x[, out]) = ufunc ‘sin’) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate hyperbolic sine for all x(being the array elements).
Equivalent to 1/2 * (np.exp(x) - np.exp(-x)) or -1j * np.sin(1j*x).
Python
import numpy as np
import math
in_array = [0, math.pi / 2, np.pi / 3, np.pi]
print ("Input array : \n", in_array)
Sinh_Values = np.sinh(in_array)
print ("\nSine Hyperbolic values : \n", Sinh_Values)
Output :
Input array :
[0, 1.5707963267948966, 1.0471975511965976, 3.141592653589793]
Sine Hyperbolic values :
[ 0. 2.3012989 1.24936705 11.54873936]
numpy.cosh(x[, out]) = ufunc ‘cos’) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate hyperbolic cosine for all x(being the array elements).
Equivalent to 1/2 * (np.exp(x) - np.exp(-x)) and np.cos(1j*x)
Python
# Python3 program explaining
# cosh() function
import numpy as np
import math
in_array = [0, math.pi / 2, np.pi / 3, np.pi]
print ("Input array : \n", in_array)
cosh_Values = np.cosh(in_array)
print ("\ncosine Hyperbolic values : \n", cosh_Values)
Output :
Input array :
[0, 1.5707963267948966, 1.0471975511965976, 3.141592653589793]
cosine Hyperbolic values :
[ 1. 2.50917848 1.60028686 11.59195328]
| FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| tanh() | Compute hyperbolic tangent element-wise. |
|---|
| arcsinh() | Inverse hyperbolic sine element-wise. |
|---|
| arccosh() | Inverse hyperbolic cosine, element-wise. |
|---|
| arctanh() | Inverse hyperbolic tangent element-wise. |
|---|
Functions for Rounding –
numpy.around(arr, decimals = 0, out = None) : This mathematical function helps user to evenly round array elements to the given number of decimals.
Python
# Python program explaining
# around() function
import numpy as np
in_array = [.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 10.1]
print ("Input array : \n", in_array)
round_off_values = np.around(in_array)
print ("\nRounded values : \n", round_off_values)
in_array = [.53, 1.54, .71]
print ("\nInput array : \n", in_array)
round_off_values = np.around(in_array)
print ("\nRounded values : \n", round_off_values)
in_array = [.5538, 1.33354, .71445]
print ("\nInput array : \n", in_array)
round_off_values = np.around(in_array, decimals = 3)
print ("\nRounded values : \n", round_off_values)
Output :
Input array :
[0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 10.1]
Rounded values :
[ 0. 2. 2. 4. 4. 10.]
Input array :
[0.53, 1.54, 0.71]
Rounded values :
[ 1. 2. 1.]
Input array :
[0.5538, 1.33354, 0.71445]
Rounded values :
[ 0.554 1.334 0.714]
numpy.round_(arr, decimals = 0, out = None) : This mathematical function round an array to the given number of decimals.
Python
# Python program explaining
# round_() function
import numpy as np
in_array = [.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 10.1]
print ("Input array : \n", in_array)
round_off_values = np.round_(in_array)
print ("\nRounded values : \n", round_off_values)
in_array = [.53, 1.54, .71]
print ("\nInput array : \n", in_array)
round_off_values = np.round_(in_array)
print ("\nRounded values : \n", round_off_values)
in_array = [.5538, 1.33354, .71445]
print ("\nInput array : \n", in_array)
round_off_values = np.round_(in_array, decimals = 3)
print ("\nRounded values : \n", round_off_values)
Output :
Input array :
[0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 10.1]
Rounded values :
[ 0. 2. 2. 4. 4. 10.]
Input array :
[0.53, 1.54, 0.71]
Rounded values :
[ 1. 2. 1.]
Input array :
[0.5538, 1.33354, 0.71445]
Rounded values :
[ 0.554 1.334 0.714]
| FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| rint() | Round to nearest integer towards zero. |
|---|
| fix() | Round to nearest integer towards zero. |
|---|
| floor() | Return the floor of the input, element-wise. |
|---|
| ceil() | Return the ceiling of the input, element-wise. |
|---|
| trunc() | Return the truncated value of the input, element-wise. |
|---|
Exponents and logarithms Functions –
numpy.exp(array, out = None, where = True, casting = ‘same_kind’, order = ‘K’, dtype = None) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate exponential of all the elements in the input array.
Python
# Python program explaining
# exp() function
import numpy as np
in_array = [1, 3, 5]
print ("Input array : ", in_array)
out_array = np.exp(in_array)
print ("Output array : ", out_array)
Output :
Input array : [1, 3, 5]
Output array : [ 2.71828183 20.08553692 148.4131591 ]
numpy.log(x[, out] = ufunc ‘log1p’) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate Natural logarithm of x where x belongs to all the input array elements.
Natural logarithm log is the inverse of the exp(), so that log(exp(x)) = x. The natural logarithm is log in base e.
Python
# Python program explaining
# log() function
import numpy as np
in_array = [1, 3, 5, 2**8]
print ("Input array : ", in_array)
out_array = np.log(in_array)
print ("Output array : ", out_array)
print("\nnp.log(4**4) : ", np.log(4**4))
print("np.log(2**8) : ", np.log(2**8))
Output :
Input array : [1, 3, 5, 256]
Output array : [ 0. 1.09861229 1.60943791 5.54517744]
np.log(4**4) : 5.54517744448
np.log(2**8) : 5.54517744448
| FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| expm1() | Calculate exp(x) – 1 for all elements in the array. |
| exp2() | Calculate 2**p for all p in the input array. |
| log10() | Return the base 10 logarithm of the input array, element-wise. |
| log2() | Base-2 logarithm of x. |
| log1p() | Return the natural logarithm of one plus the input array, element-wise. |
| logaddexp() | Logarithm of the sum of exponentiations of the inputs. |
| logaddexp2() | Logarithm of the sum of exponentiations of the inputs in base-2. |
Arithmetic Functions –
numpy.reciprocal(x, /, out=None, *, where=True) : This mathematical function is used to calculate reciprocal of all the elements in the input array.
Note: For integer arguments with absolute value larger than 1, the result is always zero because of the way Python handles integer division. For integer zero the result is an overflow.
Python
# Python3 code demonstrate reciprocal() function
# importing numpy
import numpy as np
in_num = 2.0
print ("Input number : ", in_num)
out_num = np.reciprocal(in_num)
print ("Output number : ", out_num)
Output :
Input number : 2.0
Output number : 0.5
numpy.divide(arr1, arr2, out = None, where = True, casting = ‘same_kind’, order = ‘K’, dtype = None) : Array element from first array is divided by elements from second element (all happens element-wise). Both arr1 and arr2 must have same shape and element in arr2 must not be zero; otherwise it will raise an error.
Python
# Python program explaining
# divide() function
import numpy as np
# input_array
arr1 = [2, 27, 2, 21, 23]
arr2 = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print ("arr1 : ", arr1)
print ("arr2 : ", arr2)
# output_array
out = np.divide(arr1, arr2)
print ("\nOutput array : \n", out)
Output :
arr1 : [2, 27, 2, 21, 23]
arr2 : [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Output array :
[ 1. 9. 0.5 4.2 3.83333333]
| FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| add() | Add arguments element-wise. |
|---|
| positive() | Numerical positive, element-wise. |
|---|
| negative() | Numerical negative, element-wise. |
|---|
| multiply() | Multiply arguments element-wise. |
|---|
| power() | First array elements raised to powers from second array, element-wise. |
|---|
| subtract() | Subtract arguments, element-wise. |
|---|
| true_divide() | Returns a true division of the inputs, element-wise. |
|---|
| floor_divide() | Return the largest integer smaller or equal to the division of the inputs. |
|---|
| float_power() | First array elements raised to powers from second array, element-wise. |
|---|
| mod() | Return the element-wise remainder of division. |
|---|
| remainder() | Return element-wise remainder of division. |
|---|
| divmod() | Return element-wise quotient and remainder simultaneously. |
|---|
Complex number Function –
numpy.isreal(array) : Test element-wise whether it is a real number or not(not infinity or not Not a Number) and return the result as a boolean array.
Python
# Python Program illustrating
# numpy.isreal() method
import numpy as geek
print("Is Real : ", geek.isreal([1+1j, 0j]), "\n")
print("Is Real : ", geek.isreal([1, 0]), "\n")
Output :
Is Real : [False True]
Is Real : [ True True]
numpy.conj(x[, out] = ufunc ‘conjugate’) : This function helps the user to conjugate any complex number.
The conjugate of a complex number is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part. If the complex number is 2+5j then its conjugate is 2-5j.
Python
# Python3 code demonstrate conj() function
#importing numpy
import numpy as np
in_complx1 = 2+4j
out_complx1 = np.conj(in_complx1)
print ("Output conjugated complex number of 2+4j : ", out_complx1)
in_complx2 =5-8j
out_complx2 = np.conj(in_complx2)
print ("Output conjugated complex number of 5-8j: ", out_complx2)
Output :
Output conjugated complex number of 2+4j : (2-4j)
Output conjugated complex number of 5-8j: (5+8j)
Special functions –
numpy.cbrt(arr, out = None, ufunc ‘cbrt’) : This mathematical function helps user to calculate cube root of x for all x being the array elements.
Python
# Python program explaining
# cbrt () function
import numpy as np
arr1 = [1, 27000, 64, -1000]
print ("cbrt Value of arr1 : \n", np.cbrt(arr1))
arr2 = [1024 ,-128]
print ("\ncbrt Value of arr2 : ", np.cbrt(arr2))
Output :
cbrt Value of arr1 :
[ 1. 30. 4. -10.]
cbrt Value of arr2 : [ 10.0793684 -5.0396842]
numpy.clip() : This function is used to Clip (limit) the values in an array.
Given an interval, values outside the interval are clipped to the interval edges. For example, if an interval of [0, 1] is specified, values smaller than 0 become 0, and values larger than 1 become 1.
Python
# Python3 code demonstrate clip() function
# importing the numpy
import numpy as np
in_array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]
print ("Input array : ", in_array)
out_array = np.clip(in_array, a_min = 2, a_max = 6)
print ("Output array : ", out_array)
Output :
Input array : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Output array : [2 2 3 4 5 6 6 6]
| FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| convolve() | Returns the discrete, linear convolution of two one-dimensional sequences. |
|---|
| sqrt() | Return the non-negative square-root of an array, element-wise. |
|---|
| square() | Return the element-wise square of the input. |
|---|
| absolute() | Calculate the absolute value element-wise. |
|---|
| fabs() | Compute the absolute values element-wise. |
|---|
| sign() | Returns an element-wise indication of the sign of a number. |
|---|
| interp() | One-dimensional linear interpolation. |
|---|
| maximum() | Element-wise maximum of array elements. |
|---|
| minimum() | Element-wise minimum of array elements. |
|---|
| real_if_close() | If complex input returns a real array if complex parts are close to zero. |
|---|
| nan_to_num() | Replace NaN with zero and infinity with large finite numbers. |
|---|
| heaviside() | Compute the Heaviside step function. |
|---|
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