Journal Description
Heritage
Heritage
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of cultural and natural heritage science published monthly by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Multidisciplinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Conservation)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.0 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
1.9 (2023)
Latest Articles
The Influence of the Substrate and the Environmental Conditions on the Performance of Lime-Based Repair Mortars: Paimogo Fort, a Case Study
Heritage 2025, 8(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020039 - 22 Jan 2025
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In order to revitalize and preserve the Paimogo Fort, a Portuguese coastline military fortification built in 1674 and classified as of public interest since 1957, several lime-based repair rendering mortars were developed, considering the compatibility requirements with the original ones. In this investigation,
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In order to revitalize and preserve the Paimogo Fort, a Portuguese coastline military fortification built in 1674 and classified as of public interest since 1957, several lime-based repair rendering mortars were developed, considering the compatibility requirements with the original ones. In this investigation, the different lime-based mortar compositions proposed are briefly described and their main physical and mechanical characteristics are analyzed at successive ages (28, 90 and 180 days). Furthermore, some applications of the same mortars’ compositions on different porous substrates were carried out and their performances in laboratory and in situ conditions were compared. Finally, the possible degradation mechanisms and the impact of the composition, interaction with the substrate and climatic and environmental conditions on the durability of the mortars are discussed. The main outcomes show that mortars with some content of quicklime result in a balanced solution for the restoration work of the fort; they show an increase of more than 50% of strength compared to slaked air lime mortars, namely when applied on a medium-absorbent substrate. When applied on very absorbent substrates, although improving the compressive strength and porosity, all lime-based mortar compositions suffer a decrease in their modulus of elasticity and adhesion to the substrate. Air lime mortar compositions applied on a very absorbent and porous substrate generally show an increase in their mechanical strength when subjected to the severe marine environment of the fort.
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Open AccessArticle
A Previously Unknown Building Structure in Ancient Olympia (Western Peloponnese, Greece) Revealed by Geoarchaeological Investigations and Its Interpretation as a Possible Harbor
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Lena Slabon, Sarah Bäumler, Elena Appel, Sabine Fiedler, Peter Fischer, Lea Obrocki, Georg Pantelidis, Sascha Scherer, Benedict Thein, Timo Willershäuser, Birgitta Eder, Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Franziska Lang, Erofili-Iris Kolia, Oliver Pilz, Dennis Wilken and Andreas Vött
Heritage 2025, 8(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020038 - 22 Jan 2025
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The ancient site of Olympia is located on the northern fringe of the Basin of Makrisia at the confluence of the Kladeos and Alpheios rivers (western Peloponnese, Greece) and was used as a venue for the Panhellenic Games from Archaic times until the
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The ancient site of Olympia is located on the northern fringe of the Basin of Makrisia at the confluence of the Kladeos and Alpheios rivers (western Peloponnese, Greece) and was used as a venue for the Panhellenic Games from Archaic times until the 4th century AD. Geophysical prospection (frequency domain electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity tomography) was carried out as a basis for detailed geoarchaeological investigations. In doing so, we identified a previously unknown building structure adjacent to the Altis, the inner part of the sanctuary at Olympia. Situated south of the Southwest Thermae, this structure measures at least 100 m (WSW-ENE) by 80 m (NNW-SSE). Its external orientation is in line with the orientation of the Southwest Thermae and the Leonidaion. We retrieved sediment cores from 17 different locations in combination with high-resolution direct push sensing from inside the newly found structure. All cores revealed distinct units of organic-rich limnic sediments dominated by clay and fine silt. Geochemical and micropaleontological analyses of selected sediment samples indicate highly eutrophic conditions, as evidenced by elevated phosphorous concentrations and the dominance of the ostracod species Cyprideis torosa, which is able to live under low-oxygen conditions. Moreover, molecular biomarker analyses show a significant input of lipid fecal markers, implying strong anthropogenic pollution. Further, the limnic sediments include numerous charcoal remains and abundant diagnostic artifacts such as ceramic fragments and building material. Radiocarbon dating documents that these limnic conditions persisted within the building structure from at least the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD. The identified building structure lies in the immediate proximity to the Lake of Olympia, which was recently found to have existed from the mid-Holocene to the Medieval period. Its characteristic filling with fine-grained sediments and multiple indications for a strongly polluted and heavily used standing water environment let us hypothesize that it was possibly used as a harbor installation. A harbor at ancient Olympia could have been used to reach the sanctuary by boat and to transport goods of all kinds.
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The Characterization of the Lower Town of the UNESCO Archaeological Site of Arslantepe (Malatya, Türkiye) Using the Geophysical E-PERTI Method (Extended Data-Adaptive Probability-Based Electrical Resistivity Tomography Inversion Method)
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Francesca Balossi Restelli, Marilena Cozzolino, Federico Manuelli and Paolo Mauriello
Heritage 2025, 8(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020037 - 22 Jan 2025
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The UNESCO site of Arslantepe is located in Eastern Anatolia in the Malatya Plain (Türkiye) about 10 km from the Euphrates River. Here for about a century archaeological excavations have been carried out, reconstructing a long sequence of human frequentation starting from 5000
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The UNESCO site of Arslantepe is located in Eastern Anatolia in the Malatya Plain (Türkiye) about 10 km from the Euphrates River. Here for about a century archaeological excavations have been carried out, reconstructing a long sequence of human frequentation starting from 5000 years BC up to the Middle Ages. The settlement, one of the most important and largest in the region, has undergone numerous changes over time, resulting in a complex superposition of structures, palaces, temples, and burials concentrated on the hill. With the aim of extending the knowledge of the site, in 2022, geophysical surveys were carried out through the application of electrical resistivity tomography, covering a surface of approximately 4300 m2 in an unexplored area at the foot of the hill. In this paper, the Extended data-adaptive Probability-based Electrical Resistivity Tomography Inversion approach (E-PERTI), recently published as a development of the probability tomography imaging approach, has been applied to a large apparent resistivity field dataset, providing the best estimate of the most probable estimate of the resistivity distribution through an intrinsic linear regression model implementing standard least squares routines. The results seem to prove the effectiveness of the E-PERTI approach in noise dejection, enhancing associated resistivity highs that can be ascribable to the trace of a potential fortification. The obtained information represents new, unexpected data that open new frontiers of archaeological research, adding value to the knowledge of the site.
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Open AccessArticle
From Industrial Heritage to Cultural Space: The Touristic Transformation in the Region of Ciudad Rodrigo (Spain)
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Julio Fernández Portela and Ángel Ignacio Aguilar-Cuesta
Heritage 2025, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020036 - 21 Jan 2025
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This study analyses the evolution of industrial heritage in the Ciudad Rodrigo region from its initial form to its current role as a cultural asset within the tourism sector. This study identifies and analyses the old mills in the region, distinguishing between those
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This study analyses the evolution of industrial heritage in the Ciudad Rodrigo region from its initial form to its current role as a cultural asset within the tourism sector. This study identifies and analyses the old mills in the region, distinguishing between those that have been abandoned and those that have been recovered for tourism purposes. Various historical sources have been used to do so, highlighting the Cadastre of the Marquis of Ensenada (mid-18th century). The aim is to determine the impact of this evolution on the local economy, with special attention to the role of tourism as a driver of territorial development through the enhancement of this industrial heritage using tourist routes. The results emphasise the importance of heritage recovery as a strategy to revitalise rural areas, highlighting the importance of tourism in the local economy, and as a key element for the sustainability of the territory.
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(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)
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Phygital Experience Platform for Textile Exhibitions in Small Local Museums
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Supaporn Chai-Arayalert, Supattra Puttinaovarat and Wanida Saetang
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010035 - 20 Jan 2025
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This study introduces a comprehensive phygital framework tailored for small local museums, addressing the unique challenges of textile exhibitions. By seamlessly integrating physical artifacts with advanced digital tools through a user-centered design–thinking approach, the platform transforms traditional museum visits into hybrid experiences. The
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This study introduces a comprehensive phygital framework tailored for small local museums, addressing the unique challenges of textile exhibitions. By seamlessly integrating physical artifacts with advanced digital tools through a user-centered design–thinking approach, the platform transforms traditional museum visits into hybrid experiences. The research addresses challenges faced by small museums, such as limited interactivity, static information presentation, and resource constraints. The findings demonstrate that the phygital platform significantly enhances visitor satisfaction, usability, and engagement. Features like mobile applications, chatbots, and gamification foster dynamic interactions, increasing interest in historical textile collections. The evaluation highlights positive impacts on visitor learning and accessibility, with high usability scores and favorable feedback confirming the platform’s success. By bridging physical and digital realms, the platform empowers small local museums to modernize their exhibition experience offerings while preserving their authenticity and cultural significance. This study contributes to the growing literature on phygital strategies in museum contexts, offering practical recommendations for implementing such platforms in resource-constrained settings. The findings underscore the potential of phygital approaches to foster deeper connections with cultural heritage, ensure broader accessibility, and support sustainable visitor engagement.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multisensory Museums: Richer Experiences, Inclusivity and Accessibility to Cultural Heritage)
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Open AccessTechnical Note
Taphonomy as a Methodological Approach for the Study of Dog Domestication: Application to the Prehistoric Site of Peña Moñuz (Guadalajara, Spain)
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Idoia Claver, Verónica Estaca-Gómez, Gonzalo J. Linares-Matás, Jesús Alberto Arenas-Esteban and José Yravedra
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010034 - 19 Jan 2025
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The study of early dog domestication has been the focus of considerable scholarly interest in recent years, prompting extensive research aimed at pinpointing the precise temporal and geographic origins of this process. However, a consensus among studies remains elusive, with various research efforts
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The study of early dog domestication has been the focus of considerable scholarly interest in recent years, prompting extensive research aimed at pinpointing the precise temporal and geographic origins of this process. However, a consensus among studies remains elusive, with various research efforts proposing differing timelines and locations for domestication. To address the questions related to the domestication process, researchers have employed a wide range of methodologies, including genetic, biomolecular, morphometric, paleontological, biometric, and isotopic analyses, as well as dental wear analysis to reconstruct paleodiets. Each of these approaches requires access to fossil canid specimens, given that they work directly with the skeletal remains of dogs or wolves. Alternatively, some methods can yield insights into the domestication process without necessitating the physical remains of these canids. Taphonomy, for instance, enables the study of bone surfaces for tooth marks, which may serve as indirect indicators of carnivore activity, potentially attributable to dogs or wolves. This study applies a high-resolution taphonomic analysis to bones modified by carnivores at the prehistoric site of Peña Moñuz. Our aim is to identify the specific carnivores responsible for the observed bone modifications. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of this technique in identifying the agents of bite marks, suggesting that taphonomy may complement the paleogenetic, paleontological, and isotopic methodologies traditionally used to explore the origins of dog domestication
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(This article belongs to the Section Archaeological Heritage)
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From Heritage Building Information Modelling Towards an ‘Echo-Based’ Heritage Digital Twin
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Hord Arsalan, David Heesom and Nigel Moore
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010033 - 17 Jan 2025
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Since the late 2000s, numerous studies have focused on the application of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) processes and technologies for the documentation of the historic built environment. Many of these studies have focused on the use of BIM software tools to generate
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Since the late 2000s, numerous studies have focused on the application of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) processes and technologies for the documentation of the historic built environment. Many of these studies have focused on the use of BIM software tools to generate intelligent 3D models using information gathered from a range of data capture techniques including laser scanning and photogrammetry. While this approach effectively preserves existing or partially extant heritage, it faces limitations in reconstructing lost or poorly documented structures. The aim of this study is to develop a novel approach to complement the existing tangible-based HBIM methods, towards an ‘Echo-based’ Heritage Digital Twin (EH-DT) an early-stage digital representation that leverages intangible, memory-based oral descriptions (or echoes) and AI text-to-image generation techniques. The overall methodology for the research presented in this paper proposes a three-phase framework. Phase 1: engineering a standardised heritage prompt template, Phase 2: creation of the Architectural Heritage Transformer, and Phase 3: implementing an AI text-to-image generation toolkit. Within these phases, intangible data, including collective memories (or oral histories) of people who had first-hand experience with the building, provide ‘echoes’ of past form. These can then be converted using a novel ‘Architectural Heritage Transformer’ (AHT), which converts plain language descriptions into architectural terminology through a generated taxonomy. The output of the AHT forms input for a pre-created standardised heritage prompt template for use in AI diffusion models. While the current EH-DT framework focuses on producing 2D visual representations, it lays the foundation for potential future integration with HBIM models or digital twin systems. However, the reliance on generative AI introduces potential risks of inaccuracies due to speculative outputs, necessitating rigorous validation and iterative refinement to ensure historical and architectural credibility. The findings indicate the potential of AI to extend the current HBIM paradigm by generating images of ‘lost’ heritage buildings, which can then be used to enhance and augment the more ‘traditional’ HBIM process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovations in the Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of the Building Heritage)
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Three-Dimensional Digital Documentation for the Conservation of the Prambanan Temple Cluster Using Guided Multi-Sensor Techniques
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Anindya Sricandra Prasidya, Irwan Gumilar, Irwan Meilano, Ikaputra Ikaputra, Rochmad Muryamto and Erlyna Nour Arrofiqoh
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010032 - 16 Jan 2025
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The Prambanan Temple cluster is a world heritage site that has significant value for humanity, a multiple zone cluster arrangement of highly ornamented towering temples, and a Hindu architectural pattern design. It lies near the Opak Fault, at the foothills of Mount Merapi,
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The Prambanan Temple cluster is a world heritage site that has significant value for humanity, a multiple zone cluster arrangement of highly ornamented towering temples, and a Hindu architectural pattern design. It lies near the Opak Fault, at the foothills of Mount Merapi, on an unstable ground layer, and is surrounded by human activities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The site’s vulnerability implies the necessity of 3D digital documentation for its conservation, but its complexity poses difficulties. This work aimed to address this challenge by introducing the utilization of architectural pattern design (APD) to guide multi-sensor line-ups for documentation. First, APDs were established from the literature to derive the associated multiple detail levels; then, multiple sensors and modes of light detection and ranging (Lidar) scanners and photogrammetry were utilized according to their detail requirements and, finally, point cloud data were processed, integrated, assessed, and validated by the proof of the existence of an APD. The internal and external qualities of each sensor result showed the millimeter- to centimeter-range root mean squared error, with the terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) having the best accuracy, followed by aerial close-range and terrestrial-mode photogrammetry and nadiral Lidar and photogrammetry. Two relative cloud distance analyses of every point cloud model to the reference model (TLS) returned the millimeter and centimeter ranges of the mean distance values. Furthermore, visually, every point cloud model from each sensor successfully complemented each other. Therefore, we can conclude that our approach is promising for complex heritage documentation. These results provide a solid foundation for future analyses, particularly in assessing structural vulnerabilities and informing conservation strategies.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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Parametric Modelling Techniques for Rhine Castle Models in Blender
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Etienne Sommer, Mathieu Koehl and Pierre Grussenmeyer
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010031 - 16 Jan 2025
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Recent advances in 3D modelling have greatly improved the digital reconstruction of historic buildings. Traditional 3D modelling methods, while accurate, are very time-consuming and require a detailed focus on complex architectural features. The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology, adapted
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Recent advances in 3D modelling have greatly improved the digital reconstruction of historic buildings. Traditional 3D modelling methods, while accurate, are very time-consuming and require a detailed focus on complex architectural features. The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology, adapted to historic buildings as Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM), has made the modelling process easier. However, HBIM still struggles with a lack of detailed object libraries that truly represent the diverse architectural heritage, due to the unique designs of these ancient structures. This article presents a new method using Blender software, focusing on Geometry Nodes and modifier tools for parametric modelling. This method aims to efficiently reconstruct the Rhine region’s castles, which are part of Europe’s most heavily fortified areas with a history that goes back to the century. Many of these castles, over 500 years old, are now ruins. Our method allows for quick changes and detailed customization to meet the specific needs of archaeologists and heritage researchers. Developed as part of the Châteaux Rhénans-Burgen am Oberrhein project, funded by the European Interreg VI programme, this approach focuses on digitizing and promoting the Rhine castles’ heritage. The project aims to fill some gaps in parametric modelling by providing a flexible and dynamic toolset for heritage conservation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent Digital Heritage: From Latest Digital Survey Techniques to Advanced 3D Data Analytics and Use)
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Preserving the Past: A Dynamic Analysis of Heritage Tourism and Land Conservation in Mamluk Cairo
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Amany E. Salem, Ahmed Tawhid Eissa, Thowayeb H. Hassan and Mahmoud I. Saleh
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010030 - 15 Jan 2025
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Historic urban cities face increasing pressure from tourism, necessitating sophisticated approaches to visitor management that protect both heritage values and local communities. The current study develops new sustainable metrics—sustainable visitor capacity (SVC) and Sustainable Visitation Index (SVI)—to provide a multifaceted assessment of heritage
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Historic urban cities face increasing pressure from tourism, necessitating sophisticated approaches to visitor management that protect both heritage values and local communities. The current study develops new sustainable metrics—sustainable visitor capacity (SVC) and Sustainable Visitation Index (SVI)—to provide a multifaceted assessment of heritage destination management beyond simple visitor volume calculations. The SVC considers operating hours, site capacity, and walking time, while the SVI holistically evaluates time efficiency, spatial distribution, and physical comfort. Applying these metrics to seven routes through the historic Mamluk monuments revealed significant variations in sustainability performance, with SVI scores ranging from 48.9 at Al-Ṣalῑba/Al-Sayyida Zaynab Streets to 92.8 at Northern Al-Mu’izz Street. The findings demonstrate that while the recommended daily visitor capacity ranges from 1286 to 2182 visitors across different routes, actual visitation frequently exceeds these thresholds, particularly in commercial zones. Geographic analyses and on-site studies identified the integration of tourist activities with commercial, residential, and religious uses as a critical factor contributing to overcrowding, especially evident in areas like Al-Ṣalῑba Street, where low SVI scores reflect challenges with unorganized markets and local congestion. The study offers site-specific recommendations for heritage managers, focusing on dynamic visitor management systems and zoning strategies that consider the dual function of these historic corridors as both tourist attractions and vital local thoroughfares. This research provides heritage managers with practical tools to quantify and enhance the sustainability of visitor experiences while preserving site integrity within complex urban heritage contexts.
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Open AccessArticle
Databases and Information Models for Semantic and Evolutionary Analysis in Fortified Cultural Heritage
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Sandro Parrinello and Alberto Pettineo
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010029 - 14 Jan 2025
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The paper explores two fortified systems, as case studies, to evaluate different modelling approaches, the parameterisation of architectural components, and semantic interpretation, to define a repeatable methodology for classifying, accessing, and sharing architectural information. The use of informational structures to categorise data and
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The paper explores two fortified systems, as case studies, to evaluate different modelling approaches, the parameterisation of architectural components, and semantic interpretation, to define a repeatable methodology for classifying, accessing, and sharing architectural information. The use of informational structures to categorise data and relations through semantic attributes addresses the need to make data queryable and interoperable. In architectural documentation, this practice opens up new perspectives for creating and sharing collaborative repositories, radically transforming the way of disseminating and accessing knowledge. Linking qualitative data information with 3D models enables the development of semantic structures that provide a deeper understanding of intrinsic characteristics, historical transformations of architectural complexes, and their cultural context. While databases effectively manage structured information and relationships between different signifiers, semantically enriched 3D modelling, through the management of surfaces or parameters, offers an accurate and flexible representation of each component. The evaluation of these case studies not only improves the ability to understand and appreciate built heritage but also provides new opportunities for researchers in architectural documentation and history. Semantic subdivision processes of built complexes into individual components facilitate the analysis and the digital preservation of heritage, enabling more precise interpretations and faithful reconstructions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue HBIM and Information Systems for Cultural Heritage Memory and Preservation)
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Refining the Production Date of Historical Palestinian Garments Through Dye Identification
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Diego Tamburini, Ludovic Durand and Zeina Klink-Hoppe
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010028 - 14 Jan 2025
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The dyes used to produce two Palestinian garments from the British Museum’s collection attributed to the late 19th–early 20th century were investigated by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Palestinian embroidery is a symbol of
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The dyes used to produce two Palestinian garments from the British Museum’s collection attributed to the late 19th–early 20th century were investigated by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Palestinian embroidery is a symbol of national identity and the topic of scholarly research. However, little attention has been given to the dyes and how these changed with the introduction of new synthetic formulations in the second half of the 19th century. The results revealed the use of natural indigoid blue and red madder (Rubia tinctorum), in combination with tannins. Yellow from buckthorn (probably Rhamnus saxatilis) and red from cochineal (probably Dactylopius coccus) were found mixed with synthetic dyes in green and dark red embroidery threads, respectively. Early synthetic dyes were identified in all the other colours. These include Rhodamine B (C.I. 45170), Orange II (C.I. 15510), Orange IV (C.I. 13080), Metanil Yellow (C.I. 13065), Chrysoidine R (C.I. 11320), Methyl Violet (C.I. 42535), Malachite Green (C.I. 42000), Fuchsin (C.I. 42510), Auramine O (C.I. 41000) and Methyl Blue (C.I. 42780). As the date of the first synthesis of these dyes is known, the production date of the garments was refined, suggesting that these were likely to be produced towards the end of the 1880s/beginning of the 1890s. The continuous use of historical local sources of natural dyes, alongside new synthetic dyes, is of particular interest, adding rightful nuances to the development of textile-making practices in this region.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dyes in History and Archaeology 43)
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Species Knowledge About a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site and the Importance of Connectedness with Nature
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Ricardo Puppe and Till Schmäing
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010027 - 13 Jan 2025
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Species knowledge of local animal species is of great importance for one’s own environmental awareness and is a major component for managing present and future crises in education for sustainable development. For this reason, this study is the first to survey the species
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Species knowledge of local animal species is of great importance for one’s own environmental awareness and is a major component for managing present and future crises in education for sustainable development. For this reason, this study is the first to survey the species knowledge of visitors to the UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site the Wadden Sea of the North Sea, which is the largest mudflat area in the world. In this context, the self-assessment of the respondents and the extent of their connectedness with nature are also examined. To answer the research questions, a questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the species knowledge and degree of connectedness with nature. For data analysis, various statistical methods such as t-tests and correlation analyses were used. The results show that the 126 visitors to the Wadden Sea Visitor Centre have a rather low level of species knowledge. In this regard, the European Herring Gull is the only very well-known species among the respondents. In addition, a further construct was investigated in the form of connectedness with nature, between which a significant positive correlation was found with species knowledge.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Heritage Education: Evolving Techniques and Methods)
Open AccessArticle
The Investigation of Stefan Luchian Heritage Paintings—A Multi-Analytical Approach
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Andrei Victor Oancea, Bogdana Simionescu, Laura Elena Ursu, Mioara Murariu, Marius Dobromir, Maria Geba, Lacramioara Stratulat and Mihaela Olaru
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010026 - 13 Jan 2025
Abstract
Based on a multi-analytical approach involving mobile techniques and lab-based devices (XPS, portable and micro-Raman spectroscopies, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, combined with SEM/EDS and optical microscopy), this study presents the first in-depth investigation of two cultural heritage artworks painted by the famous Romanian artist
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Based on a multi-analytical approach involving mobile techniques and lab-based devices (XPS, portable and micro-Raman spectroscopies, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, combined with SEM/EDS and optical microscopy), this study presents the first in-depth investigation of two cultural heritage artworks painted by the famous Romanian artist Ștefan Luchian. The research highlights the artist’s use of a wide range of colors, with his palette including classic pigments such as ochers, lead white, barium white, zinc white, and viridian, as well as contemporary colors such as cobalt purple, alizarin crimson, and the little-known indium yellow. Additionally, attempts are made to characterize the binders used in the paintings, which include linseed oil and animal glue. Beyond identifying the types of pigments and materials used by the artist and assessing the degradation stage of the paintings, this study is the first to provide information regarding the use of In2O3 as a yellow pigment in artwork.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology)
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Contributions to Architectural and Urban Resilience Through Vulnerability Assessment: The Case of Mozambique Island’s World Heritage
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Susana Milão, Telma Ribeiro, Mariana Correia, Isabel Clara Neves, Joaquim Flores and Olga Alvarez
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010025 - 11 Jan 2025
Abstract
Mozambique Island, a UNESCO World Heritage property, faces significant challenges due to climate change and extreme weather events. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for assessing morphological vulnerabilities and enhancing urban resilience in this unique historical urban landscape. The research methodology involves a
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Mozambique Island, a UNESCO World Heritage property, faces significant challenges due to climate change and extreme weather events. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for assessing morphological vulnerabilities and enhancing urban resilience in this unique historical urban landscape. The research methodology involves a thorough analysis of historical cartography, urban evolution, topography, and vernacular architecture, combined with recent conservation assessments and case studies from other climate-vulnerable regions. This study reveals the island’s dual urban structure, comprising the Stone and Lime town and the Macuti town, each with distinct morphological characteristics and vulnerabilities. Historical maps and topographical analysis demonstrate how the island’s geography has shaped its urban development, with the Stone and Lime town built on higher ground and the Macuti town situated at or below sea level, increasing its flood risk. The research highlights the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with resilience strategies while respecting the authenticity and integrity of the World Heritage property. Key findings include the need for a GIS-based management tool for continuous conservation assessment, and the crucial role of community engagement in implementing resilience mechanisms. This study contributes to the broader discourse on cultural heritage as a contributor to architectural and urban resilience, offering valuable insights for other World Heritage properties facing similar climate challenges. The proposed framework emphasizes the importance of balancing heritage preservation with adaptive strategies, while enhancing the island’s resilience facing climate-related threats.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage as a Contributor to Territorial/Urban Resilience)
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Glazed Pottery Throughout the Middle and Modern Ages in Northern Spain
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Ainhoa Alonso-Olazabal, Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo, Maria Cruz Zuluaga and Luis Ángel Ortega
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010024 - 10 Jan 2025
Abstract
A total of forty samples of medieval and modern glazed pottery from northern Spain were studied. Chemical and microstructural analyses of the glazes were performed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), while the chemical composition of the pottery bodies
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A total of forty samples of medieval and modern glazed pottery from northern Spain were studied. Chemical and microstructural analyses of the glazes were performed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), while the chemical composition of the pottery bodies and slips were determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). The glazes studied come from the Santa Barbara Hill site (Tudela), the Treviño Castle site (Treviño), the Vega workshop (Burgos) and the Torrentejo village (Labastida) and correspond to transparent glazes and opaque white glazes. Transparent glazes were lead glazes with variable PbO content. Opaque white glazes were lead-tin and lead–alkaline–tin glazes. The glaze was mainly applied to a pre-fired body made of local clays, but the glazes of the Santa Barbara Hills pottery (Tudela) were applied to raw bodies. The microstructure of the interfaces indicates a single firing process for the glazed pottery from Tudela and a double firing process in the rest of the sites. Some correlation are identified between the use of specific clays to produce different glaze colours. White opaque glazes are applied to calcium-rich clays. Similarly, calcium-rich clays were used to produce dark green transparent glazes, while clays and slips aluminium–rich were used to produce light green and light honey glazes. Iron was also identified as the main colouring agent, although copper was also used. The white glazes were opacified by the addition of cassiterite and sometimes quartz and feldspar. The glazed pottery was mainly of local origin, but the identification of some non-local pottery at all sites suggests a pottery trade.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Significance of Things beyond Materiality. Archaeological Glass and Glazes as Archives of Knowledge from the Past)
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Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS
by
Diego Javier Celis-Estrada, Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro and Teresa Gil-Piqueras
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010023 - 10 Jan 2025
Abstract
Peru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October
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Peru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October 1746, an earthquake and tidal wave devastated the port, leading to its relocation and the construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao, the South Pacific’s most significant fortification. The fortress was based on 18th century military conceptions adapted to the specific conditions of the coastal lands of the Peruvian Viceroyalty, such as the lack of stone, the use of adobe, and the frequent earthquakes. This research sought to identify the architectural theories influencing its design, the adaptations necessary for its coastal location, and the underlying mathematical and military concepts. Photogrammetry based techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) were used for georeferencing historical planimetry, along with the analysis of historical documents. This allowed us to reconstruct the original design and make evident how European ideas were adjusted to the particularities of the American territory, thus contributing to the improvement of knowledge about Spanish military architecture in America.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of 3D Models of Archaeological Remains of Almenara Castle Using Two UAVs with Different Navigation Systems
by
Juan López-Herrera, Serafín López-Cuervo, Enrique Pérez-Martín, Miguel Ángel Maté-González, Consuelo Vara Izquierdo, José Martínez Peñarroya and Tomás R. Herrero-Tejedor
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010022 - 10 Jan 2025
Abstract
Improvements in the navigation systems incorporated into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and new sensors are improving the quality of 3D mapping results. In this study, two flights were compared over the archaeological remains of the castle of Almenara, situated in Cuenca, Spain. We
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Improvements in the navigation systems incorporated into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and new sensors are improving the quality of 3D mapping results. In this study, two flights were compared over the archaeological remains of the castle of Almenara, situated in Cuenca, Spain. We performed one with a DJI Phantom 4 (DJI Innovations Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) and the other with a Matrice 300 RTK (DJI Innovations Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) and the new Zenmuse P1 camera (45 mp, RGB sensor). With the help of the new software incorporated into the Zenmuse P1 camera gimbal, we could significantly reduce the flight time. We analysed the data obtained with these two UAVs and the built-in RGB sensors, comparing the flight time, the point cloud, and its resolution and obtaining a three-dimensional reconstruction of the castle. We describe the work and the flights carried out, depending on the type of UAV and its RTK positioning system. The improvement in the positioning system provides improvements in flight accuracy and data acquisition. We compared the results obtained in similar studies, and thanks to the advances in UAVs and their sensors with better resolution, we managed to reduce the data collection time and obtained 3D models with the same results as those from other types of sensors. The accuracies obtained with the RTK and the P1 camera are very high. The volumes calculated for a future archaeological excavation are precise, and the 3D models obtained by these means are excellent for the preservation of the cultural asset. These models can have various uses, such as the preservation of an asset of cultural interest, or even its dissemination and analysis in various studies. We propose to use this technology for similar studies of archaeological documentation and the three-dimensional reconstruction and visualisation of cultural heritage in virtual visits on the web.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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A Systems Thinking Approach to the Development of HBIM: Part 1—The Problematic Situation
by
Lucy J. Lovell, Richard J. Davies and Dexter V. L. Hunt
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010021 - 9 Jan 2025
Abstract
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an information management and modelling technique frequently employed by the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. The application of BIM to Cultural Heritage (CH), otherwise known as Historic BIM (HBIM), will assist with the ongoing sustainable management of
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Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an information management and modelling technique frequently employed by the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. The application of BIM to Cultural Heritage (CH), otherwise known as Historic BIM (HBIM), will assist with the ongoing sustainable management of CH. However, the application of HBIM is currently limited by a lack of defined end-user requirements and standard methodology in its application. To address this, the authors propose a systems thinking approach, utilising both the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and hard Systems Engineering (SE), for the development of HBIM. Subsequently, this paper presents the results of an extensive survey undertaken with the United Kingdom (UK) Heritage Community to identify challenges faced by the CH sector and utilises the SSM to propose the core purpose of HBIM within the CH sector. The responses to the survey suggest that the development of HBIM should prioritise the promotion of structured information management instead of the generation of detailed geometric models, a key theme of much existing research. Future work by the authors (Part 2 of this work) will continue the analysis of the survey results and utilise SE processes to define end-user requirements for HBIM.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Information Modelling (BIM), Digital Twins and 3D Web Exploration for the Management, Enjoyment and Conservation of Cultural Heritage)
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Cultural Heritage in Education: Flamenco as a Pedagogical Tool for Future Teachers in Spain
by
Jesús Heredia-Carroza, Laura Díaz-Reyes, Daniela-Tatiana Agheorghiesei and Raluca Stoica
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010020 - 8 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study explores how future teachers in Spain perceive the incorporation of cultural heritage in education, with a specific focus on flamenco as a pedagogical tool. Using exploratory factor analysis and surveys from 301 participants, the research identified the key variables that influence
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This study explores how future teachers in Spain perceive the incorporation of cultural heritage in education, with a specific focus on flamenco as a pedagogical tool. Using exploratory factor analysis and surveys from 301 participants, the research identified the key variables that influence the valuation of cultural heritage through flamenco within educational settings. The findings revealed that social and cognitive skills, such as group cohesion, attention, and memory, are significant factors in appreciating flamenco as an educational resource. The study emphasizes flamenco’s potential to foster emotional, social, and cognitive development, positioning it as an effective means to integrate cultural heritage into teaching practices. This research contributes to understanding how flamenco as a pedagogical tool can enrich educational methodologies and enhance cultural heritage awareness among future educators.
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