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10 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Unawareness of Renal Function: A Questionnaire Survey at a Health Promotion Seminar

by Yukinori Aimiya, Sho Hasegawa, Mikio Sakakibara, Midori Hasegawa, Naotake Tsuboi, Naoki Nakagawa and Shigeki Yamada

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(3), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14030664 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease; however, knowledge regarding renal function in the general population is low. We aimed to determine factors necessitating CKD education in the general population. Methods: Participants for a [...] Read more.

Background: Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease; however, knowledge regarding renal function in the general population is low. We aimed to determine factors necessitating CKD education in the general population. Methods: Participants for a health promotion seminar were recruited via the Sugiura Memorial Foundation website and Sugi Pharmacy stores. Those who agreed to participate in the seminar were included in the questionnaire survey after a health seminar. Results: Out of 1548 participants, 1050 answered all questionnaire items, resulting in a valid response rate of 67.83%. Multivariable analysis revealed that sex (OR = 0.611), pharmacy consultations (OR = 0.661), receiving a blood test within 1 year (OR = 0.268), awareness of blood pressure (OR = 0.038), and knowledge of blood glucose level (OR = 0.099) were factors for unawareness of renal function. Conclusions: This study suggests that female individuals unaware of their blood pressure or glucose levels, those who have not had a blood test within 1 year, and those who have not sought health consultations need education on renal function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Challenges and Management)

18 pages, 6696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization of, and Protective Effects Against, CoCl₂-Induced Hypoxia Injury to a Novel Neutral Polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L.

by Yunchun Li, Jianfei Liu, Dong Pei and Duolong Di

Foods 2025, 14(3), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030339 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Oxidative stress is closely related to the occurrence and development of ischaemic stroke. Natural plant polysaccharides have potential value in inhibiting oxidative stress and preventing ischaemic stroke. Here, a novel neutral polysaccharide named LICP009-3F-1a with a Mw of 10,780 Da was separated and [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is closely related to the occurrence and development of ischaemic stroke. Natural plant polysaccharides have potential value in inhibiting oxidative stress and preventing ischaemic stroke. Here, a novel neutral polysaccharide named LICP009-3F-1a with a Mw of 10,780 Da was separated and purified from Lycium barbarum L. fruits. Linkage and NMR data revealed that LICP009-3F-1a has the following backbone: →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, with a branched chain of β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, α-L-Araf-(1→ and →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ connected to the main chain through O-3 of →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→. X-ray and SEM analyses showed that LICP009-3F-1a has a semicrystalline structure with a laminar morphology. Thermal property analysis showed that LICP009-3F-1a is thermally stable. In vivo experiments suggested that LICP009-3F-1a could inhibit hypoxia-induced oxidative stress damage by eliminating ROS, reversing and restoring the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx, and reducing the expression levels of the HIF-1α and VEGF genes. Blocking the apoptosis genes Bax and Caspase 3 and upregulating the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 protected PC12 cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that LICP009-3F-1a may have multiple potential uses in the treatment of IS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosynthesis Technology and Future Functional Foods)

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17 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Comparative Killing by Pradofloxacin and Seven Other Antimicrobials Against Varying Bacterial Densities of Swine Isolates of Pasteurella multocida

by Joseph M. Blondeau and Shantelle D. Fitch

Microorganisms 2025, 13(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020221 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Bacterial killing is important for recovering from infection. Pasteurella multocida is a key bacterial pathogen causing swine respiratory disease and is associated with substantial mortality. Antimicrobial therapy remains an important therapeutic intervention for treating infected animals. Pradofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) is the most recently approved [...] Read more.

Bacterial killing is important for recovering from infection. Pasteurella multocida is a key bacterial pathogen causing swine respiratory disease and is associated with substantial mortality. Antimicrobial therapy remains an important therapeutic intervention for treating infected animals. Pradofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) is the most recently approved antimicrobial agent for treating pigs with swine respiratory disease. We compared in vitro killing of swine P. multocida strains by pradofloxacin in comparison to ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, marbofloxacin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin over a range of bacterial densities and four clinically relevant drug concentrations. Pradofloxacin killed 92–96.9% of cells across 10⁶–10⁸ cfu/mL densities at the mutant prevention drug concentration following 2–24 h of drug exposure, 96.9–98.9% of cells across 10⁶–10⁹ cfu/mL at the maximum serum drug concentration following 30 min of drug exposure, increasing to 99.9–100% kill following 12–24 h of drug exposure. At the maximum tissue drug concentration and against bacterial densities of 10⁶–10⁹ cfu/mL, pradofloxacin killed 91.3–99.8% of cells following 2 h of drug exposure, which increased to 99.9–100% kill following 12–24 h of drug exposure. Pradofloxacin was rapidly bactericidal across a range of bacterial densities and at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Pradofloxacin will be an important antibiotic for treating pigs with swine respiratory disease and where clinically indicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Microbiology)

17 pages, 4082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geospatial Clustering in Smart City Resource Management: An Initial Step in the Optimisation of Complex Technical Supply Systems

by Aliaksey A. Kapanski, Roman V. Klyuev, Aleksandr E. Boltrushevich, Svetlana N. Sorokova, Egor A. Efremenkov, Anton Y. Demin and Nikita V. Martyushev

Smart Cities 2025, 8(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010014 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

For large cities with developing infrastructures, optimising water supply systems plays a crucial role. However, without a clear understanding of the network structure and water consumption patterns, addressing these challenges becomes significantly more complex. This paper proposes a methodology for geospatial data analysis [...] Read more.

For large cities with developing infrastructures, optimising water supply systems plays a crucial role. However, without a clear understanding of the network structure and water consumption patterns, addressing these challenges becomes significantly more complex. This paper proposes a methodology for geospatial data analysis aimed at solving two key tasks. The first is the delineation of service zones for infrastructure objects to enhance system manageability. The second involves the development of an approach for the optimal placement of devices to collect and transmit hydraulic network parameters, ensuring their alignment with both water supply sources and serviced areas. The study focuses on data from the water supply network of a city with a population exceeding half a million people, where hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method was applied to analyse territorial distribution. Four territorial clusters were identified, each characterised by unique attributes reflecting consumer concentration and water consumption volumes. The cluster boundaries were compared with the existing service scheme of the system, confirming their alignment with real infrastructure. The quality of clustering was further evaluated using the silhouette coefficient, which validated the high accuracy and reliability of the chosen approach. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of cluster boundary visualisation for assessing the uniform distribution of pressure sensors within the urban water supply network. The results of the study show that integrating geographic data with water consumption information not only facilitates effective infrastructure planning and resource allocation but also lays the foundation for the digitalization of the hydraulic network, a critical component of sustainable development in modern smart cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Innovation and Transformation for Smart Cities)

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12 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among US Born and Foreign-Born Adults Aged 18 to 26 Years in the United States

by Itunu Sokale, Jane Montealegre, Ann O. Amuta, Abiodun Oluyomi and Aaron P. Thrift

Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020098 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to multiple cancers that can be prevented through vaccination. While the optimal age for vaccination is in childhood and adolescence, vaccination recommendations include adults through age 26 who missed childhood/adolescent vaccination. There are limited data about disparities [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to multiple cancers that can be prevented through vaccination. While the optimal age for vaccination is in childhood and adolescence, vaccination recommendations include adults through age 26 who missed childhood/adolescent vaccination. There are limited data about disparities among adults eligible for catch-up HPV vaccination. We conducted a comprehensive examination of HPV vaccination among US young adults, disaggregating the group by race/ethnicity and nativity status to identify subgroups that may require additional interventions. Methods: We analyzed 2019 and 2022 data of individuals aged 18–26 years from the National Health Interview Survey. Generalized linear models using Poisson regression with log link were used to examine the receipt of 1+ dose of HPV vaccine, race/ethnicity, and nativity (i.e., US- versus foreign-born) status. Results: The overall receipt of 1+ doses of HPV vaccine was 47.5%. The vaccination rate among the US-born group was 49.7% versus 31.9% among the foreign-born group with an adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) of 0.72; (95% CI, 0.62–0.82). Foreign-born non-Hispanic (NH) Black individuals (APR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13–0.70) were less likely to be vaccinated against HPV than foreign-born NH White individuals, while US-born NH Asians (APR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.09–1.48) had a higher prevalence of the vaccination than the US-born NH White group. Additionally, foreign-born NH Asian (APR 0.60; 95% CI, 0.46–0.77), NH Black (APR 0.27; 95% CI, 0.12–0.61), and Hispanic (APR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60–0.97) populations were less likely to be vaccinated than their respective US-born counterparts. Conclusion: Profound HPV vaccination inequalities exist among US young adults with particularly low vaccine coverage among racially and ethnically minoritized immigrant populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Vaccines and Public Health)

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20 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Twinning and Individuation: An Appraisal of the Current Model and Ethical Implications

by Francis J. O’Keeffe and George L. Mendz

Biology 2025, 14(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14020104 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Discourses on human embryo experimentation often refer to monozygotic twinning and individuation. A criterion to establish regulations that guide human embryo research proposes that individuation is achieved once the embryo ceases to have the potential for dividing into two or more viable entities [...] Read more.

Discourses on human embryo experimentation often refer to monozygotic twinning and individuation. A criterion to establish regulations that guide human embryo research proposes that individuation is achieved once the embryo ceases to have the potential for dividing into two or more viable entities at about 15 days of gestational age. This standard is based on an updated version of a developmental model initially proposed by George Corner. A fundamental problem with this approach is the model’s lack of sufficient evidence to explain adequately human embryo twinning and, consequently, to serve as a basis to establish appropriate ethical guidelines for embryo experimentation. In addition, subsequent formulations of Corner’s model added an extension of blastomere totipotency to different moments of gestation, without a proper scientific basis. The model is also challenged by monozygotic twinnings that result in placental and amniotic arrangements incompatible with Corner’s framework. Investigations into the physiology of fertilisation and of the zygote suggest that individuation may occur at a very early stage. An alternative description of monozygotic twinning may explain better sesquizygotic twinning events and serve to re-evaluate the individuation criterion. The study aims to investigate deficiencies in the embryology of this model and assess their ethical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Developmental Biology)

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19 pages, 1148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pain Assessment and Management in Oncological Practice: A Survey from the Italian Network of Supportive Care in Oncology

by Andrea Antonuzzo, Silvia Gonella, Livio Blasi, Simona Carnio, Ciro Franzese, Luigi Marano, Daniele Santini and Paolo Bossi

Healthcare 2025, 13(3), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13030212 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer pain is prevalent across all stages of the disease, significantly impacting patients’ lives. Despite the availability of guidelines, its assessment and management remain suboptimal in many clinical settings. This study aimed to explore how healthcare professionals in Italy assess and manage [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cancer pain is prevalent across all stages of the disease, significantly impacting patients’ lives. Despite the availability of guidelines, its assessment and management remain suboptimal in many clinical settings. This study aimed to explore how healthcare professionals in Italy assess and manage cancer pain, identifying gaps and educational needs to improve adherence to best practices. Methods: A multidisciplinary Scientific Board designed an online survey comprising 28 items addressing demographics, pain assessment tools, perception of pain, pharmacological management, adverse effects, and barriers to care. The survey targeted oncologists, nurses, radiotherapists, and surgeons within the Italian Network of Supportive Care in Oncology. Data were collected from March to May 2024 and analyzed descriptively. Results: Eighty-five professionals participated, predominantly oncologists (63.5%). Most respondents utilized pain scales, with the Numerical Rating Scale (60.3%) being the most frequent. However, specific tools like the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) were underutilized, possibly due to limited training and time constraints. Factors influencing analgesic choice included patient comorbidities (30.3%) and polypharmacy (28.0%). The main barriers to effective pain management included inadequate training (85.5%) and poor communication between patients and caregivers (40.6%) and within care teams (31.9%). Preventive measures for opioid-induced adverse events were widely employed, with laxatives (52.7%) and antiemetics (40.5%) being the most common. Conclusions: Findings underscore the need for structured training programs, improved communication, and integration of validated assessment tools. A multidisciplinary, proactive approach to cancer pain assessment and management is essential to optimize care and reduce its burden across all disease stages. Full article

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12 pages, 753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Knee Proprioception and Strength on Lower-Limb Functional Symmetry in Healthy Adults

by Joffrey Drigny, Marine Rolland and Antoine Gauthier

Muscles 2025, 4(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4010003 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study examined the association between knee proprioception, strength, and functional symmetry in healthy individuals using isokinetic strength tests, proprioception assessments, and hop tests. Twenty young, healthy adults (mean age 26.5 ± 4.1 years, 85% right-limb dominant) participated. Knee extensor and flexor strength [...] Read more.

This study examined the association between knee proprioception, strength, and functional symmetry in healthy individuals using isokinetic strength tests, proprioception assessments, and hop tests. Twenty young, healthy adults (mean age 26.5 ± 4.1 years, 85% right-limb dominant) participated. Knee extensor and flexor strength were measured at 60°·s⁻¹ and 240°·s⁻¹. Proprioception was assessed by measuring passive joint position sense (JPS1: position recognition; JPS2: repositioning) and kinesthesia (threshold to detection of passive motion, TTDPM). Functional performance was evaluated using the single-leg hop test (SLH), triple-hop test (TH), and crossover hop test (COH). Symmetry was calculated using the limb symmetry index (LSI) as the ratio of non-dominant to dominant limb values. The results showed that THT (p = 0.011) and COH (p = 0.032) performance was superior on the dominant limb. A correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between hop test distances and knee extensor strength (r = 0.56–0.70, p < 0.001). JPS symmetry was negatively correlated with hop test symmetry (JPS1: SLH, r = −0.53; THT, r = −0.49; COH, r = −0.70). The participants with poorer position sense on the non-dominant leg were 2.7 times more likely to show LSI < 90% (p = 0.035). In conclusion, proprioception—particularly joint position sense—is associated with functional symmetry during dynamic tasks, highlighting the importance of proprioceptive assessments in rehabilitation and injury prevention. Full article

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19 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thyroid Hormones and Brain Development: A Focus on the Role of Mitochondria as Regulators of Developmental Time

by Filip Vujovic and Ramin M Farahani

Cells 2025, 14(3), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030150 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metabolism in a homeostatic state in an adult organism. During the prenatal period, prior to the establishment of homeostatic mechanisms, THs assume additional functions as key regulators of brain development. Here, we focus on reviewing the role of THs [...] Read more.

Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metabolism in a homeostatic state in an adult organism. During the prenatal period, prior to the establishment of homeostatic mechanisms, THs assume additional functions as key regulators of brain development. Here, we focus on reviewing the role of THs in orchestrating cellular dynamics in a developing brain. The evidence from the reviewed scientific literature suggests that the developmental roles of the hormones are predominantly mediated by non-genomic mitochondrial effects of THs due to attenuation of genomic effects of THs that antagonise non-genomic impacts. We argue that the key function of TH signalling during brain development is to orchestrate the tempo of self-organisation of neural progenitor cells. Further, evidence is provided that major neurodevelopmental consequences of hypothyroidism stem from an altered tempo of cellular self-organisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Thyroid Hormone in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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23 pages, 5265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Flow and Phosphorus Forecasting Using ANN Models, Catering for Extremes in the Case of the River Swale (UK)

by Elisabeta Cristina Timis, Horia Hangan, Vasile Mircea Cristea, Norbert Botond Mihaly and Michael George Hutchins

Hydrology 2025, 12(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12020020 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The forecasting of river flows and pollutant concentrations is essential in supporting mitigation measures for anthropogenic and climate change effects on rivers and their environment. This paper addresses two aspects receiving little attention in the literature: high-resolution (sub-daily) data-driven modeling and the prediction [...] Read more.

The forecasting of river flows and pollutant concentrations is essential in supporting mitigation measures for anthropogenic and climate change effects on rivers and their environment. This paper addresses two aspects receiving little attention in the literature: high-resolution (sub-daily) data-driven modeling and the prediction of phosphorus compounds. It presents a series of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to forecast flows and the concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) under a wide range of conditions, including low flows and storm events (0.74 to 484 m³/s). Results show correct forecast along a stretch of the River Swale (UK) with an anticipation of up to 15 h, at resolutions of up to 3 h. The concentration prediction is improved compared to a previous application of an advection–dispersion model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Water Quality of Rivers and Lakes)

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22 pages, 1844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Management of Commercial Electric Vehicle Fleets with Recharging Stations and Time-Varying Electricity Prices

by Massimiliano Coppo, Marco Agostini, Giulia De Matteis and Marina Bertolini

Energies 2025, 18(3), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030453 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The promotion of electric mobility is a key objective of energy transition, and it is aimed at significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with road transport being understood as a major contributor. Despite its potential, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in logistics faces [...] Read more.

The promotion of electric mobility is a key objective of energy transition, and it is aimed at significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with road transport being understood as a major contributor. Despite its potential, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in logistics faces critical challenges, including limited battery range, charging time, and the availability of charging infrastructure. Moreover, deploying charging stations must be carefully coordinated with the public grid to ensure seamless integration. This paper proposes a novel methodology for the optimal design and management of EV fleets in logistics. Our approach introduces innovations such as leveraging self-produced electricity and incorporating time-varying energy prices that can be tailored to individual nodes. This marks an important step toward a comprehensive interdisciplinary framework that integrates technical solutions with public policy considerations. Through case studies, we explore how various parameters and resource distributions influence optimal decisions. The findings demonstrate significant potential for cost reduction and enhanced efficiency when applying this methodology to EV-based logistics, thereby offering actionable insights for advancing sustainable transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

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38 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

k-Nearest Neighbour Estimation of the Conditional Set-Indexed Empirical Process for Functional Data: Asymptotic Properties

by Youssouf Souddi and Salim Bouzebda

Axioms 2025, 14(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14020076 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to improve the existing limit theorems for set-indexed conditional empirical processes involving functional strong mixing random variables. To achieve this, we propose using the k-nearest neighbor approach to estimate the regression function, as opposed to [...] Read more.

The main aim of this paper is to improve the existing limit theorems for set-indexed conditional empirical processes involving functional strong mixing random variables. To achieve this, we propose using the k-nearest neighbor approach to estimate the regression function, as opposed to the traditional kernel method. For the first time, we establish the weak consistency, asymptotic normality, and density of the proposed estimator. Our results are derived under certain assumptions about the richness of the index class

C

, specifically in terms of metric entropy with bracketing. This work builds upon our previous papers, which focused on the technical performance of empirical process methodologies, and further refines the prior estimator. We highlight that the k-nearest neighbor method outperforms the classical approach due to several advantages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Analysis)

13 pages, 2660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioaccumulation of Metals in Fish Collected from Macapá Urban Aquatic Environments (Brazilian Amazon) and the Risks to Human Health

by Debora Cristina Damasceno de Souza, Lucilene Finoto Viana, Fábio Kummrow, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Nathalya Alice de Lima, Izabelle Alexandra Rodrigues Lacerda, Bruno do Amaral Crispim, Alexeia Barufatti, Lúcio André Viana Dias and Alexandro Cezar Florentino

Toxics 2025, 13(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020067 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Macapá City, located in the Brazilian Amazon, faces critical aquatic pollution challenges due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure, leading to metal contamination in fish within its urban water bodies. Our study evaluated the concentrations of metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, [...] Read more.

Macapá City, located in the Brazilian Amazon, faces critical aquatic pollution challenges due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure, leading to metal contamination in fish within its urban water bodies. Our study evaluated the concentrations of metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg) in muscle tissues of fish from igarapés, ressaca areas, and canals. Samples were collected from six sampling sites to investigate the bioaccumulation of these metals and their potential human health risks. All metals were quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry, except Hg, which was quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Metal concentrations were determined in three carnivorous and seven omnivorous fish species. Cd concentrations exceeded the Brazilian maximum limit established for human consumption in all fish species evaluated. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb and Hg exceeded their reference doses. Our risk assessment, which combined the risk quotient (RQ) for individual metals and the risk index (RI) for metal mixtures, indicated health risks associated with the consumption of fish collected from the study areas. These results demonstrated a worrying exposure to metals (mainly Cd, Pb, and Hg), highlighting the need for environmental management measures and continuous monitoring to protect public health in vulnerable urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

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20 pages, 4809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Evaluation of Noise Simulation Algorithm Using MATLAB Ray Tracing Engine for Noise Assessment and Prediction

by Precin Kalisalvan, Mohd Sayuti Ab Karim and Siti Nurmaya Musa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031009 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) reported that noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) accounted for 92% of occupational diseases in 2019. To address this, accurate risk assessment is crucial. The current noise evaluation methods are complex and time-consuming, relying on manual [...] Read more.

The Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) reported that noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) accounted for 92% of occupational diseases in 2019. To address this, accurate risk assessment is crucial. The current noise evaluation methods are complex and time-consuming, relying on manual calculations and field measurements. An easy-to-use, open-source noise simulator that directly compares the output with national standards would help mitigate this issue. This research aims to develop an advanced noise evaluation tool to assess and predict unregulated workplace noise, providing tailored safety recommendations. Using a representative plant layout, the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is calculated using MATLAB’s ray tracing propagation model. The model simulates all possible transmission paths from the source to the receiver to derive the resultant SPL. A noise simulation application featuring a graphical user interface (GUI) built with MATLAB’s App Designer (version: R2024a) automates these computations. The simulation results are validated against the DOSH’s safety standards in Malaysia. Additional safety metrics, such as the recommended maximum exposure time and the required Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) for hearing protection, are calculated based on the SPLs for hazardous locations. The simulation algorithm’s functionality is validated against manual calculations, with an average deviation of just 3.06 dB, demonstrating the model’s precision. This tool can assess and predict indoor noise levels, provide information on optimal exposure limits, and recommend necessary protective measures, ultimately reducing the risk of NIHL in factory environments. It can potentially optimise plant floor operations for existing and new facilities, ensuring safer shift operations and reducing worker noise hazard exposure. Full article

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15 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exhaust Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with High-Ethanol Gasoline

by Miłosław Kozak, Marek Waligórski, Grzegorz Wcisło, Sławomir Wierzbicki and Kamil Duda

Energies 2025, 18(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030454 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Ethyl alcohol is a known additive to automotive gasoline. In commercially available gasolines, its concentration is between 5 and 10%. Since ethyl alcohol can be considered as a renewable fuel, efforts are being made to further increase its content in gasoline. This article [...] Read more.

Ethyl alcohol is a known additive to automotive gasoline. In commercially available gasolines, its concentration is between 5 and 10%. Since ethyl alcohol can be considered as a renewable fuel, efforts are being made to further increase its content in gasoline. This article describes the results of comparison experiments on a Euro 5 direct injection spark-ignition car engine fueled with conventional gasoline and gasoline with 30% v/v ethyl alcohol content (E30). The test results showed that a significant share of ethanol in the fuel did not affect most of the regulated emissions of gaseous components (namely: CO, HC, NO), i.e., a three-way catalyst effectively removed these components, regardless of the fuel composition. Slightly lower CO₂ emissions with the E30 fuel were noticeable. A significant difference, however, in lower particulate number emissions for the fuel with high-ethanol content was seen. At high engine load, the use of the E30 fuel resulted in a tenfold reduction in particulate number emissions. This might be considered as a very valuable effect of ethanol since direct injection spark-ignition engines are typically characterized by higher particulate emissions compared to engines equipped with other types of injection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines: 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Identification and Drug Susceptibility of Leishmania spp. Clinical Isolates Collected from Two Regions of Oaxaca, Mexico

by Adriana Moreno-Rodríguez, Ada Sarai Martin del Campo-Colín, Luis Roberto Domínguez-Díaz, Ana Livia Posadas-Jiménez, Félix Matadamas-Martínez and Lilián Yépez-Mulia

Microorganisms 2025, 13(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020220 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Pentavalent antimonials are the first line for leishmaniasis treatment, although they induce many adverse side effects and treatment failure and parasite resistance have been detected. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the main clinical manifestation of the disease in Oaxaca State, Mexico; however, its presence is [...] Read more.

Pentavalent antimonials are the first line for leishmaniasis treatment, although they induce many adverse side effects and treatment failure and parasite resistance have been detected. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the main clinical manifestation of the disease in Oaxaca State, Mexico; however, its presence is under-registered, and information about the Leishmania species that circulate and cause the disease in the region is limited. In this study, the presence of Leishmania was analyzed in 24 skin smears and 2 biopsies from lesions suspicious for leishmaniasis in inhabitants of the Tehuantepec Isthmus and Papaloapan Basin regions, Oaxaca State. By ITS1-PCR, the species of clinical isolates were identified. Moreover, the susceptibility of clinical isolates to leishmanicidal drugs was assessed. Skin smears were negative for the presence of Leishmania spp.; meanwhile, parasite amastigotes were observed in tissue biopsies; however, by ITS1-PCR, 46% of the samples were determined to be positive for the parasite. Six clinical isolates were identified as L. mexicana and had lower susceptibility to Miltefosine and Amphotericin B than the L. mexicana reference strain. No leishmanicidal activity of Glucantime was detected. Further studies with increased patient sample sizes and genotypic studies will describe in detail parasite susceptibility to reference drugs in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Global Burden of Parasitic Diseases: Prevalence and Epidemiology)

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25 pages, 3102 KiB

Open AccessReview

The HELP-UnaG Fusion Protein as a Bilirubin Biosensor: From Theory to Mature Technological Development

by Paola Sist, Ranieri Urbani, Federica Tramer, Antonella Bandiera and Sabina Passamonti

Molecules 2025, 30(3), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030439 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

HUG is the HELP-UnaG recombinant fusion protein featuring the typical functions of both HELP and UnaG. In HUG, the HELP domain is a thermoresponsive human elastin-like polypeptide. It forms a shield enwrapping the UnaG domain that emits bilirubin-dependent fluorescence. Here, we recapitulate the [...] Read more.

HUG is the HELP-UnaG recombinant fusion protein featuring the typical functions of both HELP and UnaG. In HUG, the HELP domain is a thermoresponsive human elastin-like polypeptide. It forms a shield enwrapping the UnaG domain that emits bilirubin-dependent fluorescence. Here, we recapitulate the technological development of this bifunctional synthetic protein from the theoretical background of its distinct protein moieties to the detailed characterization of its macromolecular and functional properties. These pieces of knowledge are the foundations for HUG production and application in the fluorometric analysis of bilirubin and its congeners, biliverdin and bilirubin glucuronide. These bile pigments are metabolites that arise from the catabolism of heme, the prosthetic group of cytochromes, hemoglobin and several other intracellular enzymes engaged in electron transfer, oxygen transport and protection against oxygen free radicals. The HUG assay is a powerful, user-friendly and affordable analytical tool that alone supports research at each level of complexity or taxonomy of living entities, from enzymology, cell biology and pathophysiology to veterinary and clinical sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioorganic Chemistry in Europe)

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19 pages, 3307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Binder and Asphalt Mixture Modified Using Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene/Rock Asphalt

by Hongbo Liao, Xin Yang, Jing Yan, Xiaobo Du and Hongwei Lin

Processes 2025, 13(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020292 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the performance enhancement of asphalt and its mixtures through modification with varying contents of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) and rock asphalt (RA). A series of laboratory tests were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effects of SBS and RA modification. The results demonstrated [...] Read more.

This study investigates the performance enhancement of asphalt and its mixtures through modification with varying contents of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) and rock asphalt (RA). A series of laboratory tests were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effects of SBS and RA modification. The results demonstrated that SBS significantly improves elasticity, low-temperature ductility, and resistance to fatigue and rutting, while RA enhances high-temperature stability, water stability, and stripping resistance. The synergistic effects of SBS and RA were evident, with the 4% SBS/10% RA mixture achieving the best comprehensive performance, which was characterized by improved high-temperature stability, low-temperature performance, and durability. Conversely, 15% RA content was found to reduce low-temperature flexibility and fatigue performance. A radar chart-based evaluation further confirmed the optimal performance of the 4% SBS/10% RA combination. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting appropriate SBS and RA proportions tailored to specific performance requirements in asphalt pavement applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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25 pages, 6178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness Analysis of Deep Learning Methods for Breast Cancer Diagnosis Based on Histopathology Images

by Merve Korkmaz and Kaplan Kaplan

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031005 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The early detection of breast cancer is crucial for both accelerating the treatment process and preventing the spread of cancer. The accuracy of diagnosis is also significantly influenced by the experience of pathologists. Many studies have been conducted on the correct diagnosis of [...] Read more.

The early detection of breast cancer is crucial for both accelerating the treatment process and preventing the spread of cancer. The accuracy of diagnosis is also significantly influenced by the experience of pathologists. Many studies have been conducted on the correct diagnosis of breast cancer to help specialists and increase the accuracy of diagnosis. This study focuses on classifying breast cancer using deep learning models, including pre-trained VGG16, MobileNet, DenseNet201, and a custom-built Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), with the final dense layer optimized via the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The Breast Histopathology Images Dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the model, forming two datasets: one with 157,572 images at 50 × 50 × 3 (Experimental Study 1) and another with 1116 images resized to 224 × 224 × 3 (Experimental Study 2). Both original (50 × 50 × 3) and rescaled (224 × 224 × 3) images were tested. The highest success rate was obtained using the custom-built CNN model with an accuracy rate of 93.80% for experimental study 1. The MobileNet model yielded an accuracy of 95.54% for experimental study 2. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits promising, and superior classification accuracy compared to state-of-the-art methods across varying image sizes and dataset volumes. Full article

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29 pages, 31883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Land Selection for Agricultural Purposes Using Hybrid Geographic Information System–Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process–Geostatistical Approach in Attur Taluk, India: Synergies and Trade-Offs Among Sustainable Development Goals

by Subbarayan Sathiyamurthi, Youssef M. Youssef, Rengasamy Gobi, Arthi Ravi, Nassir Alarifi, Murugan Sivasakthi, Sivakumar Praveen Kumar, Dominika Dąbrowska and Ahmed M. Saqr

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030809 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The precise selection of agricultural land is essential for guaranteeing global food security and sustainable development. Additionally, agricultural land suitability (AgLS) analysis is crucial for tackling issues including resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and rising food demands. This research examines the synergies and trade-offs [...] Read more.

The precise selection of agricultural land is essential for guaranteeing global food security and sustainable development. Additionally, agricultural land suitability (AgLS) analysis is crucial for tackling issues including resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and rising food demands. This research examines the synergies and trade-offs among the sustainable development goals (SDGs) using a hybrid geographic information system (GIS)–fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP)–geostatistical framework for AgLS analysis in Attur Taluk, India. The area was chosen for its varied agro-climatic conditions, riverine habitats, and agricultural importance. Accordingly, data from ten topographical, climatic, and soil physiochemical variables, such as slope, temperature, and soil texture, were obtained and analyzed to carry out the study. The geostatistical analysis demonstrated the spatial variability of soil parameters, providing essential insights into key factors in the study area. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the results showed that the FAHP method (AUC = 0.71) outperformed the equal-weighting scheme (AUC = 0.602). Moreover, suitability mapping designated 17.31% of the study area as highly suitable (S1), 41.32% as moderately suitable (S2), and 7.82% as permanently unsuitable (N2). The research identified reinforcing and conflicting correlations with SDGs, emphasizing the need for policies to address trade-offs. The findings showed 40% alignment to climate action (SDG 13) via improved resilience, 33% to clean water (SDG 6) by identifying low-salinity zones, and 50% to zero hunger (SDG 2) through sustainable food systems. Conflicts arose with SDG 13 (20%) due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture, SDG 15 (11%) from soil degradation, and SDG 2 (13%) due to inefficiencies in low-productivity zones. A sustainable action plan (SAP) can tackle these issues by promoting drought-resistant crops, nutrient management, and participatory land-use planning. This study can provide a replicable framework for integrating agriculture with global sustainability objectives worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS Implementation in Sustainable Urban Planning)

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22 pages, 5401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Exposed to RGD Motifs Enter an Angiogenic Stage Regulating Endothelial Cells

by Nicolo-Constantino Brembilla, Sanae El-Harane, Stéphane Durual, Karl-Heinz Krause and Olivier Preynat-Seauve

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26030867 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) possess significant regenerative potential, playing a key role in tissue repair and angiogenesis. During wound healing, ASC interacts with the extracellular matrix by recognizing arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) motifs, which are crucial for mediating these functions. This study investigates how [...] Read more.

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) possess significant regenerative potential, playing a key role in tissue repair and angiogenesis. During wound healing, ASC interacts with the extracellular matrix by recognizing arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) motifs, which are crucial for mediating these functions. This study investigates how RGD exposure influences ASC behavior, with a focus on angiogenesis. To mimic the wound-healing environment, ASC were cultured in a porcine gelatin sponge, an RGD-exposing matrix. Transcriptomics revealed that ASC cultured in gelatin exhibited an upregulated expression of genes associated with inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair compared to ASC in suspension. Pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF, were significantly elevated. Functional assays further demonstrated that ASC-conditioned media enhanced endothelial cell migration, tubulogenesis, and reduced endothelial permeability, all critical processes in angiogenesis. Notably, ASC-conditioned media also promoted vasculogenesis in human vascular organoids. The inhibition of ASC-RGD interactions using the cyclic peptide cilengitide reversed these effects, underscoring the essential role of RGD-integrin interactions in ASC-mediated angiogenesis. These findings suggest that gelatin sponges enhance ASC’s regenerative and angiogenic properties via RGD-dependent mechanisms, offering promising therapeutic potential for tissue repair and vascular regeneration. Understanding how RGD modulates ASC behavior provides valuable insights into advancing cell-based regenerative therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Application : 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 2094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Downregulation of Aging-Associated Gene SUCLG1 Marks the Aggressiveness of Liver Disease

by Desislava K. Tsoneva, Alessandro Napoli, Mariya Teneva, Tommaso Mazza and Manlio Vinciguerra

Cancers 2025, 17(3), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030339 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The most common liver disease is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, characterized by an intrahepatic accumulation of lipids that most often accompanies obesity. Fatty liver can evolve, in the presence of oxidative stress and inflammation, into disabling and deadly liver diseases such as [...] Read more.

Introduction: The most common liver disease is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, characterized by an intrahepatic accumulation of lipids that most often accompanies obesity. Fatty liver can evolve, in the presence of oxidative stress and inflammation, into disabling and deadly liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Old age seems to favor HCC and CC, in agreement with the inflammaging theory, according to which aging accrues inflammation. Cancer, in general, is an age-related disease, as incidence and mortality for most types of cancer increase with age. However, how molecular drivers in tumors differ or are mutated more frequently among patients of different ages remains scarcely investigated. A recent integrative analysis of the age-associated multi-omic landscape across cancers and healthy tissues demonstrated that age-related gene expression changes are linked to numerous biological processes. HCC and CC have among the lowest five-year survival estimates due to their aggressive progression. Materials and methods: In this study, we extracted top gene candidates from the above-mentioned pan-analyses (i.e., B2M, C1qA, SUCLG1) and tested by qPCR their expression and their correlation with disease progression in 48 tissue samples covering liver disease stages (fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, HCC and CC) and normal tissues. Results: Here, we report a significant downregulation in the expression of the age-associated gene SUCLG1 during the progression of liver disease toward HCC and CC, which also associates with poor patient survival. Conclusion: SUCGL1, a mitochondrial enzyme gene that catalyzes the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate, might be therapeutically targeted for the development and progression of age-associated liver cancers with low survival rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aging and Cancers)

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15 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration Habits and Water Balance in a Working Population in Greece

by Aikaterini-Melpomeni Papadopoulou, Kyriaki Apergi, Margarita-Vasiliki Panagopoulou, Konstantina Argyri and Olga Malisova

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030371 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adequate hydration is fundamental for maintaining physical and mental health, yet dehydration remains a common issue, with significant health consequences such as fatigue, impaired cognitive function, and increased risk of chronic diseases. This study aimed to assess the water balance status of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adequate hydration is fundamental for maintaining physical and mental health, yet dehydration remains a common issue, with significant health consequences such as fatigue, impaired cognitive function, and increased risk of chronic diseases. This study aimed to assess the water balance status of healthy employees in Greece and explore the influence of sociodemographic, anthropometric, occupational, and other lifestyle factors. Methods: After completing a validated questionnaire, demographic, dietary, and occupational factors were first analyzed by gender and then examined for their association with water balance, defined as the net difference between water intake and losses, using univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: Daily water consumption had a median value of 3063.77 mL (Q1: 2181.62, Q3: 4070.04), with men consuming significantly more than women. Multivariable analysis identified several factors associated with water balance, including years of education (β: −21.88, SE: 8.55), hours of work per week (β: 30.17, SE: 15.38), use of glasses during the day (Yes vs. No: β: 423.13, SE: 216.41), use of a bottle during the day (Yes vs. No: β: 873.50, SE: 278.82), and consuming water for pleasure (Yes vs. No: β: 478.63, SE: 200.16). Additionally, exposure to weather conditions at work (Yes vs. No) was suggested to have a positive influence on water balance. Conclusions: This study underscores the complex interplay between sociodemographic and occupational factors and hydration practices, providing evidence for targeted hydration strategies, as wellness programs and public health initiatives aimed at improving hydration among working populations in Greece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Vulnerable Population Groups)

33 pages, 27167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Supply Chain Efficiency in India: A Sustainable Framework to Minimize Wastage Through Authentication and Contracts

by S. Mahaboob Hussain, Akula Balakrishna, K. T. Narasimha Naidu, Prakash Pareek, Nishit Malviya and Manuel J. C. S. Reis

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030808 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

A recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reveals that approximately 40% of India’s food production is wasted each year due to inefficient and fragmented supply chain management. An effective supply chain is essential to ensure the efficient use of resources [...] Read more.

A recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reveals that approximately 40% of India’s food production is wasted each year due to inefficient and fragmented supply chain management. An effective supply chain is essential to ensure the efficient use of resources and to maximize profitability. A platform is required to enhance communication, facilitate contract agreements, and streamline collaboration among stakeholders to reach their target destinations. In some cases, suppliers of raw materials often struggle to find buyers, which create gaps in the system. To address these issues, we have developed a unique methodology. We designed a platform that connects all stakeholders in the supply chain through a transparent, two-way communication channel, while ensuring high levels of authenticity and trust. Additionally, we created a comprehensive framework that includes profiles for farmers, retailers, manufacturers, and distributors. This application aims to bridge communication gaps and improve the overall efficiency of the system. To ensure the application’s integrity with the database, we conducted tests with various databases for optimal performance and authentication. During our evaluation, one of our observations on databases was that the Postgres database system utilized 48.3% of the total processing time and a latency of 10,941.3 milliseconds. At the same time, PgBouncer used 5.4% of the time consumed and required 1230.75 milliseconds before data processing started. Considering the authentication as a parameter, we also considered the Firebase (NoSQL) database for our application. It optimizes database operations to enhance the platform’s speed and efficiency, which has the potential for performance improvements in the supply chain management system. Full article

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8 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Preparation of High Entropy Alloys Without Pre-Alloying, Using Laser Melt Deposition (LMD) Technique

by Ferenc Hareancz, Gergely Juhász, Márk Windisch, Anita Heczel and Ádám Vida

Coatings 2025, 15(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020116 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study explores the fabrication of an equimolar CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) using laser metal deposition (LMD) technique on a 316 L austenitic stainless steel substrate, without pre-alloying. Elemental metal powders were mixed in a planetary ball mill and directly deposited to investigate [...] Read more.

This study explores the fabrication of an equimolar CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) using laser metal deposition (LMD) technique on a 316 L austenitic stainless steel substrate, without pre-alloying. Elemental metal powders were mixed in a planetary ball mill and directly deposited to investigate the effect of layer number on alloy composition and substrate intermixing. Experimental results revealed significant dilution in the first four layers, with substrate intermixing affecting composition. The coarse-grained crystal structure observed in the initial layers persisted in subsequent layers, and hardness measurements indicated the cumulative thermal effects of sequential deposition. From an industrial perspective, this approach offers a cost-effective and flexible manufacturing strategy, eliminating the need for pre-alloying. Moreover, gradient compositional layers can be achieved, enabling tailored material properties. This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing multi-layer HEAs directly from elemental powders while addressing the challenges of compositional stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Application of High Entropy Alloys)

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15 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the Chemical and Mechanical Pre-Treatment of Brown Seaweed on Biomethane Yields in a Batch Configuration

by Ashleen Marshall and Oluwaseun Oyekola

Biomass 2025, 5(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5010007 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Brown seaweed could be a viable option for biogas production, with the added advantage of not competing with land-based crops, which negates the food vs. fuel argument. To optimise the process, this research investigates using mechanical and chemical pre-treatment to increase the biomethane [...] Read more.

Brown seaweed could be a viable option for biogas production, with the added advantage of not competing with land-based crops, which negates the food vs. fuel argument. To optimise the process, this research investigates using mechanical and chemical pre-treatment to increase the biomethane yield of seaweed. The biomethane potential, biodegradability index, and biomethane yields were determined as well as the kinetics based on the hydrolysis of the anaerobic digestion process. Mechanical pre-treatment showed the highest increase in methane yield for the smaller size (<1.7 mm), recording yields of 126.16 mL/g VS after 28 days when compared to 31.54 mL/g VS for the control (2–3 mm). Chemical pre-treatment yielded higher methane rates (34.59–60.33 mL/g VS) than the control, but not as high as the mechanical pre-treatment processes. First-order kinetics described the anaerobic digestion process, with k-values between 0.050 and 0.106. The biodegradability index was between 0.145 and 0.580. The research increased the knowledge base of the potential of the Ecklonia Maxima seaweed to produce biogas. Careful consideration of the impact on the overall process must be completed to determine the advantages or disadvantages of including a pre-treatment step in the process under consideration. Full article

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