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Movements of Simulium damnosum s.l., Vectors of Onchocerciasis
Aedes scapularis, Aedes japonicus, and Aedes vittatus: Three Neglected Mosquitoes with Global Health Risks
Sex-Specific Perching Documented in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens

Journal Description

Insects

Insects is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on entomology published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, PubAg, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Entomology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Insect Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.7 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.9 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2075-4450

Latest Articles

14 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repellency of Essential Oils and Plant-Derived Compounds Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

by April D. Lopez, Sophie Whyms, Hailey A. Luker, Claudia J. Galvan, F. Omar Holguin and Immo A. Hansen

Insects 2025, 16(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010051 - 7 Jan 2025

Plant-based oils have a long history of use as insect repellents. In an earlier study, we showed that in a 10% concentration, geraniol, 2-phenylethl propionate, and the plant-based essential oils clove and cinnamon effectively protected from mosquito bites for over 60 min. To [...] Read more.

Plant-based oils have a long history of use as insect repellents. In an earlier study, we showed that in a 10% concentration, geraniol, 2-phenylethl propionate, and the plant-based essential oils clove and cinnamon effectively protected from mosquito bites for over 60 min. To expand on this study, we reanalyzed our GC–MS data to identify the short organic constituents of these oils. We then used an arm-in-cage assay to test the repellency of different concentrations and combinations of these oils and pure compounds. We found a sigmoidal relationship between the complete protection time from mosquito bites and the concentration of these oils. The complete protection times we recorded for combinations of these oils suggest an absence of additive effects. The results of this study can inform the development of novel, effective, and plant-based insect repellents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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10 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Simple Antibiotic-Free Cryopreservation Protocol for Drone Semen

by Sophie Egyptien, Jérôme Ponthier, Fabien Ectors, Brice Thibaut and Stéfan Deleuze

Insects 2025, 16(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010050 - 7 Jan 2025

The increasing reliance of modern agriculture on honey bee (Apis mellifera) pollination has driven efforts to preserve and enhance bee populations. The cryopreservation of drone semen presents a promising solution for preserving genetic diversity and supporting breeding programs without live animal [...] Read more.

The increasing reliance of modern agriculture on honey bee (Apis mellifera) pollination has driven efforts to preserve and enhance bee populations. The cryopreservation of drone semen presents a promising solution for preserving genetic diversity and supporting breeding programs without live animal transport risks. This study aimed to evaluate a one-step dilution antibiotic-free drone semen slow-freezing protocol under field conditions with in vitro and in vivo parameters. Semen viability was tested by two different mixes of dyes, and both techniques gave similar results, showing a post-thaw viability drop of 37%. Virgin queens were inseminated either with fresh or frozen–thawed semen. Survival rates until egg-laying onset and female brood production were similar for both groups; however, colonies with queens inseminated with fresh semen were more likely to go into wintering. Results suggest that frozen–thawed semen can support viable queen insemination, with potential for female brood production even without antibiotics in the diluent. This study highlights the need for further refinement of cryopreservation protocols, particularly regarding semen quality and queen longevity, to improve the feasibility of cryobanking for Apis mellifera conservation and breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Health, Behavior, and Physiology of Honeybees and Other Pollinators)

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11 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Analysis of Genes Encoding Juvenile Hormone Receptor Met and Transcription Factor Kr-h1 in the Reproductive Capacity of Coccinella septempunctata Males

by Ying Cheng, Yuhang Zhou and Cao Li

Insects 2025, 16(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010049 - 6 Jan 2025

This study focuses on the regulatory effects of genes encoding the juvenile hormone (JH) receptor methoprene-tolerant (Met) and transcription factor krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) on the reproductive capacity of Coccinella septempunctata male adults. Met and Kr-h1 expression levels were [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the regulatory effects of genes encoding the juvenile hormone (JH) receptor methoprene-tolerant (Met) and transcription factor krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) on the reproductive capacity of Coccinella septempunctata male adults. Met and Kr-h1 expression levels were analyzed in males fed on artificial diets with and without JH by quantitative real-time PCR, and the effects of Met and Kr-h1 on male reproduction were analyzed by RNA interference technology. Met transcription levels in 5- and 10-day-old males fed with a JH-supplemented diet were lower than those without JH. Kr-h1 expression in 5-day-old adult males was lower in diets lacking JH but was higher in 10-day-old males fed on a diet lacking JH. There were no significant differences in the testes sizes of male ladybugs injected with Met-dsRNA when compared to GFP-dsRNA; however, the testis volume of ladybugs injected with Kr-h1-dsRNA was smaller than those injected with GFP-dsRNA. After males were injected with Met-dsRNA and Kr-h1-dsRNA, the mean egg production by females decreased by 12.75% and 23.10%, respectively, at 20 d postinjection. Our results show that Met and Kr-h1 have important roles in regulating reproduction by directly affecting testes development in males and egg production in females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Evolution of Ladybird Beetles in Biological Control)

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9 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postharvest Practices and Farmers’ Knowledge in Managing Maize Pests in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

by Bongumusa Charles Gumede and Simon Kamande Kuria

Insects 2025, 16(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010048 - 6 Jan 2025

This study aims to establish the pest management approach for pests of stored maize and determine the current control practices. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 77 smallholder farmers from 16 villages at King Sabata Dalindyebo local municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of [...] Read more.

This study aims to establish the pest management approach for pests of stored maize and determine the current control practices. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 77 smallholder farmers from 16 villages at King Sabata Dalindyebo local municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The results revealed that about 50% of the farmers had a formal education, the average farm size was 1 hectare, and they were predominantly cultivating yellow maize. Most farmers (57%) cultivated maize for human consumption, income generation, and livestock feeding. The results also showed that metal tanks tended to be the most preferred (81.82%) storage facility for storing maize. Furthermore, the study found that Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) were the major storage insect pests of maize. The storage pests were managed using synthetic pesticides (84.42%), namely aluminium phosphide. This pesticide is a solid formulation for generating gas phosphine for fumigation. The continued indiscriminate use of this pesticide in protecting stored maize in this region could be a health hazard to humans and may result in the development of pest resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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12 pages, 1671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of Rearing Season, Host Plant, and Silkworm Species on Gut Bacterial Community

by Chang Chen, Yujuan Hao, Jiaqi Yang, Jingyu Zhang, Huan Wang and Yanqun Liu

Insects 2025, 16(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010047 - 6 Jan 2025

The gut bacterial community plays many important roles in the production of nutrients and digestion. Antheraea pernyi and A. yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) are two traditional sources of human food, as well as being silk-producing insects. In the present study, the influences of rearing [...] Read more.

The gut bacterial community plays many important roles in the production of nutrients and digestion. Antheraea pernyi and A. yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) are two traditional sources of human food, as well as being silk-producing insects. In the present study, the influences of rearing season (spring and autumn), silkworm species (A. pernyi and A. yamamai), and host plant (Quercus wutaishanica and Salix viminalis) on gut microbiota diversity were tested using Illumina MiSeq technology. We found that the bacterial composition and diversity of larvae reared in the autumn are elevated compared to those of larvae from the spring. Silkworm species played an important role in the gut bacterial community. Host plants also affected the diversity of the intestinal flora of the insects: the diversity of the intestinal flora of A. pernyi reared using S. viminalis was higher than those reared using Q. wutaishanica. Our findings provide insights into the gut microbial environment in edible insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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15 pages, 3684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ochyronemus, a New Genus of the Tarsonemid Tribe Pseudotarsonemoidini (Acari: Heterostigmatina) from Mexico

by Wojciech Ł. Magowski, Jose M. Rezende and Ronald Ochoa

Insects 2025, 16(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010046 - 6 Jan 2025

A new genus for the tribe Pseudotarsonemoidini of the family Tarsonemidae is established in order to accommodate undescribed mites associated with bark beetles in Mexico. The new, monotypic genus Ochyronemus, with the type species O. jaliscoe being diagnostically and phylogenetically closest to [...] Read more.

A new genus for the tribe Pseudotarsonemoidini of the family Tarsonemidae is established in order to accommodate undescribed mites associated with bark beetles in Mexico. The new, monotypic genus Ochyronemus, with the type species O. jaliscoe being diagnostically and phylogenetically closest to the derived Pseudotarsonemoides-Tarsobisulcus cluster of the Pseudotarsonemoidini, possesses an intermediate position between these two genera. Details of the morphology related to its genus-level affiliation, primarily tibiotarsal I claw and leg setation, are compared in the context of the other genera of the tribe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity of Interactions between Mites and Insects)

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14 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lethal Male Combat of Anastatus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Lepidopterous and Hemipterous Pests

by Muhammad Yasir Ali, Gonzalo A. Avila, Zheng-Yu Luo, Muhammad Asghar Hassan, Khalid Ali Khan, Jin-Ping Zhang and Feng Zhang

Insects 2025, 16(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010045 - 6 Jan 2025

Aggressive interactions between males are common when victors gain increased mating success but can result in severe injury or death for the defeated. Anastatus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary egg parasitoid of hemipteran and lepidopteran species. Here, we investigated lethal interactions between [...] Read more.

Aggressive interactions between males are common when victors gain increased mating success but can result in severe injury or death for the defeated. Anastatus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary egg parasitoid of hemipteran and lepidopteran species. Here, we investigated lethal interactions between A. japonicus males and analyzed aggression behavior scaled with the male condition, number of competitors, number of presented females, and female mating status. The intensity of A. japonicus male aggressiveness increased with the number of competitors and the number of presented females but was not affected by male relatedness. The intensity and frequency of A. japonicus male aggressive interactions were greater when males competed for virgin females compared to mated females. Larger A. japonicus males won more contests than smaller males and honey-fed males defeated starved ones, where defeated males suffered the loss of appendages and/or died. Fighting appeared to be the norm in all-male groupings, regardless of the presence of females. A number of biological and ecological factors are deducted that likely contribute to the evolution of male aggressive behavior in A. japonicus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropod Reproductive Biology)

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17 pages, 11406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Report on the Types and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla in Lygaeidae (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea) and Their Putative Functions

by Agnieszka Nowińska

Insects 2025, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010044 - 6 Jan 2025

Antennal sensillar structures respond to a variety of environmental stimuli. In the present study, the antennal sensilla of all three subfamilies of the family Lygaeidae are studied for the first time. This research shows the presence of five main types of sensilla (sensilla [...] Read more.

Antennal sensillar structures respond to a variety of environmental stimuli. In the present study, the antennal sensilla of all three subfamilies of the family Lygaeidae are studied for the first time. This research shows the presence of five main types of sensilla (sensilla trichodea, chaetica, campaniformia, basiconica, and coeloconica). Their comparison to other, previously studied, heteropteran insects and their putative mechano-, chemo-, and thermo-hygroreceptive functions are discussed. The current study shows uniformity in the types of sensilla in all studied species. However, minor differences between the subfamilies, as well as within the subfamily Lygaeinae, are observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Insect Sensory Biology)

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15 pages, 4770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Antennal Expression of CYP6K1 and CYP4V2 Participate in the Recognition of Alarm Pheromones by Solenopsis invicta Buren

by Xinyi Jiang, Jiacheng Shen, Peng Lin and Youming Hou

Insects 2025, 16(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010043 - 5 Jan 2025

Insects have highly developed olfactory systems in which cytochrome P450s (CYPs) were involved as odor-degrading enzymes throughout the olfactory recognition of odor compounds by insects to avoid continuous stimulation of signaling molecules and thus damage to the olfactory nervous. To understand whether the [...] Read more.

Insects have highly developed olfactory systems in which cytochrome P450s (CYPs) were involved as odor-degrading enzymes throughout the olfactory recognition of odor compounds by insects to avoid continuous stimulation of signaling molecules and thus damage to the olfactory nervous. To understand whether the highly expressed CYPs in the antennae play an olfactory function in Solenopsis invicta worker, in this study, we find six highly expressed antennal CYPs from the transcriptome of S. invicta. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis divided them into two families: the CYP3 family (SinvCYP6K1, SinvCYP6K1-1) and the CYP4 family (SinvCYP4C1, SinvCYP4C1-1, SinvCYP4C1-2, SinvCYP4V2). The expression patterns of these six CYPs were analyzed by RT-qPCR, which revealed that SinvCYP6K1 and SinvCYP4V2 were only highly expressed in the antennae of adult workers. The expression of SinvCYP6K1 and SinvCYP4V2 in workers was markedly diminished after feeding with dsRNA. The electroantennography (EAG) assay demonstrated that the silencing of either SinvCYP6K1 or SinvCYP4V2 resulted in a notable reduction in the EAG response of workers to 2-ethyl-3,6(5)-dimethylpyrazine (EDMP). Furthermore, the trajectory behavior assay showed that the worker’s range and speed of movement in response to EDMP significant decreased after the silencing of SinvCYP6K1 and SinvCYP4V2. The findings indicated that both SinvCYP6K1 and SinvCYP4V2 were implicated in the recognition of EDMP by S. invicta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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8 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in Deer Keds: Massachusetts, USA

by Patrick Pearson, Guang Xu, Eric L. Siegel, Mileena Ryan, Connor Rich, Martin J. R. Feehan, Blake Dinius, Shaun M. McAuliffe, Patrick Roden-Reynolds and Stephen M. Rich

Insects 2025, 16(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010042 - 4 Jan 2025

Deer keds (Lipoptena spp. and Neolipoptena ferrisi) are hematophagous ectoparasites that primarily infest white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and other cervids in the United States. The distribution of deer keds in the northeastern United States and the pathogens they harbor [...] Read more.

Deer keds (Lipoptena spp. and Neolipoptena ferrisi) are hematophagous ectoparasites that primarily infest white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and other cervids in the United States. The distribution of deer keds in the northeastern United States and the pathogens they harbor remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we examined the geographical distribution and pathogen prevalence of deer keds in Massachusetts by collecting samples from white-tailed deer and testing for tick-borne pathogens. Deer keds were collected across the state, including in four previously unrecorded counties, indicating a wide distribution. Pathogen screening revealed the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in 30% of the keds, but no other pathogens were detected. The medical and biological significance of detecting A. phagocytophilum DNA in deer keds requires future studies. This research provides a baseline for the distribution and pathogen prevalence of deer keds in Massachusetts and highlights the potential of deer keds as sentinels for monitoring deer-associated microbes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity of Insect-Associated Microorganisms)

15 pages, 3389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Guium nebulum gen. et sp. nov., a New Cup Moth from Southern China Based on Morphological and Molecular Analysis (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Limacodidae)

by Jun Wu, Ting-Ting Zhao, Hui Geng, Guang-Ze Jin and Hui-Lin Han

Insects 2025, 16(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010041 - 3 Jan 2025

A new genus and species of Limacodidae, Guium nebulum gen. et sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected from Guangxi Autonomous Region and Jiangxi Province in China. The new genus shares certain morphological features, such as a well-developed labial palpus, with related [...] Read more.

A new genus and species of Limacodidae, Guium nebulum gen. et sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected from Guangxi Autonomous Region and Jiangxi Province in China. The new genus shares certain morphological features, such as a well-developed labial palpus, with related genera like Tanvia Solovyev & Witt, 2009; Scopelodes Westwood, 1841; Hyphorma Walker, 1865; and Monema Walker, 1855. However, the new genus can be separated from them by the wing venation and the male genital characteristics. COI molecular marker analysis further supports the monophyly of this new genus, indicating a close relationship with Scopelodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)

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17 pages, 14686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Record of Encarsia protransvena and Confirmed Occurrence of Encarsia hispida (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as Parasitoids of Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Italy

by Giuliano Cerasa, Luigi Tomasello, Gianluca Melone, Elia Russo, Gaetano Siscaro, Carmelo Cavallaro, Annamaria Ienco, Francesca Laudani, Vincenzo Palmeri, Orlando Campolo, Francesca Garganese, Francesco Porcelli, Paolo A. Pedata, Vittorio Farina, Giovanni Gugliuzza, Roberto Rizzo, Stefania Laudonia and Gabriella Lo Verde

Insects 2025, 16(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010040 - 3 Jan 2025

Encarsia protransvena (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is recorded here for the first time in Italy as a parasitoid of the whitefly Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), one of the most invasive alien pests of exotic Ficus species. Singhiella simplex, originating from the Oriental region, has established [...] Read more.

Encarsia protransvena (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is recorded here for the first time in Italy as a parasitoid of the whitefly Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), one of the most invasive alien pests of exotic Ficus species. Singhiella simplex, originating from the Oriental region, has established a global presence. Monitoring of the whitefly and its parasitoids was conducted in the southern areas of Italy, providing crucial insights into their distribution and interactions. The taxonomic identity of E. protransvena, was confirmed by scrutiny of morphological and molecular taxonomic characters. At the time of writing, we also obtained some specimens of Encarsia hispida from the host collected in Campania. We reserve the right to provide bio-ethological information on the species in the future. Comprehensive illustrations and diagnostic features are provided for the host and the parasitoids. An identification key is included for all Encarsia species associated with S. simplex, which provides a valuable tool to distinguish these aphelinid wasps for future research and applications in biological control programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management)

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22 pages, 7273 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status, Challenges, and Perspectives in the Conservation of Native Honeybees and Beekeeping in Cambodia

by Eric Guerin, Chhouk Chheang, Chainarong Sinpoo, Korrawat Attasopa, Nuttapol Noirungsee, Huoqing Zheng, Tial C. Ling, Patcharin Phokasem and Terd Disayathanoowat

Insects 2025, 16(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010039 - 3 Jan 2025

The four honeybee species native to Cambodia—Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis florea, and Apis andreniformis—play a vital role in ecosystem health and agricultural productivity through their pollination activities. Beekeeping in Cambodia has primarily developed around the introduced species [...] Read more.

The four honeybee species native to Cambodia—Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis florea, and Apis andreniformis—play a vital role in ecosystem health and agricultural productivity through their pollination activities. Beekeeping in Cambodia has primarily developed around the introduced species Apis mellifera. However, it remains underdeveloped compared to neighboring countries, with wild honey collection continuing to play a significant role. Although native bees are not at immediate risk of extinction, their crucial ecological and socio-economic roles, coupled with the threats to their populations, necessitate the urgent implementation of conservation policies. The beekeeping sector in Cambodia faces numerous challenges that hinder its development. These include a lack of documentation and official data, limited access to productive apiaries, inappropriate pesticide practices, insufficient knowledge about bee health, diseases, and parasites, inadequate organization and representation of beekeepers, the high cost of Cambodian honey, and a lack of consumer awareness and trust in local bee products. This paper provides an overview of the status and distribution of honeybee species, along with the production, value chain, and trade of bee products in Cambodia. It examines the challenges of conserving native honeybees and developing the beekeeping sector while proposing strategies to strengthen bee conservation and support the growth of beekeeping in the country. Key recommendations focus on integrating bee conservation strategies with broader conservation goals, such as reducing deforestation, promoting sustainable agriculture, and regulating the consumption of wild bee brood. Key strategies for the development of beekeeping are documenting and conserving bee floral resources and habitats, reducing the use of bee-toxic pesticides, developing research and training capacities in beekeeping, regulating bee imports, and enhancing quality and authenticity testing facilities. Additionally, building capacity among honey value chain stakeholders in areas such as quality control, authenticity, processing, packaging, and marketing is essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Health and Beehive Management in a Changing World)

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15 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brief Warm and Aldo-Keto Reductase Family AspiAKR1B1 Contribute to Cold Adaptation of Aleurocanthus spiniferus

by Zhi-Fei Jia, Yan-Ge Cui, Meng-Yuan Liu, Jeremiah Joe Kabissa, Yong-Yu Xu, Zhi-Wei Kang and Zhen-Zhen Chen

Insects 2025, 16(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010038 - 2 Jan 2025

Aleurocanthus spiniferus not only damages plant leaves directly but also causes a sooty blotch due to the honeydew secreted by the nymphs and adults. This pest is widespread and seems to be spreading from low latitude to higher latitude areas where winters are [...] Read more.

Aleurocanthus spiniferus not only damages plant leaves directly but also causes a sooty blotch due to the honeydew secreted by the nymphs and adults. This pest is widespread and seems to be spreading from low latitude to higher latitude areas where winters are typically colder, indicating an increase in its cold tolerance. Changes in temperature help insects to anticipate the arrival of winter, allowing them to take defensive measures in advance. This study examines the impacts of brief warm pulses on the low-temperature tolerance of A. spiniferus, and analyzes the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying its cold adaptation, utilizing seasonal differences in cold tolerance. Intermittent training at 25 °C significantly improved the survival rate of overwintering nymphs (third and fourth instar) at −7 °C. Analysis of seasonal differences in the supercooling point (SCP) and freezing point (FP) revealed that overwintering nymph had the highest cold tolerance in November. Seasonal variation in levels of cold-resistant substances were also observed, with moisture decreasing during overwintering, while fat and glycerol levels increased. Conversely, glucose, sorbitol, and trehalose levels rose significantly at the end of the overwintering period. The expression profile of cold-resistant genes indicated that the aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 in Aleurocanthus spiniferus (AspiAKR1B1) shows a significant decrease at the end of the overwintering period. Knocking down AspiAKR1B1 led to a marked reduction in the cold tolerance of A. spiniferus. Therefore, brief warm pulses and AspiAKR1B1 are key factors contributing to the enhanced cold tolerance of A. spiniferus. This research provides theoretical support for preventing the further spread of A. spiniferus to higher latitudes, and offers technical guidance for developing effective pest control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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13 pages, 3094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fat Body Metabolome Revealed Glutamine Metabolism Pathway Involved in Prepupal Apis mellifera Responding to Cold Stress

by Xinjian Xu, Mingjie Cao, Chenyu Zhu, Lingqing Mo, Huajiao Huang, Jiaying Xie, Bingfeng Zhou, Shujing Zhou and Xiangjie Zhu

Insects 2025, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010037 - 2 Jan 2025

Thermal condition affects the development and growth of ectotherms. The stenothermic honeybee brood, particularly the prepupae, are sensitive to low rearing temperature. The fat body plays important roles in energy reserve and metabolism during the honeybee brood development. To date, the fat body [...] Read more.

Thermal condition affects the development and growth of ectotherms. The stenothermic honeybee brood, particularly the prepupae, are sensitive to low rearing temperature. The fat body plays important roles in energy reserve and metabolism during the honeybee brood development. To date, the fat body metabolic changes in prepupae responding to cold stress have not been completely understood. In this study, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based non-target metabolome was analyzed between the cold-treated (CT, 20 °C, 36 h) and control (CK, 35 °C) fat body in prepupal honeybees. The fat body metabolomic data showed that the levels of 1860 and 254 metabolites were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in cold-stressed prepupae. These altered metabolites, glutamine, glutamic acid, pyroglutamic acid, and oxidized glutathione, were significantly enriched into glutamine metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the expression levels of glutamine metabolism-related genes, glutaminase (GLS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT-1 and GGT-7), were significantly decreased in cold-exposed prepupae compared with the control groups. Meanwhile, the oxidized glutathione (GSSG), but not the reduced glutathione (GSH) content, was increased in the cold-exposed group compared with controls. Collectively, our data revealed the fat body metabolomic changes in larva-to-pupa transition when exposed to cold stress. Our data provided new insights into stenothermic honeybee sensitivity to cold, characterized by perturbation of glutamine metabolism and oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Conservation of Honey Bees)

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15 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Field Trial to Demonstrate the Potential of a Vitamin B Diet Supplement in Reducing Oxidative Stress and Improving Hygienic and Grooming Behaviors in Honey Bees

by Nemanja M. Jovanovic, Uros Glavinic, Jevrosima Stevanovic, Marko Ristanic, Branislav Vejnovic, Slobodan Dolasevic and Zoran Stanimirovic

Insects 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010036 - 2 Jan 2025

The honey bee is an important insect pollinator that provides critical pollination services for natural and agricultural systems worldwide. However, inadequate food weakens honey bee colonies, making them vulnerable to various biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, we examined the impact of [...] Read more.

The honey bee is an important insect pollinator that provides critical pollination services for natural and agricultural systems worldwide. However, inadequate food weakens honey bee colonies, making them vulnerable to various biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, we examined the impact of supplementary feeding on bees’ genes for antioxidative enzymes and vitellogenin, oxidative stress parameters, and the hygienic and grooming behavior. The colonies were divided into two experimental groups (with ten hives each): a treatment group that received the plant-based supplement and a control group. The experiment was conducted in two seasons, spring and summer. After the treatment, in both seasons, all the monitored parameters in the treatment group differed from those in the control group. The expression levels of genes for antioxidative enzymes were significantly lower, but the vitellogenin gene transcript level was significantly higher. Values of oxidative stress parameters were significantly lower. The levels of hygienic and grooming behavior were significantly higher. Therefore, our field study indicates that the tested supplement exerted beneficial effects on bees, reflected in reduced oxidative stress and enhanced hygienic and grooming behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Pollinator Insects)

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16 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Systemic Insecticides: Cyantraniliprole and Flupyradifurone on the Mortality of Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Based on the Biophoton-Emission of Oilseed Rape

by Bálint Gerbovits, Ildikó Jócsák and Sándor Keszthelyi

Insects 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010035 - 1 Jan 2025

The selection of an appropriate and targeted crop protection technology for winter oilseed rape is crucial for the economic production of this crop. Insecticides belonging to the group of diamides and butenolides are available as seed treatments for winter oilseed rape and serve [...] Read more.

The selection of an appropriate and targeted crop protection technology for winter oilseed rape is crucial for the economic production of this crop. Insecticides belonging to the group of diamides and butenolides are available as seed treatments for winter oilseed rape and serve as effective tools for chemical crop protection. The objective of this study was to determine the multi-directional applicability of the active ingredients cyantraniliprole and flupyradifurone. Furthermore, the phenotypic detection of stress was conducted for these systemic insecticides. The results of our study show that these active ingredients acropetal and basipetal translocation are both effective against Athalia rosae (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The findings from our laboratory studies indicated that the insecticidal active ingredients are effective against Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) via both acropetal and basipetal translocation. However, differences in the time of exertion of lethal effect were recorded. In both experimental groups, mortality was observed to reach 100% at the 96-h mark, regardless of the specific experimental conditions or the insecticide employed. An examination of the bio-photon emission of the experimental plants revealed a statistically verifiable correlation between the applied active ingredients and the photon emission intensity per unit plant surface area. The findings of our study indicate that due to their insecticidal activity, systemic insecticides also affect plant life processes by increasing photosynthetic activity per unit leaf area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Toxicology and Insecticide Resistance on Insect Pests)

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21 pages, 2322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interspecific Competition Between Larvae of Aedes aegypti and Major African Malaria Vectors in a Semi-Field System in Tanzania

by Sperancia Coelestine Lushasi, Yohana A. Mwalugelo, Johnson K. Swai, Arnold S. Mmbando, Letus L. Muyaga, Nhandi K. Nyolobi, Anitha Mutashobya, Augustino T. Mmbaga, Hamisi J. Kunambi, Simoni Twaha, Mwema Felix Mwema and Dickson W. Lwetoijera

Insects 2025, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010034 - 31 Dec 2024

Interspecific competition between mosquito larvae may affects adult vectorial capacity, potentially reducing disease transmission. It also influences population dynamics, and cannibalistic and predatory behaviors. However, knowledge of interspecific competition between Ae. aegypti and Anopheles species is limited. The study examined interspecific competition between [...] Read more.

Interspecific competition between mosquito larvae may affects adult vectorial capacity, potentially reducing disease transmission. It also influences population dynamics, and cannibalistic and predatory behaviors. However, knowledge of interspecific competition between Ae. aegypti and Anopheles species is limited. The study examined interspecific competition between Ae. aegypti larvae and either An.arabiensis, An. gambiae, or An. funestus on individual fitness in semi-field settings. The experiments involved density combinations of 100:100, 200:0, and 0:200 (Ae. aegypti: Anopheles), reared with and without food, in small habitats (8.5 cm height × 15 cm diameter) with 0.5 liters of water and large habitats (15 cm height × 35 cm diameter) with 1 liter of water. The first group received Tetramin^® fish food (0.02 g), while the second group was unfed to assess cannibalism and predation. While interspecific competition affected both genera, Anopheles species experienced greater effects, with reduced survival and delayed development, compared to Ae. aegypti. The mean wing lengths of all species were significantly small in small habitats with a mixed population (p < 0.001). The presence of food reduced cannibalism and predation compared to its absence. These interactions have implications for diseases transmission dynamics and can serve as biological indicators to signal the impacts of vector control interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals)

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17 pages, 3408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Yellow Fever Virus Infection in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes from Pakistan with Distinct Knockdown Resistance Genotypes

by Carlucio Rocha dos Santos, Caleb Guedes Miranda dos Santos, Dinair Couto-Lima, Bárbara Silva Souza, Rafi Ur Rahman, Marcos Dornelas Ribeiro, José Bento Pereira Lima and Ademir Jesus Martins

Insects 2025, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010033 - 31 Dec 2024

Background: Yellow fever (YF) is an acute hemorrhagic disease endemic to Africa and Latin America; however, no cases have been reported in Asian regions with high Aedes aegypti infestation. Factors such as environmental conditions and genetic variations in the yellow fever virus (YFV) [...] Read more.

Background: Yellow fever (YF) is an acute hemorrhagic disease endemic to Africa and Latin America; however, no cases have been reported in Asian regions with high Aedes aegypti infestation. Factors such as environmental conditions and genetic variations in the yellow fever virus (YFV) strains and mosquito populations may explain this absence. Mosquito populations have undergone strong selective pressure owing to the excessive use of insecticides. This pressure has led to the spread of alterations, such as knockdown-resistant mutations (kdr), which, while conferring resistance to pyrethroids, also induce various physiological side effects in the insect. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether the presence of kdr mutations influences the infectivity of YFV mosquitoes. This study evaluated the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti from Pakistan with distinct kdr genotypes to different YFV strains under laboratory conditions. Methods: Ae. aegypti from a Pakistani colony were exposed to YFV strains (PR4408/2008 and ES504/2017) along with the Rockefeller strain. After 14 days, RNA and DNA were extracted for viral RNA detection (qPCR) and kdr genotyping (TaqMan qPCR and HRM for T1520I and F1534C SNPs). Results: Pakistani Ae. aegypti were orally susceptible to YFV, with infection rates of 83.7% (PR4408/2008) and 61.3% (ES504), respectively, similar to Rockefeller. Two kdr genotypes (II + CC and TI + FC) were identified, with no significant differences in viral infection or dissemination rates. Conclusions: The Ae. aegypti population from Asia is capable of YFV infection and dissemination, regardless of kdr genotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical and Livestock Entomology)

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13 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Novel Male Pheromone Compound in Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) and Its Role in Courtship Behavior

by Laura Sánchez-Aros, Abel F. O. Queiroz, Jorge Guajardo, Wilson Barros-Parada, Glenn P. Svensson and Jan Bergmann

Insects 2025, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010032 - 31 Dec 2024

The poplar moth, Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), is widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. It was first identified in Chile in 2015 and has since become a significant pest in the agricultural sector. Additionally, economic losses are further aggravated by [...] Read more.

The poplar moth, Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), is widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. It was first identified in Chile in 2015 and has since become a significant pest in the agricultural sector. Additionally, economic losses are further aggravated by the presence of L. sinuella pupae in nearby fruit orchards. This study investigated the presence of a male-produced sex pheromone in L. sinuella, focusing on the hairpencil (HP) glands, which are known as dissemination structures for male pheromones in lepidopterans. Male HP glands were solvent-extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Chemical microderivatization and comparisons of mass spectra and retention indices of natural compounds with synthetic standards led to the identification of two compounds: (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate (the major component) and (Z)-3-decen-1-ol (a minor component). Although electrophysiological assays did not show detectable antennal responses to (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate, behavioral bioassays demonstrated its role as a short-range courtship signal in L. sinuella. Males with ablated hairpencils exhibited significantly reduced courtship success compared to controls; however, exposure of females to synthetic (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate or HP extract restored male courtship success. To our knowledge, (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate has not been previously reported as a sex pheromone component in any insect species, making this discovery an intriguing addition to the diversity of chemical communication in insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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