0

2009
10 31 2009
Preliminary design of
BRBF system
Use of equivalent lateral force method


1

Example: Preliminary design of BRBF system
Note: Although in general concept the following BRBF calculation is in accordance with
Eurocode 8 Part 1, it cannot be used as actual design check, since the corresponding
behaviour factor q and other seismic relevant parameters are currently not included in EC8.

For actual check, use pushover analysis and capacity design.
1 Building
1.1 Global geometry
building width: a = 3x6 = 18 m
building length: b = 3x6 = 18 m
storey height: h = 3 m
storey number: n
s
= 5
building height: H = 15 m
floor area: A
floor,tot
= axb = 18x18 = 324 m
2

floor area for one bracing: A
floor
= A
floor,tot
/2 = 324x2 = 162 m
2




















1.2 Design loads and seismic action
1.2.1 Dead loads:
on roof: g
roof
= 3 kN/m
2

on floor: g
floor
= 8 kN/m
2

1.2.2 Live loads (imposed load):
on roof: q
roof
= 1 kN/m
2

Braced frame
a
b

a
BRB


2
on floor: q
floor
= 2.5 kN/m
2

combination factor:
2,i
= 0.3
1.2.3 Further live loads (imposed load):
In the seismic load combination, combination factor of meteorological loads is
2
= 0, i.e.
they are excluded.
Note that in this example it is assumed that the seismic design situation is dominant, and thus
additional (e.g. meteorological) loads and the ULS load combinations are excluded. Designer
has to check if e.g. ULS controls the design of bracing system.
1.2.4 Seismic parameters
Design spectrum parameters:
peak ground acceleration: g a
gR
3 . 0 =
spectrum: Type 1
ground type: D
(v
S,30
< 180 m/s; N
SPT
<15; C
u
<70 kPa
Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil
or of predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive soil)
S = 1.35; T
B
= 0.2s; T
C
= 0.8s; T
D
= 2s; = 0.2


Period: s T 572 . 0 =


Behaviour factor: 7 = q BRBF, non-moment-resisting
(response modification factor) beam-to-column connections
importance class: normal
I
= 1.0
design PGA: g a a
gR I g
3 . 0 = =
displacement modification factor: q q
d
= in general case
( >q for short-period building, see ANNEX D of EC8-1, target displacement )
design spectral acceleration:
2
419 . 1 145 . 0 ) (
s
m
g T S
D
= =
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
S
d
(
g
)
T (s)
q = 1
q = 7


3
1.2.5 Seismic actions:
Total weight in seismic action: G
k
+
E,i
Q
k,I
(EC 8-1-1;3.2.4)
on roof: q
d,roof
= g
roof
+
2,i
q
roof
= 3.3 kN/m
2

on floor: q
d,floor
= g
floor
+
2,i
q
floor
= 8.75 kN/m
2

total seismic action: [ ] kN q n q A Total
floor d s roof d tot floor
2 . 12409 ) 1 (
, , ,
= + =
for one bracing: kN
Total
m 6 . 6204
2
1
= =
Base shear force: kN
s
m
kN
s
m
g m T S F
D b
833 . 762 81 . 9 / 6 . 6204 419 . 1 85 . 0 / ) (
2 2 1 1
= = =
where: 85 . 0
1
= if T < 2xT
C
& building has more than two storeys;
otherwise 1.00 .
Distribution of horizontal seismic forces:
storey height: h i z
i
= (i = 1 ~ n
s
)
story loads:
floor d floor i
q A mc
,
=

roof d floor n
q A mc
s
,
=
force distribution:
( )

=
j
j j
i i
b i
mc z
mc z
F F
(Assume linear fundamental modal shape)
Torsional effects: (EC 8-1-1: 4.3.3.2.4 For lateral force method)
distance of frame under consideration from C.G.:
m
b a
x 9
2
) , max(
= =
distance of outermost lateral force-resisting system:

m b a L
e
18 ) , max( = =
3 . 1 6 . 0 1 = + =
e
L
x

Equivalent lateral load (one brace) and global internal loads:
=
i i
F F

=
=
i
n k
k i
s
F V h V M M
ii ii ii
+ =
+1

Storey# F
i
(kN)
5 157.3
4 333.7
3 250.3
2 166.9
1 83.4

Storey# V
i
(kN)
5 157.3
4 491.1
3 741.4
2 908.2
1 991.7

Storey# M
i
(kNm)
5 472.0
4 1945.2
3 4169.4
2 6894.1
1 9869.2



Braced frame
a
b

= L
e

x


4

Equivalent lateral loads Storey shear Overturning moment
1.2.6 Load combinations:
Combination of different direction EQ:

Edy Edx Ed
E E E + = 3 . 0

Edx Edy
E E + 3 . 0

Since seismic systems are separated in the two directions, no addition is necessary.

Load combinations:
= + +
i k i Ed j k
Q E G
, , 2 ,

LL E G
Ed j k
+ +

3 . 0
,


Other, normal (ULS, SLS) combinations are neglected here.



157.3 kN
333.7
250.3
166.9
83.4


5
2 Static analysis
2.1 Static model
Static analysis is being performed, with the equivalent
lateral loads considered. In the current case, the
following assumptions and simplifications can be made:
No contribution of columns to the lateral load
resistance is considered.
Behaviour of the braced frames can be
separately analyzed due to the structural
regularity and separation of the braced systems
in the two directions.
Beam-to-column connections are pinned.
This allows the use of simple 2D truss structure
analysis of the braced part only. Each column
and BRB element at a storey is represented by
single, pin-ended spar elements. Beams are
continuous over the bracing connection.
To model realistic rigidity, one has to consider
the relative large stiffness of the BRB endings.
Because a single element is used between the
nodes (workpoints), an effective rigidity of BRB is applied = 1.4 x actual rigidity.
Contact the brace manufacturer to obtain the relevant value.
Leaning column can be used, if magnitude of P D effect requires.
2.2 Internal forces Brace demands
From linear static analysis of the EQ load case, internal axial loads in the BRB elements:


110 kN
334
491
586
622


leaning
column


6
2.3 Second-order (P-D DD D) effects
As per EC8 Part 1, second-order effects shall be considered as follows:
If < 0.1 neglect P-D effect,
0.1 < <0.2 simplified procedure: increasing factor = 1/(1-),
0.2 < <0.3 second-order analysis,
> 0.3 not allowed.

Horizontal displ.
Total vertical load and shear load
above the storey:
Check P-D effect:

1 2 2
2

=
i i
S S i
d d e

=
=
i
n k
k tot
s
i
mc P

=
=
i
n k
k tot
s
i
F V
h V
e P
i
i
tot
i tot
i

=
i
PD
i
f

=
1
1

#
d
s,i

(mm)
5 189
4 148
3 106.1
2 66.1
1 29.8

#
P
tot
(kN)
5 535
4 1952
3 3370
2 4787
1 6205

#
V
tot
(kN)
5 157
4 491
3 741
2 908
1 992

#

(-)

5 0.046
4 0.056
3 0.061
2 0.064
1 0.062

#
f
PD
(-)
5 1.049
4 1.059
3 1.065
2 1.068
1 1.066

068 . 1 ) max( = =
PD PD
f f

Accordingly, it is confirmed that second-order effects can be neglected.
3 Design of BRB elements
At this step, determine the strand area (BRB steel core). Use characteristic or low-bound
values for material properties.
Material: S235 steel: f
y
= 235 MPa; E = 210 GPa
Partial safety factors:
M0
= 1.0;
M1
= 1.0

Design can be strength- or stiffness controlled.

Required C.S. area: t
pl
= 14 mm
Member force
check
y
M Ed
req
f
N
A
i
i
0

=

Stiffness control:
pl
req
pl
t
A
b
i
i
=

i i
pl pl sc
b t A =
0
,
M
sc
Rd pl
fy A
N
i
i

=
#
A
req
(cm
2
)
5 4.7
4 14.2
3 20.9
2 24.9
1 26.5

#
A
req
(cm
2
)
5 5.3
4 16.5
3 25.0
2 30.6
1 33.4

#
b
pl

(mm)
5 40
4 120
3 180
2 220
1 240

#
A
sc
(cm
2
)

5 5.6
4 16.8
3 25.2
2 30.8
1 33.6

#
N
Ed
/
N
pl,Rd
5 84 %
4 85
3 83
2 81
1 79

Based on the required core area and overall geometry conditions (wp-wp length, beam and
column sizes, connection, etc.), the brace manufacturer will finalize .


7
4 Damage limitation check
Limitation of interstory drift, considering 95-year return period EQ, as per EC 8-1-1:4.4.3.2:
brittle non structural elements: e / h 0.005
ductile non structural elements: e / h 0.0075
non-interfereing non-structural elements: e / h 0.010
where =0.5 for importance class II.
Damage limitation criteria:
Storey#
h
e
i


5 6.83 10
-3

4 6.98 10
-3

3 6.67 10
-3

2 6.05 10
-3

1 4.97 10
-3

Assuming ductile non-structural elements, the damage limitation criteria is met.
5 Determination of overstrength factor
Estimated yield length:
To calculate this, consult with the brace manufacturer.
mm L
t
4243 = workpoint-workpoint length
mm L L
t y
38 . 2800 66 . 0 = = (provided by the brace manufacturer)
BRB axial deformation and strains:
i
Ed
N
i
i
sc
y Ed
i be
A E
L N

=
,

i be d i bs
q
, ,
=
y
i bs
bs
L
i
,
2
=
Storey# N
Ed
(kN)
5 110
4 334
3 491
2 586
1 622
Storey#
be
(mm)
5 2.62
4 2.65
3 2.60
2 2.54
1 2.47
Storey#
bs
(mm)

5 18.34
4 18.56
3 18.19
2 17.76
1 17.28
Storey#
bs
(%)
5 1.310
4 1.325
3 1.299
2 1.268
1 1.234
Strain hardening effects
To derive strain hardening parameters, consult with the brace manufacturer.
For tension: For compression:
Storey#
i
5 1.223
4 1.227
3 1.220
2 1.212
1 1.204
Storey#
i
5 -1.426
4 -1.433
3 -1.421
2 -1.408
1 -1.393


8
Adjusted brace strength material overstrength factor
= 25 . 1
ov
Consult with the brace manufacturer.
Element and system overstrength
i
i
Ed
Rd pl
i
N
N
.
=
Storey#
i
5 1.196
4 1.182
3 1.206
2 1.235
1 1.269
) min( =
d
182 . 1 =
d


Max deviation: % 40 . 7 1
) min(
) max(
=

< 25% which means global plastic mechanism

(acceptable uniform mechanism)

Formulation of non-dissipative elements (integrate system overstrength)
General formula for any non-dissipative elements (e.g. beams, columns, connections):

E Ed ov G Ed Ed
N N N
, ,
1 . 1 + =

E Ed ov G Ed Ed
V V V
, ,
1 . 1 + =

E Ed ov G Ed Ed
M M M
, ,
1 . 1 + =
System overstrength (detailed for compression purposes):
=
d ov
1 . 1
Storey#

5 2.317
4 2.328
3 2.310
2 2.288
1 2.264

6 Design of non-dissipative elements
Design check of the first storey column is illustrated. Unbalanced forces due to the difference
between tension and compression ultimate resistance of BRB elements at the collapse level
are neglected in this example.

Contribution of column bending to the seismic resistance is now neglected for simplification.

Design internal forces from ESP: kN N
E Ed
1150
.
= kN N
G Ed
633
.
=
Overstrength factors: 741 . 1 25 . 1
1
= =
ov
182 . 1 =
d

Design load: kN N N N
E Ed d ov G Ed Ed
4 . 3236 1 . 1
. .
= + =


9
Applied section: HEA450
2
03 . 178 cm A
c
= cm i
z
29 . 7 =
Material: S235 MPa f
y
235 = 913 . 93
1
= =
y
f
E

Cross section class: Class 1 for compression.
Cross section strength: kN f A N
y c Rd pl
7 . 4183
.
= = strength satisfactory
Buckling strength: m h l
z
00 . 3 = = 00 . 1 =
z

438 . 0
1
=

z
z z
z
i
l

34 . 0 = ( ) [ ]
2
2 1 5 . 0
z z
+ + =
911 . 0
1
2 2
=
+
=
z
z

kN
f
A N
M
y
c z Rd b
3810
1
.
= =

> kN N
Ed
3236 =
Stability resistance satisfactory.

ETC (column: M,V,M-V,M-N,
beam: M,N,V,M-V,M-N)

















































Star Seismic Europe Ltd. H-1091 Budapest, Ulloi ut 173 Hungary
+36 30 630 3037 info@starseismic.eu www.starseismic.eu