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Combinations Fortsaskatchewanhigh

A combination is a selection of objects from a larger group where order does not matter. There are 6 arrangements of the letters ABC but only 1 combination since order does not matter in a combination. The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time is calculated as nCr = n!/(n-r)!r!. Some examples show calculating the number of combinations in different scenarios like choosing sums of money from coins/bills, choosing fruit, or ordering supplies.

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8K views16 pages

Combinations Fortsaskatchewanhigh

A combination is a selection of objects from a larger group where order does not matter. There are 6 arrangements of the letters ABC but only 1 combination since order does not matter in a combination. The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time is calculated as nCr = n!/(n-r)!r!. Some examples show calculating the number of combinations in different scenarios like choosing sums of money from coins/bills, choosing fruit, or ordering supplies.

Uploaded by

api-204699162
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Combinations

A combination is a selection of a group of objects taken from a


larger pool for which the kinds of objects selected is of importance
but not the order in which they were selected.
How many arrangements are there for the letters ABC?

ABC
ACB
BCA
BAC
CAB
CBA

When the order of the letters is important there


are six distinct arrangements or permutations.
However, if order is not important and all
you wanted was a grouping of ABC, there is
only one way, or one combination.
When order matters, you have permutations.
When order does not matter, you have combinations.
The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time is:

n!
n Cr
(n r)!r!

Finding the Number of All Possible Combinations


1. You have a loonie, a toonie, a $5 bill, and a $10 bill. How
many different sums of money can you make?

= 15

There are 15 different sums that can


be made with these coins and bills.
(All possible combinations with distinct items)

2. You have two loonies, three toonies, a $5 bills and two $10
bills. How many different sums of money can you make?

= 71

There are 71 different sums that can


be made with these coins and bills.
(All possible combinations with identical items)

Finding the Number of All Possible Combinations


3. An artist has an apple, an orange, and a pear in his fridge.
In how many ways can the artist choose one or more pieces
of fruit for a still-life painting?
There are 7 ways to choose at least one or
more pieces of fruit.
=7
(All possible combinations with distinct items)

4. Kate is responsible for stocking the coffee room at her


office. She can order up to 3 cases of cookies, 4 cases of soft
drinks, and two cases of coffee packets each month. How
many different ways can Kate place her order?
= 59

There are 59 different ways she can order.


(All possible combinations with identical items)

Finding the Number of Combinations


1. Evaluate the following.
a) 7

3

7!
7 C3
(7 3)!3!

b)

3C2

+ 5C3

3!
5!

3 C2 5 C3
(3 2)!2! (5 3)!3!

= 35

= 13

2. A committee of four students is to be selected from a group


of ten students. In how many ways can this be done?
10!

10C4
(10 4)!4!

= 210
The committee of four can be
selected in 210 ways.

Finding the Number of Combinations


3. A company is hiring people to fill five identical positions.
a) There are 12 applicants. How many ways can the five
positions be filled?
12!

12C5
(12 5)!5!

= 792

The company can fill the five


positions 792 ways.
(The number of combinations
of 12 taken 5 at a time is 792).

b) The company wants to hire Applicant A and any four of


the others.How many ways can the five positions be filled
now?
1!
11!
With the selection of Applicant A
C
x
C

1 1
11 4
and four others, there are now
1!0! 7!4!
only 330 ways to fill the positions.
= 330

Finding the Number of Combinations


3. A company is hiring people to fill five identical positions.
c) The presidents daughter is among the 12 applicants and
must be hired along with Applicant A. How many ways can
the positions be filled now?
2! 10!

2C2 x 10C3
1!2! 7!3!
= 120

With the selection of Applicant A,


the presidents daughter, and any 3
others, there are now only 120 ways
to fill the positions.

Finding the Number of Combinations


4. There are seven books to choose from.
a) How many ways can five or more books be selected?
Select 5 or 6 or 7:
There are 29 ways to
7C5 + 7C6 + 7C7 = 21 + 7 + 1
select 5 or more books.
= 29

b) If zero to seven books are to be selected, how many ways


could this be done?
7C0 + 7C1 + 7C2 + 7C3 + 7C4 + 7C5 + 7C6 + 7C7 = 128
Alternative Strategy:
To find the number of ways of selecting from 0 to n
27 = 128
objects, use 2n.

Finding the Number of Combinations


5. How many ways can one or more of five different toys be
selected?

2n - 5C0 = 25 - 1
= 32 - 1
= 31

There are 31 ways to select


1 to 5 toys from a total of
five different toys.

6. There are ten different pictures. How many ways can


seven or more be selected?
10C7

+ 10C8 + 10C9 + 10C10 = 176

Finding the Number of Combinations


7. There are seven women and five men applying for four
positions with a company. The hiring committee wants
to hire at least one woman. How many different ways can
the four positions be filled?
1 woman
and 3 men

or, 2 women or, 3 women


and 1 man
and 2 men

or, 4 women
and 0 men

(7C1 x 5C3) + (7C2 x 5C2) + (7C3 x 5C1) + (7C4 x 5C0) = 490


The four positions can be filled 490 different ways.
Alternative Strategy:
Take the total number of combinations and subtract
the combinations containing no women:
12C4

- 5C4 = 490

Finding the Number of Combinations


8. How many ways can a girl choose one or more of
ten different desserts?
210 - 10C0 = 1023
9. A math class has 18 male students and 19 female students.
A committee of four males and three females is to be selected.
How many ways can this be done?
18C4

x 19C3 = 2 965 140

10. A math class has 18 male students and 19 female students.


A committee of seven is to be selected. How many ways can
this be done, if at least one female student must be selected?
37C7

- 18C7 x 19C0 = 10 263 648

Finding the Number of Combinations


11. A committee of six is to be chosen from three girls and
seven boys. Two particular boys must be on the
committee. Find the number of ways of selecting the
committee.
2C2 x 8C4 =

70

12. How many five-card hands can be dealt


from a standard deck of 52 cards if:
a) each hand must contain two aces?
4C2 x 48C3 =

103 776

b) each hand must contain three red cards?


26C3 x 26C2 =

845 000

Finding the Number of Combinations

13. There are eight points in a coordinate plane and no three


points are collinear.
a) How many line segments can be drawn?
8C2

= 28

b) How many triangles can be drawn?


8C3

= 56

c) How many quadrilaterals can be drawn?


8C4

= 70

Finding the Number of Combinations


14. a) How many diagonals are there in a pentagon?
Pentagon:

5C2 -

5 =5

b) How many diagonals are there in an octagon?

Octagon:

8C2 -

8 = 20

c) How many diagonals are there in an n-sided polygon?


n!
C
n

n
n 2
(n 2)!2!
n(n 1) 2n

2
2

n 2 n 2n

2
2
n 3n

Solving Combinations

1. A basketball league has eight teams. Each team must play


each other team four times during the season. How many
games must be scheduled?
8C2

x 4 = 112

112 games must be scheduled.

2. Solve the equation nC2 = 10 for n.


nC2 = 10
n!
10
(n 2)!2!
n(n 1)(n 2)!
10
(n 2)!2!
n2 - n = 20
n2 - n - 20 = 0
(n - 5)(n + 4) = 0
n = 5 or n = -4

Therefore, n = 5.

Solving Combinations
3. a) Show that 10C4 = 10C6.
10C4

= 10C6

10!
10!

(10 4)!4! (10 6)!6!

10! 10!

6!4! 4!6!

210 = 210

Therefore,

10C4

= 10C6.

b) Show that nCr = nC(n - r).


n!
n!

(n r)!r! (n (n r))!(n r)!


n!
n!

Therefore, nCr = nC(n - r).


(n r)!r! r!(n r)!

Solve:

nC5 = nC7

n = 12

14C5 = 14Cn

n=9

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