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Howtowriteaplananddesignexperiment 130223175606 Phpapp02

The document outlines the sections and information to include in a plan and design experiment report, including the date, problem statement, hypothesis, aim, apparatus and materials, method, variables, expected results, treatment of results, chemical principles, and sources of errors/assumptions/limitations. It provides an example of measuring the acidity of yellow and green limes by testing the pH of their juices.

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Jelani Greer
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118 views2 pages

Howtowriteaplananddesignexperiment 130223175606 Phpapp02

The document outlines the sections and information to include in a plan and design experiment report, including the date, problem statement, hypothesis, aim, apparatus and materials, method, variables, expected results, treatment of results, chemical principles, and sources of errors/assumptions/limitations. It provides an example of measuring the acidity of yellow and green limes by testing the pH of their juices.

Uploaded by

Jelani Greer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How to write a plan and design experiment

Below is a sample of a P&D lab and all relevant sections to provide clarity on each section.
Date
Problem Statement
Students were given green limes and yellow limes and asked which limes would have the highest
level of acidity.
Hypothesis
Yellow limes have the highest level of acidity
Aim (based on procedure used)
To measure the pH level of lime juice obtained from yellow limes and from green limes (this
would be appropriate if the procedure involved the use of a pH meter)
To measure the volumes of standard NaOH solution used in the titration between the NaOH and
the lime juice from each colour lime (appropriate if the procedure involved a titration)
Apparatus and Materials
list all apparatus and materials that would be used based on the procedure e.g. with the lab using
a pH meter would involve pH meter, measuring cylinders, beakers, lime juice from different
colour limes
Method
instructional manner, logical sequence, feasible
Variables
controlled - volume of lime juice used, manipulated - types of limes used, responding - pH
reading (yes she said controlled but the term constant can be used as well)
Expected Results
Lime juice from yellow limes would give the lower pH reading
Treatment of results (linking of expected results to hypothesis)
If lime juice from yellow limes give the lower pH reading, then the lime juice of yellow limes is
more acidic and the hypothesis is correct
Chemical Principles (connect methodology to problem statement)
lime juice contain citric acid which are weak acids and thus contain free hydrogen ions when
dissolved in water.
A higher level of acidity means a higher concentration of hydrogen ions present in the aqueous
solution.
pH is related to hydrogen ion concentration via the formula pH = -log[H+]
This means the higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH value
Sources of errors / Assumptions / Limitations (any two points from any area)

Limitations are not always recognisable depending on the type of P&D lab, therefore the
markers/moderators are not stringent on the area that the two points are based.
Assumption - there are no other substances besides citric acid present affects the acidity of the
lime juice.
Source of error - Not rinsing the pH meter thoroughly between testing of lime juice from
different colour limes.

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