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The Chemistry Laboratory Manual for Grade X outlines experiments to determine the pH of various solutions, study the properties of acids and bases, and observe combination reactions. Key experiments include measuring pH using pH paper, testing reactions of hydrochloric acid with litmus, zinc, and sodium carbonate, and observing the reaction of water with quicklime. Safety precautions are emphasized throughout the manual to ensure proper handling of chemicals.

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31 views6 pages

Wa0005.

The Chemistry Laboratory Manual for Grade X outlines experiments to determine the pH of various solutions, study the properties of acids and bases, and observe combination reactions. Key experiments include measuring pH using pH paper, testing reactions of hydrochloric acid with litmus, zinc, and sodium carbonate, and observing the reaction of water with quicklime. Safety precautions are emphasized throughout the manual to ensure proper handling of chemicals.

Uploaded by

jayanthlellaschool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMISTRY LABORATORY MANUAL - GRADE X

1. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator:


Aim: To determine the pH of the given samples using pH paper or universal indicator. The
samples whose pH has to be determined are-
1. Dilute CH3COOH
2. Dilute NaOH
3. Salt NaCl
4. Dilute NaHCO3
5. Water
6. Lemon juice
Materials required:
1. Six test tubes
2. Test tube stand
3. Dilute acid CH3COOH
4. Dilute base NaOH
5. Salt NaCl (preparation: dissolve 1 gram salt in 10 mL distilled water)
6. Water
7. Lemon juice
8. Dilute NaHCO3
9. Glass rod
10. Measuring cylinder (10 mL)
11. Standard pH colour chart
12. pH paper
13. Glass rod
14. Dropper
15. Universal indicator

pH value chart:
pH SCALE
Experimental Setup:
pH OF SAMPLES

Procedure:
1. Wash six test tubes with distilled water and put them on test tube stand and label
them A, B, C, D, E, F.
2. Add 2ml of CH3COOH in test tube A, Add 2ml of NaOH in test tube B, Add 2ml of NaCl
in test tube C, Add 2ml of NaHCO3 in test tube D, Add 2ml of Water in test tube E,
Add 2ml of Lemon juice in test tube F.
3. Take white tile, place 6 pH paper and label them A, B, C, D, E, F.
4. Use a dropper or glass rod to put the respective sample solutions on the labelled pH
paper placed on the white tile.
5. Observe the colour change.
Observation:

Sample Colour on pH paper

A Orange

B Dark blue

C Green

D Light blue

E Green

F Pink
Result and Conclusion:

Test tube Solution pH colour paper pH Nature

Sample A CH3COOH Orange 3 Weak acid

Sample B NaOH Dark blue 14 Strong base

Sample C NaCl Green 7 Neutral

Sample D NaHCO3 Light blue 9 Weak base

Sample E Water Green 7 Neutral

Sample F Lemon juice Pink 2 Weak acid


Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
 Use freshly prepared test sample for the experiment.
 The fruit juice sample should also be fresh to get the proper pH values.
 Glass rod or dropper used for one sample should be washed thoroughly before using
it for the other samples.

2. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) on the basis of their
reaction with different compounds.
Aim: To study the properties of acids (dilute HCl) and bases (dilute NaOH) by their reactions
with the following:
1. Litmus solution (red/blue)
2. Zinc metal
3. Solid sodium carbonate
Materials required:
1. Test tube
2. Test tube stand
3. Cork
4. Test tube holder
5. Boiling tube
6. Droppers
7. Flat bottom flask
8. Burner
9. Matchbox
10. Beaker
11. Thistle funnel
12. Litmus paper/solution
13. Fresh lime water
14. Glass rod
15. Dilute HCl
16. Dilute NaOH
17. Zinc granules
18. Solid sodium carbonate
Experimental Setup for Litmus Test Procedure:
SET UP FOR LITMUS TEST

1. Take a test tube stand and place two test tubes in it.
2. Label the test tube as test tube 1 and test tube 2.
3. Add 5 ml of blue litmus solution to test tube 1.
4. Add 5 ml of red litmus solution to test tube 2.
5. Use a dropper and add equal drops of hydrochloric acid in the both test tubes.
6. Wait and observe the colour change.
Experimental Setup for Reaction with Zinc metal:
ACTION OF HCl ON Zn METAL

Experimental Setup for Reaction with solid sodium carbonate:


REACTION OF HCl WITH CO2
Procedure
1. Take a flat bottom flask with 1 gm of solid sodium carbonate and some distilled water.
2. Take a clean and dry double bore cork and thistle funnel which has a delivery tube
fitted to it.
3. Close the mouth of the flat flask with the double bore cork.
4. Add 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid.
5. Colourless and odourless gas is liberated which is passed through the lime water
using the delivery tube.
6. The colour of the lime water changes to milky.
Reaction:
Na2CO3(s/aq) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2  + H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)  Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Observation:
Experiment Observation
Litmus test The blue litmus solution in test tube 1 turns red whereas there is no change
in colour observed in the test tube 2 containing red litmus solution.
Reaction with Acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) liberate hydrogen gas when reacted
Zinc metal with active metals such as zinc and burns with a pop sound when burning
splinter is got near it.
Reaction with Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react to produce carbon dioxide
Na 2CO 3 gas and turns lime water milky. When excess gas is passed the milkiness is
disappeared.

Result and Conclusion:


1. In the litmus test experiment the blue litmus solution turns red when hydrochloric
is added. Therefore, acids such as HCl show acidic character.
2. Hydrochloric acid reacts with active metals such as zinc to form zinc chloride and
liberate hydrogen gas.
3. HCl reacts with sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas.
Therefore, from the above three points we can conclude that HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
is acidic in nature.
Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
 Conduct the experiment in clean test tubes.
 HCl is corrosive in nature and should be handled with great care.
 Take a small amount of chemicals to perform the experiments.
 While shaking the solution and reaction mixture do not spill.
 Whenever you conduct a test for hydrogen, conduct it with the least amount of gas.
 To get quick results for lime water test, pass carbon dioxide gas through the solution
and shake the test tube by placing your thumb on its mouth.
3. Performing and observing the Combination
Aim
Performing and observing the actions of-
1. Water on quicklime
Combination
Materials Required
1. Quick lime (Calcium oxide)
2. Borosil beaker
3. Glass rod
4. Distilled water
5. Dropper
6. Test tube
7. Litmus paper strips
Procedure
1. Wash a borosil beaker with distilled water and dry it.
2. Take a small amount of calcium oxide (quick lime) and slowly add water to it.
3. Wash and take a clean glass rod to stir the mixture of quick lime and water.
4. Touch the beaker carefully from outside.
5. Observe the change.
6. With the help of dropper take a few drops of the mixture from the beaker and place it
on red and blue litmus paper strips.
7. Wait and observe.
Observation
Experiment Observation

Mixture in A hissing sound is heard during the reaction when water is added to

beaker the beaker containing quick lime. Due to the evolution of heat during

the reaction the temperature increases and makes the solution hot.

Solution on litmus Drops on the red litmus paper strip change the colour of the paper

paper to blue whereas there is no colour change observed on the blue litmus
paper.
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment we can conclude that the reaction occurred between
calcium oxide (Quick lime) and water combine to produce one single product slaked
lime (Ca(OH)2) is called combination reaction as well as an exothermic reaction.
Precautions to be taken during the Experiment
 Take a small amount of compound such as quick lime to perform the experiment.
 Since the reaction is exothermic avoid touching the mixture directly.
 Carefully pour water into the borosil beaker containing calcium oxide (quick lime).
 Calcium oxide causes severe burns and therefore it should be handled with a spatula.
 Use good quality glass beaker during the experiment because if the beaker is of poor
quality then there are chances of crack on the beaker due to the exothermic reaction.

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