Mobile Computing COE 446

Wireless Multiple Access

Tarek Sheltami
KFUPM
CCSE
COE
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/coe446.htm

Principles of Wireless Networks

K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurth

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 Outline
 Fixed Frequency Assignment
 FDMA
 TDMA
 CDMA
 FDD
 TDD

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 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
oriented Networks
 All existing voice networks use fixed
assignment access methods
 Fixed allocation of channel resources are
made available on a predetermined basis to a
single user for the duration of the
communication session
 Three basic fixed-assignment multiple access
are FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
 The choice of an access method will have a
great impact on the capacity and QoS
provided by the network
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 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
..oriented Networks
 If the downlink and uplink channel use the same frequency band for
communication, but alternated time slots, the system is referred as
TDD
 In TDD, Users are allocated one or more timeslots for uplink and
downlink transmission
 TDD systems are often used in local area pico- or microcellular systems
PCS networks
 Picocellular correspond to radio cells covering a building or parts of
buildings any where between 30-100m
 Microcellular spans hundreds of meters to a kilometer.
 If the downlink and uplink use different carrier frequencies that are
sufficient separated, the duplex scheme is referred to as FDD
 FDD is mostly used in macrocellular systems designed for coverage of
several tens of kilometers

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 Radio macrocell
(hundreds of Kilometers)

Radio Microcell
(~0.5-1 Km radius)

AP/
mini-BTS
Picocellular
(~30-100m radius)

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 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
..oriented Networks
 FDMA
 All users can transmit signals simultaneously
 All users separated from one another by their
frequency of operation
 FDMA/FDD
 Downlink and uplink channel use different frequency
carriers
 Fixed sub-channel pair is assigned to an MT during the
communication session
 At the receiving end, the MT filters the designated
channel out of the composite signal

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  30 kHz of BW for
downlink and uplink
 There are 421
channels in 25 MHz
of spectrum assigned
to each direction, 395
for voice traffic and
the rest for signaling

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 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
..oriented Networks
 FDMA/TDD
 The downlink and uplink take turns via
alternating time slots

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  The total allocated
BW for CT-2 cordless
phones = 4 MHz,
supporting 40 carrier,
each using 100 KHz of
BW

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 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
..oriented Networks
 TDMA
 TDMA users share the same frequency band by
taking assigned turns in using the channel
 The major advantage of TDMA over FDMA is the
format flexibility
 Because of the fully digital format flexibility of
buffering and multiplexing functions, time slot
assignment among multiple users are readily
adjustable to provide different access rates for
different users

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 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
..oriented Networks
 TDMA
 A transmit controller assigns time slots to users
 An assigned time slot is held by a user until the
user releases it
 At the receiving end, a receiver station
synchronizes to TDMA signal frame and extracts
the time slot designated for that user
 The synchronization is the heart of TDMA
 TDMA/FDD
 TDMA/TDD

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 Global System of Mobile Communications

 8 slots TDMA scheme

 Each carrier supports 8
simultaneous users, each with
13 kbps encoded digital speech
within 200 kHz carrier BW
 Total of 124 frequency carriers
(FDMA) are available in the 25
MHz allocated band in each
direction
 100 kHz of band is allocated as
guard band at each edge of the
overall allocated band

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 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone
 BW per carrier = 1.728
MHz, which can support up
to 12 ADPCM
 Total BW = 10 MHz
 Frame duration is 10 ms,
with 5 ms for portable-to-
fixed station and 5 ms fix-
to-portable station
 64 bit guard time
 The transmitter transfers
information in signal bursts,
which it transmits in slots of
duration 10/24 = 0.417 ms
 With 480 bit per slot, the
total bit rate is

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 1.152 Mbps 17
 Fixed-Assignment Access for Voice-
oriented Networks
 CDMA
 With growing interest in the integration of voice,
data and video traffic in telecommunications,
CDMA becomes increasingly attractive
 Integration of various types of traffic is readily
accomplished in CDMA
 Accommodate various wireless users with different
BW requirements switching methods and technical
characteristics without any need for coordination
 Power control techniques are essential in efficient
CDMA

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 ..CDMA
 Let the data rate of the ith user by Ri(t)
 Let the code assigned to the ith user by Ci(t)
 0, i  j
Ci (t) X C j (t)  
1, i  j
 i.e. all the codes are orthogonal
 Each user uses its code to spread its signal – the signal
transmitted by the ith user is Si(t) = Ri(t)Ci(t)
 The signal received BS is the sum of all transmitted signals
(ignore multi-path copies for the time being),
∑ Si(t) = ∑ Ri(t)Ci(t)

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 ..CDMA
 Demodulation (De-spreading):
 Receiver dedicates a path structure per user – multiplies the
received signal with the kth user code
 Ck(t) X ∑ Si(t) = Ck(t) X ∑ Ri(t)Ci(t)
 = Rk(t)
 i.e. only the kth signal is retrieved from the kth
receiver path
 Codes are only orthogonal if:
 Perfect synchronization is achieved
 No multipath exists

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 ..CDMA
 Multiple users use the same band at the same time
 User is differentiated by a code that acts as the key to
identify that user
 Code are selected so that when they are used at the same
time in the same band a receiver knowing the code of a
particular user can detect that user among all received
signals
 CDMA/FDD and CDMA/TDD
 In CDMA, each user is a source of noise to the receiver of
other users
 If we increase the number of users beyond a certain value,
the entire system collapses

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