Welcome to Oracle 10g Data Dictionary and Initialization Parameters

Paper 520 Presentation by Ari Kaplan CEO, Expand Beyond Corporation www.xb.com

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Agenda
Server parameter file Summary
New initialization parameters New static data dictionary views New dynamic data dictionary views New columns in existing data dictionary views Server Manageability Database Self-Management Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning Database Automatic Statistics Object Management Backup and Recovery High Availability Security

10g Details

Tips
ALTER SYSTEM Viewing undocumented parameters

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The SPFILE
Server Parameter file Stored on server Binary, rather than text Can maintain dynamic changes to parameter values

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 Example 1: CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE=/u01/oracle/dbs/initPROD.ora Example 2: CREATE SPFILE /u01/oracle/dbs/spfilePROD.ora FROM PFILE=/u01/oracle/dbs/initPROD.ora Must have SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges SQLPLUS> SHOW PARAMETERS SPFILE /u01/oracle/dbs/spfilePROD.ora
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The SPFILE

The SPFILE
9iR2 RMAN: BACKUP is used to back-up the SPFILE - RMAN backs up the SPFILE in the backup set If the SPFILE is lost / damaged, use RESTORE SPFILE: - Start the instance without the SPFILE - Run RESTORE SPFILE in RMAN

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The SPFILE
*SPPARAMETER contents of the SPFILE *RMAN_CONFIGURATION - maintain the persistent configuration parameters for RMAN, the standard Oracle backup and recovery utility

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Initialization Parameter History

Oracle 10g
27 new parameters 10 marked ISDEPRECATED 110 in V$OBSOLETE_PARAMETER

Oracle 9iR1
46 new parameters 16 obsolete 3 renamed

Oracle 8.1
28 new parameters 62 obsolete

Oracle 8.0
75 new parameters 26 obsolete
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10g Initialization Parameters

New V$PARAMETER columns
ISDEPRECATED (10 parameters are TRUE)
buffer_pool_keep fast_start_io_target log_archive_start max_enabled_roles parallel_server parallel_server_instances buffer_pool_recycle drs_start global_context_pool_size parallel_automatic_tuning plsql_compiler_flags

ISINSTANCE_MODIFIABLE (144 TRUE, 112 FALSE): for clustered databases such as RAC, this shows if the parameter can be modified on global (TRUE) or local (FALSE)
Examples of FALSE: spfile, sessions, processes, sessions, dml_locks, utl_file_dir, Examples of TRUE: sga_target, cpu_count, shared_pool_size, log_archive_dest, undo_retention, statistics_level,

DISPLAY_VALUE: displays data slightly better in some cases. For example, db_cache_sizes VALUE=25165824 and DISPLAY_VALUE=24M db_recovery_file_dest_sizes VALUE=2147483648 and DISPLAY_VALUE=2G
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10g initialization parameters

In 10g, the init parameters are broken into:
BASIC, with 29 parameters that should be modified for tuning ADVANCED for the fine-tuning of databases and to keep us all employed. This is a nice reduction in the number of parameters. For example, shared server environments are handled by Oracle (SHARED_SERVERS init parameter, no longer the DISPATCHER init parameter)

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10g initialization parameters

Basic parameters:
CLUSTER_DATABASE COMPATIBLE CONTROL_FILES DB_BLOCK_SIZE DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n DB_DOMAIN DB_NAME DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE DB_UNIQUE_NAME INSTANCE_NUMBER JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_n NLS_LANGUAGE, NLS_TERRITORY OPEN_CURSORS PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET PROCESSES REMOTE_LISTENER REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS SESSIONS SGA_TARGET SHARED_SERVERS STAR_TRANSFORMATION_ENABLED UNDO_MANAGEMENT UNDO_TABLESPACE

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New 10g initialization parameters

New 10g parameters (to be discussed later):
asm_diskgroups asm_diskstring asm_power_limit create_stored_outlines db_flashback_retention_target db_recovery_file_dest db_recovery_file_dest_size db_unique_name ddl_wait_for_locks fileio_network_adapters gcs_server_processes instance_type ldap_directory_access log_archive_config log_archive_local_first plsql_code_type plsql_debug plsql_optimize_level plsql_warnings resumable_timeout sga_target skip_unusable_indexes smtp_out_server sqltune_category streams_pool_size

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Static Data Dictionary History

Oracle 10g
497 new static tables
295 SYS 202 non-SYS

127 deprecated static tables

Oracle 9iR2
64 new static views 96 new static views 117 existing views with changed columns 166 new static views 113 existing views with changed columns 119 new static views 72 existing views with changed columns

Oracle 9iR1 Oracle 8.1

Oracle 8.0

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10g Static Data Dictionary

Deprecated tables (from Oracle9iR2):
46 AQ 22 ODM - 6 Census - 11 QA - 10 CWM2 - 10 LBAC - 6 SA

New tables (from Oracle9iR2):

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295 SYS (OLAP, AQ, Streams, DIR, WRI / WRH, Rule_Set, Scheduler, ) 7 SYSTEM 7 DBSNMP 15 WMSYS 15 EXFSYS 3 ORDSYS 17 MDSYS 1 XDB 73 OLAPSYS 43 DMSYS 5 CTXSYS 12 WKSYS 12 WK_TEST

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Static Data Dictionary Views

All following views have USER_, ALL_ and DBA_ versions, unless otherwise noted

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Dynamic Data Dictionary History

Oracle 10g
671 new dynamic SYS views 275 new dynamic non-SYS views (OLAPSYS, ORDSYS, DMSYS, etc.) 227 deprecated dynamic views

Oracle 9iR2
4 new v$views

Oracle 9iR1
69 new V$ views 64 renamed V$ views

Oracle 8.1
84 new V$ views 35 existing views with changed columns

Oracle 8.0
180 new V$ views 20 existing views with changed columns

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10g Dynamic Data Dictionary

Deprecated views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):
101 EXU7 13 DBA_LBAC 6 ALL_* views 6 DATAPUMP_ 64 DBA_HIST_* 7 DBA_STREAMS*_ 97 KU$_* 91 OLAPSYS 5 ORDSYS 71 DMSYS - 18 DBA_SA_ - 30 AQ$ - 18 ALL_SA_

New SYS views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):

- 16 AQ$* views - 2 DATABASE_ - 173 DBA*_ - 27 DBA_ADVISOR_* - 15 DBA_SCHEDULER*_ - 22 EXU10* - 76 GV_$* - USER_ - 77 V_$* - 42 WMSYS - 9 MDSYS - 7 CTXSYS - 32 EXFSYS - 6 WK_TEST - 12 WKSYS

New non-SYS Views in Oracle 10g (from Oracle9iR2):

-

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Dynamic views
V$ and GV$ Can extract individual node from GV$ view

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10g provides for easier installation, configuration, management (and dropping!) of databases. Much improved Oracle Enterprise Manager Automatically configure RAC clustered environments Automatic Storage Management (this was part of Oracle 9i, but there are additional improvements in 10g): new volume manager for Oracle-based files. Oracle attempts to optimally create and distribute datafiles, log files, and controlfiles. Mirroring and available disks are taken into consideration, and Oracle can redistribute the files for balancing if there are I/O bottlenecks. Transparent gateway: use SELECT to refer to remote functions in non-Oracle databases. 10g Initialization Parameters:

Server Manageability

instance_type
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Example type of instance to be executed rdbms Two values: RDBMS for a database instance, ASM for an Automatic Storage instance ASM

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10g Initialization Parameters:

Server Manageability
disk groups to mount automatically
{null} List of disk groups for the ASM to mount at STARTUP or ALTER_DISKGROUP ALL MOUNT. Oracle dynamically modifies this parameter when disk groups are mounted/dismounted Group1, Group2

asm_diskgroups
Description from V$PARAMETER
Default Value Notes

Example

asm_diskstring
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes disk set locations for discovery {null} Oracle uses this parameter to perform automatic discoveries for which disks are available. The instance needs read/write access to the directory to be considered. /dev1, /dev2
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Example
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10g Initialization Parameters:

Server Manageability
number of processes for disk rebalancing
1 ASM power for automatic disk rebalancing. This is on a scale of 1 to 11. 1 takes longer but consumes fewer CPU and i/o resources. 11 is faster but consumes more CPU and i/o.

asm_power_limit
Description from V$PARAMETER
Default Value Notes

Example

fileio_network_adapters
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Example
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Network Adapters for File I/O {null} Lists the addresses of network adapters to access disks. Useful for NAS (network attached storage). otn1.oracle.com, adapt2.ebay.com,

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 Automatic Workload Repository: a set of tables that is a repository of workload statistics, enabling Oracle 10G to self-manage. Querying against this repository is a wealth of information, analogous to the BSTAT/ESTAT and tracing options for tuning in Oracle 9. Stored in a separate repository database with OEM. 10g Views: New columns:
V$AW_CALC (SESSION_ID, CURR_DML_COMMAND, PREV_DML_COMMAND, AGGR_FUNC_LOGICAL_NA, AGGR_FUNC_LOGICAL_NA, AGGR_FUNC_PRECOMPUTE, AGGR_FUNC_CALCS) V$AW_SESSION_INFO: new columns (SESSION_ID)

Database Self-Management

Automatic Storage Management: (previously described) Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor: Oracle 10G self-analyzes its performance, looks for bottlenecks, and can automatically adjust database configuration.
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 Automatic UNDO RETENTION tuning: Oracle 10G can dynamically adjust the init parameter UNDO_RETENTION, which looks at the space in the UNDO tablespaces and automatically adjusts as new SQL queries are executed. This helps to avoid the snapshot too old errors. 10g Views:

Database Self-Management

V$UNDOSTAT: new columns

MAXQUERYID ACTIVEBLKS UNEXPIREDBLKS EXPIREDBLKS TUNED_UNDORETENTION

Automatic Checkpoint tuning: Oracle 10G self-tunes checkpoint frequencies to optimize recovery time.

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Database Self-Management
Users can now have more than one TEMP tablespace defined with a tablespace group, so creating large objects such as indexes or running large GROUP BY or DISTINCT queries can spill into additional TEMP tablespaces without failing as in Oracle 9 and earlier versions.

SGA: 10g Initialization Parameter:

sga_target
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Target size of SGA 0 Total size of DB_CACHE_SIZE, SHARED_POOL_SIZE, LARGE_POOL_SIZE, and JAVA_POOL_SIZE. Oracles ASM (Automatic Shared Memory) automatically and dynamically adjusts the SGA components during runtime. Additional pools are not affected: log buffer, KEEP/RECYCLE buffer cache, and Oracle Streams pool. 500M

Example Cache:

10g View: V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE new columns:

ESTD_PHYSICAL_READ_TIME ESTD_PCT_OF_DB_TIME_FOR_READS

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

SGA:
Fixed SGA Size, Redo Buffers, Buffer Cache Size, Shared Pool Size, Large Pool Size, Java Pool Size, Granule Size, Maximum SGA Size, Free SGA Memory Available 10g Initialization Parameters:
BUFFER_CACHE and SHARED_POOL_SIZE are now self-tuning JAVA_POOL_SIZE is now dynamic

10g Initialization Parameter:

STREAMS_POOL_SIZE size in bytes of the streams pool 0 Size of the Streams pool in the SGA. By default this is 10% of the shared pool. 500M

Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Example

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

SGA:
10g Views:
New V$SGAINFO ; more high-level than V$SGASTAT Name Null? Type ---------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------INST_ID NUMBER NAME VARCHAR2(25) BYTES NUMBER RESIZEABLE VARCHAR2(3) V$SGA_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS: new column:
USER_SPECIFIED_SIZE

V$SHARED_POOL_ADVICE: new columns:

ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME_FACTOR

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

Sessions:
10g Views: V$SESSION: new columns:
SQL_ID SQL_CHILD_NUMBER PREV_SQL_ID PREV_CHILD_NUMBER BLOCKING_SESSION_STATUS BLOCKING_SESSION SEQ# EVENT# EVENT P1TEXT P1 P1RAW P2TEXT P2 P2TAW P3TEXT P3 P3RAW WAIT_CLASS_ID WAIT_CLASS# WAIT_CLASS WAIT_TIME SECONDS_IN_WAIT STATE SERVICE_NAME

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

Sessions: V$SESSION_EVENT: new column:

EVENT_ID

V$SESSION_LONGOPS: new column:

SQL_ID

V$SESSION_WAIT: new columns:

WAIT_CLASS_ID WAIT_CLASS# WAIT_CLASS

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

WAIT statistics:
10g now stores historical repository of waits, and includes better analysis capabilities to see what sessions are waiting for. 10g Views: new column (HASH) in:
V$LATCH V$LATCH_CHILDREN V$LATCH_PARENT V$LATCHNAME

Tablespace: Rename Tablespace: before Oracle 10G, the DBA would need to create a new tablespace, copy (or export/import data) into the new tablespace, and drop the original tablespace. Now you can simply
RENAME the tablespace extremely quickly. 10g Views:

DBA_TABLESPACES: new columns:

RETENTION BIGFILE BIGFILE FLASHBACK_ON

V$TABLESPACE: new columns:

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

Database:
10g Views:

V$DATABASE: new columns:

SWITCHOVER# PLATFORM_ID PLATFORM_NAME RECOVERY_TARGET_INCARNATION LAST_OPEN_INCARNATION# CURRENT_SCN FLASHNACK_ON SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_FK SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_ALL DB_UNIQUE_NAME STANDBY_BECAME_PRIMARY_SCN INCARNATION# STATUS RESETLOGS_ID PRIOR_INCARNATION

V$DATABASE_INCARNATION: new columns:

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

SQL Tuning:
10g Views: V$SQL: new columns:
SQL_FULLTEXT DIRECT_WRITES USER_IO_WAIT_TIME OPTIMIZER_ENV SQL_PROFILE SQL_ID OBJECT_TYPE QBLOCK_NAME SQL_ID SQL_ID APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME PLSQL_EXEC_TIME OPTIMIZER_ENV_HASH_VALUE PROGRAM_ID PLAN_HASH_VALUE PROJECTION REMARKS PLAN_HASH_VALUE END_OF_FETCH_COUNT CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME JAVA_EXEC_TIME OLD_HASH_VALUE PROGRAM_LINE# OBJECT_ALIAS TIME

V$SQL_PLAN: new columns:

V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS: new columns:

V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS_ALL: new columns:

SQL_ID OBJECT_TYPE QBLOCK_NAME
SQL_ID ANYDATA_TRANSFORMATION DIFFERENT_LONG_LENGTH BIND_UACS_DIFF SQL_FULLTEXT SQL_ID APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME USER_IO_WAIT_TIME OLD_HASH_VALUE

PLAN_HASH_VALUE PROJECTION REMARKS

CHILD_ADDRESS INCOMPLETE_CURSOR LOGICAL_STANDBY_APPLY PLSQL_CMP_SWITCHS_DIFF SQL_ID END_OF_FETCH_COUNT CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME PLSQL_EXEC_TIME PROGRAM_ID

OBJECT_ALIAS TIME

V$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR: new columns:

CHILD_NUMBER TOP_LEVEL_RPI_CURSOR DIFF_CALL_DURN

V$SQL_SHARED_MEMORY: new columns:

V$SQLAREA: new columns:

DIRECT_WRITES CLUSTER_WAIT_TIME JAVA_EXEC_TIME

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:

create_stored_outlines
Description from V$PARAMETER
Default Value Notes

create stored outlines for DML statements

{null} Tells Oracle if SQL queries automatically create outlines. TRUE creates outlines, FALSE disables the features, and setting to {category_name} stores the outlines linked to the specified category. FALSE

Example

ddl_wait_for_locks
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Disable NOWAIT DML lock acquisitions FALSE

Notes
Example

TRUE DDL statements wait to complete if there are blocking locks on the object. FALSE DDL statements time-out if there are blocking locks
TRUE

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:

resumable_timeout
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Example set resumable_timeout 0 Time (in seconds) SQL statements are allowed to wait before timing out. 20000

sqltune_category
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Category qualifier for applying hintsets DEFAULT

Notes
Example

Used with the DBMS_SQLTUNE package to connect SQL profiles for SQL statements with tuning categories

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Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

PL/SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:

plsql_code_type
Description from V$PARAMETER
Default Value Notes

PL/SQL code-type
INTERPRETED Tells Oracle how PL/SQL is compiled within the database. Two values: INTERPRETED: compiles PL/SQL into bytecode NATIVE: compiles PL/SQL into native (machine) code NATIVE

Example

plsql_debug
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value PL/SQL debug FALSE

Notes

Tells Oracle if PL/SQL can be compiled for debugging purposes. Two values: TRUE: PL/SQL will be compiled in debugging mode. Note that this overrides the plsql_code_type parameter to always be INTERPRETED FALSE: PL/SQL is compiled without debugging
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Example

TRUE

Database Manual Monitoring / Management / Tuning

PL/SQL Tuning:
10g Initialization Parameter:

plsql_optimize_level
Description from V$PARAMETER PL/SQL optimize level

Default Value
Notes

0
PL/SQL optimization levels during compilation. This can result in improved compiled code. Three values: 0: compile similar to Oracle9is compilation 1: applies several optimization algorithms for PL/SQL compilation 2: applies the most advanced optimization 2

Example

plsql_warnings
Description from V$PARAMETER PL/SQL compiler warnings settings

Default Value
Notes

DISABLE:ALL
Tells Oracle how much detail, if any, to display with warning messages during PL/SQL compilation. Qualifier values: ERROR SEVERE
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Example
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Database Automatic Statistics

Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection: collects statistics for objects that are either stale or dont have them
at all. 10g Initialization Parameter:

Statistics_level: default is TYPICAL, and the other option is BASIC. The SMON process wakes up
10g Views:

every 2-3 hours, reviews the number of rows affected by INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE commands since the last statistics gathering. This process replaces the old DBMS_STATS built-in package. *_TAB_MODIFICATIONS: determines which tables have stale statistics and which should be updated via the SMON background process.

Database Advisors:
Oracle tracks usage more than Tivo. The DBA can collect data on what Oracle functions are being used (Parallel Queries, IOTs, etc) for information and tracking. Segment Advisor: Stores data on object growth trends and helps make DBAs with capacity planning. The Segment Advisor also looks within tables to see if any should be defragmented. This new online defragmentation includes reducing the highwater mark from empty blocks, or if data is out of whack with PCTUSED / PCTFREE, tables can be rebuilt online to compact data. Redo Log Sizing Advisor: self-explanatory SQL Tuning Advisor, SQL Access Advisor: makes suggestions for improving the syntax of SQL statements, the way some 3rd-party vendors did prior to Oracle 10G. Also recommends adding indexes, materialized views, etc. Transaction Rollback and Recovery Monitoring: predict how long a rollback will take, monitor longrunning transactions being recovered for performance.

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Tablespaces: New SYSAUX tablespace is for system auxiliary objects. Now you do not need to put everything

Object Management

into the SYSTEM tablespace. Object Types:New Sorted Hash Cluster object type. Useful to retrieve data in the exact order it was INSERTed

Tables:

DBA_TABLES:
MAXTRANS deprecated. New columns COMPRESSION (DISABLED, ENABLED, null) and DROPPED (YES, NO)

DBA_TAB_COLS: new columns (HISTOGRAM, QUALIFIED_COL_NAME) DBA_TAB_COLUMNS: new column (HISTOGRAM) DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS: new column (HISTOGRAM) DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS: new column (DROP_SEGMENTS)

Indexes:

DBA_INDEXES new columns (IOT_REDUNDANT_PKEY_ELIM, DROPPED)

10g Initialization Parameter:

skip_unusable_indexes
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes skip unusable indexes if set to TRUE TRUE Two values: TRUE: skips error reporting on indexes and index partitions and allows for DML on base tables with UNUSABLE indexes. FALSE: tells Oracle to return an error when DML on base tables with UNUSABLE indexes occurs.
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Example

FALSE

LOBs:

Object Management

DBA_LOG_GROUPS: new columns (TABLESPACE_NAME, FORMAT, PARTITIONED) V$TEMPORARY_LOBS: new column (ABSTRACT_LOBS) DBA_LOG_GROUPS: new columns (LOG_GROUP_TYPE, GENERATED)

Log Groups:

Materialized Views:
DBA_MVIEWS: new columns (UNKNOWN_TRUSTED_FD, STALE_SINCE)

Online Segment Shrink: This new online defragmentation includes reducing the highwater mark from empty blocks, or if data is out of whack with PCTUSED / PCTFREE, tables can be rebuilt online to compact data. This is possible with tables, indexes, and materialized views.

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Backup and Recovery

10g has new automated disk-based backup & recovery features. New / improved commands:
DROP DATABASE command: physically deletes all datafiles, spfiles, controlfiles, redo logs ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS: no longer need to backup the database instance following this command ALTER DATABASE BEGIN BACKUP: No longer need to cycle through each tablespace to put into hot backup mode. Can now do the entire database Automatic TSPITR (tablespace point-in-time recovery) V$ARCHIVE_DEST: new columns (VALID_NOW, VALID_TYPE, VALID_ROLE, DB_UNIQUE_NAME, VERIFY, EXPEDITE) V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS: new columns (DB_UNIQUE_NAME) V$ARCHIVED_LOG (RESETLOGS_ID, IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, FAL) V$FAST_START_SERVERS: new column (XID) V$FAST_START_TRANSACTIONS: new columns (XIS, PXID, RCVSERVERS) V$INSTANCE_RECOVERY: new columns (OPTIMAL_LOGFILE_SIZE, ESTD_CLUSTER_AVAILABLE_TIME, WRITES_MTTR, WRITES_LOGFILE_SIZE, WRITES_LOG_CHECKPOINT_SETTINGS, WRITES_OTHER_SETTINGS, WRITES_AUTOTUNE, WRITES_FULL_THREAD_CKPT)

10g Views:

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Backup and Recovery

10g Initialization Parameters:

db_flashback_retention_target
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Example Maximum Flashback Database log retention time in minutes. 1440 The upper limit for time (in minutes) that the database should retain data for flashing back information. 2000

db_recovery_file_dest
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes default database recovery file location /usr/db/flash_recovery_area This is the flash recovery directory or disk group. The flash recovery directory contains copies of controlfiles, redo logs, archived redo logs, flashback logs, and RMAN backup files. /u01/oracle/recov
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Example
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Backup and Recovery

10g Initialization Parameters:

db_recovery_file_dest_size
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Notes Example database recovery files size limit 2G The upper limit in size for the flash recovery directory. 4G

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Backup and Recovery

RMAN:
10g can automatically create and recover datafiles that have never been backed up. Also when RMAN detects a corrupt backup it can automatically go one backup into the past to recover. The DURATION clause of the BACKUP command sets the seconds that a backup is allowed to run, at which point RMAN can pause and/or resume. Can alert the DBA when the backup is about to run out of space. 10g Views:
V$DATAFILE_COPY: new columns (IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP) V$BACKUP_PIECE: new columns (BYTES, IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP, COMPRESSED) V$BACKUP_SINC_ID: new columns (RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP) V$DATAFILE_COPY: new columns (IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP) V$PROXY_ARCHIVELOG: new columns (TAG, RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP) V$PROXY_DATAFILE: new columns (RMAN_STATUS_RECID, RMAN_STATUS_STAMP)

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Backup and Recovery

Flashback Query Improvements:

Can recover an entire database to an earlier point-in-time, reducing or removing the need to use the traditional tape backup and recovery methods.

FLASHBACK DATABASE: entire database restored to a point-in-time FLASHBACK TABLE command: entire table restored to a point-in-time. Oracle now puts dropped tables into the recycle bin for quick and easy recovery. In SQL*Plus you can type SHOW RECYCLEBIN bin_name
Flashback drop: restore a table that was dropped entirely Flashback version query: view data at the row-level and the history of changes Flashback transaction query: view data and changes on a transaction-level for more finely-grained auditing and investigating. 10g Views: New FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY: view database transaction-level changes 10g Initialization Parameters: db_flashback_retention_target, db_recovery_file_dest, db_recovery_file_dest_size (previously explained)

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Backup and Recovery

LogMiner Improvements:
10gs log miner now supports index-organized tables, LONG datatypes, multibyte data 10g Views:
V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS: new columns (TABLE_NAME, DATA_OBJV#, SAFE_RESUME_SCN, XID, PXID, AUDIT_SESSIONID) V$LOGMNR_DICTIONARY: new columns (DB_CREATED, DB_VERSION_TIME, DB_CHARACTER_SET, DB_VERSION, DB_STATUS, DB_TXN_SCN) V$LOGMNR_LOGS: new columns (TYPE, BLOCKSIZE, FILESIZE) V$LOGMNR_PARAMETERS: new columns (REQUIRED_START_DATE, REQUIRED_START_SCN, OPTIONS)

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High Availability

Data Guard: 10g Initialization Parameters:

db_unique_name
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Database Unique Name {ORACLE_SID}

Notes

Helpful for Data Guard, DB_UNIQUE_NAME is the global unique database name. This differentiates different databases with the same DB_NAME and the same DB_DOMAIN
ORAPROD

Example

log_archive_config
Description from V$PARAMETER log archive config parameter

Default Value
Notes

SEND, RECEIVE, NODG_CONFIG

Tells Oracle information on how to send redo logs to remote destinations in Data Guard environments. SEND/NOSEND (send the redo logs to remote destinations or not) RECEIVE/NORECEIVE (receive redo logs from remote destinations or not) DG-CONFIG/NODG_CONFIG (list of unique database names in the Data Guard configuration. 0-9 unique names are allowed)
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Example

NOSEND NORECEIVE DG_CONFIG=ORA_PROD

High Availability

Data Guard:
10g Initialization Parameters:

log_archive_local_first
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value Establish EXPEDITE attribute default value TRUE

Notes

For Data Guard configurations: TRUE: uses the ARC background processes to send redo logs to remote destinations once an online log is archived. Good for slow WAN networks. FALSE: uses the ARC background processes to send logs to remote destinations simultaneously to the local archive copying. Good for fast LAN environments.
FALSE

Example

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High Availability

RAC (Real Application Clusters):

As part of the new Enterprise Manager, Oracle now provides clusterware management software similar to the 3rd-party software available prior to Oracle 10G. It provides a nice dashboard of overall node statuses with drilldown capabilities. Automatic Workload Management: DBAs create workloads and then manage CPU resources for each process. Zero Downtime Patching: by using RAC, you can apply patches (database or server) to one node at a time to avoid downtime. Upgrade Oracle versions online with the Rolling Upgrade. Uses logical standby databases and SQL apply technology New RAC 10g Views:
DB_UNIQUE_NAME: can dynamically add a standby database without shutting down the primary database.

10g Initialization Parameter: Default Value Notes Example

gcs_server_processes
0 (if CLUSTER_DATABASE=FALSE) 2 (if CLUSTER_DATABASE=TRUE) For RAC, specifies the initial number of server processes. This is part of the Global Cache Services (cache fusion) 20
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Description from V$PARAMETER

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Security

Kerberos: SASL in addition to PKI. Supports Simple Authentication and Security Layer in addition to Fine-grained auditing:
Fine-grained auditing now includes UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE 10g Views: New columns in:

Public Key Infrastructure. Used while communicating among databases. Can also use Kerberos-enabled database links to protect data as it is transmitted.

DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL (STATEMENT_TYPE, EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER)

Auditing:
10g Views: New columns in:
DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS, DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT, DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT, DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL (EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER, OS_PROCESS, TRANSACTIONID, SCN, SQL_BIND, SQL_TEXT) DBA_AUDIT_POLICIES (SEL, INS, UPD, DEL, AUDIT_TRAIL, POLICY_COLUMN_OPTIONS) DBA_AUDIT_SESSION (EXTENDED_TIMESTAMP, PROXY_SESSIONID, GLOBAL_UID, INSTANCE_NUMBER, OS_PROCESS)

EUS: Enterprise User Security. Single sign-on capabilities. A central OID/LDAP repository. Can manage Oracle Label Security policies and user label authorities.
10g Views: New columns in:
DBA_POLICIES: (IDX, POLICY_TYPE, LONG_PREDICATE)

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Security

VPD (Virtual Private Database): supports parallel query operations.

10g Views: New columns in:
V$VPD_POLICY (SQL_ID)

10g Initialization Parameter:

ldap_directory_access
Description from V$PARAMETER Default Value RDBMS's LDAP access option NONE

Notes

Three values that determines if / how Oracle authenticates to the Internet Directory: This is for enterprise security. NONE: Oracle doesnt authenticate at all PASSWORD: connect with the password stored in the database wallet SSL: connect with SSL
SSL

Example

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Tips
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ALTER SYSTEM
The ALTER SYSTEM command can improve uptime
SELECT NAME, VALUE
FROM v$parameter

WHERE issys_modifiable IN (DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE);

ALTER SYSTEM SET max_dump_file_size = 100000;
Oracle9/8i updates for this command

Change the initSID.ora file (unless using SPFile)

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ALTER SYSTEM
SELECT NAME, VALUE
FFROM v$parameter WHERE issys_modifiable IN (DEFERRED,IMMEDIATE);
NAME Timed_statistics Log_checkpoint_interval Log_checkpoint_timeout Object_cache_optimal_size Background_dump_dest Sort_area_size VALUE False 5000000 21600 102400 /u02/oracle/PHIS/bdump 5096000 ISSAYS MOD IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE DEFERRED IMMEDIATE DEFERRED

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Undocumented Parameters
Each undocumented parameter begins with an underscore Examples:
_offline_rollback_segments _corrupted_rollback_segments _allow_reset_logs_corruption

They should only be used under the direction of a senior DBA or Oracle support.

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Undocumented Parameters
Hidden INIT.ORA:
X$KSPPI
Name
-----------------------------

X$KSPPI and X$KSPPSV

X$KSPPSV
Name
-----------------------

Type
----------------------------------------

Type
---------------------------------

ADDR

RAW(4)

ADDR

RAW(4)

INDX
INST_ID KSPPINM KSPPITY

NUMBER
NUMBER VARCHAR2(64) NUMBER

INDX
INST_ID KSPPSTVL KSPPSTDF

NUMBER
NUMBER VARCHAR2(512) VARCHAR2(9)

KSPPDESC
KSPPIFLG

VARCHAR2(64)
NUMBER

KSPPSTVF

NUMBER

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Undocumented Parameters
To see the hidden init.ora parameters and session/instance values: SELECT a.ksppinm "Parameter", a.ksppdesc "Description", b.ksppstvl "Session Value", c.ksppstvl "Instance Value" FROM x$ksppi a, x$ksppcv b, x$ksppsv c WHERE a.indx = b.indx AND a.indx = c.indx AND a.ksppinm LIKE '/_%' escape '/'

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Undocumented Parameters
To see all init.ora parameters, regular and hidden, that have been modified directly or indirectly, issue: SQL> SELECT nam.ksppinm || '=' || val.ksppstvl 2 FROM x$ksppi nam, x$ksppsv val 3 4 WHERE nam.indx = val.indx AND val.ksppstdf ='FALSE ORDER BY 1;

NAM.KSPPINM||=||VAL.KSPPSTVL ------------------------- ------------------------- --------partition_view_enabled=FALSE _affinity_on=FALSE _wait_for_sync=TRUE compatible=8.0.0

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Database Resources
Oracle Discussion Newsgroups:

comp.databases.oracle.server
comp.databases.oracle.tools comp.databases.oracle.misc These can be accessed through a newsgroup program or www.deja.com Subscribe to LazyDBA:

email to oracledba-subscribe@lazydba.com
Subscribe to ORACLE-L: email to ListGuru@fatcity.com, in body enter SUBSCRIBE ORACLE-L your_name_here
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Database Resources
Other good Oracle sites with links:

www.arikaplan.com : 400 tips ; this presentation

www.ioug.org www.orafaq.org www.orafans.com www.orasearch.com

www.revealnet.com
www.lazydba.com www.dbdomain.com
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Questions and Answers: Welcome to Oracle 10g Data Dictionary and Initialization Parameters

Paper 520
Presentation by Ari Kaplan CEO, Expand Beyond Corporation www.xb.com

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