ngiliz Alfabesi 26 harften oluur.. Aslnda alfabe de 45 harf olmaldr A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.J.K.L.M.N.O.P.Q.R.S.T.U.V.W.X.Y.

Z , , (NG), (TH), HARFLER ALFABEDE YOKTUR AMA TELAFFUZDA VARDIR. C-a.o.u.l.c=K okunur Can cold cut clean- succesful C- e, i, y = S okunur Cell- civil Cyprus Ch= olarak okunur chair chalk chimney cheap Chat China Chinese Sh= olarak okunur Show Shadow Sharp Ship Sheep She Shell -tion, - sion,-xion = n diye okunur Station, information, confession complexion ng= (nazal ne) olarak okunur Going Coming Sitting Thing Anadolu da bu ses vardr. Agara, saa, baa, oa, bua, ua TH= Peltek S olarak okunurThe Three Tooth Thing Bu ses Trke de yoktur.

Rakam ve Saylar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven ( ilevn) Twelve (tvelf) Thir teen Four teen Fif teen Six teen Seven teen Eigh teen Nine teen Twen ty ( Tventi)

En ok kartrlanlar sonu teen ve ty ile bitenlerdir.

21. Twenty one 30. Thir ty 40. For ty 50. Fif ty 60. Six ty 70. Seven ty 80. Eigh ty 90. Nine ty 100. Hundred 101. One Hundred and one 258. Two hundred and fifty eight 540. Five hundred and forty 737. Seven Hundred and thirty seven 900. Nine Hundred 1000. One thousand 2500. Two thousand five hundred 10000. Ten thousand 56000. fifty six thousand 1,000,000. - one million 1, 000, 000, 000, - one billion (milliard)

What time is it? It is 2 oclock. It is 2.15. A.M. It is 2.15. P.M. It is 3.30. P.M. It is 4.45. P.M. It is 10.20. P.M. It is 11.50. P.M.

Easy

What is the time? Hard It is 2 oclock It is a quarter past 2. ( 2.15) It is a quarter to 2. ( 1.45) It is half past 2. (2.30) It is 20 to 2 It is 20 past 2 (1.40) (2.20)

TO BE FL The Present Form ( imdiki Zaman Formu ) I am You We are You They He She is It

(+) Olumlu Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (-) Olumsuz Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (+?) Olumlu Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat? (-?) Olumsuz Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat?

I You We You They He She It

am are not

is

Am Are

Is

I You We You They He She It

Am Are

Is WH- sorular ile How are Where are What are

I You We You They He She It

not

you

now?

I I I

am am am

fine at home a doctor

now.

TO BE FL The Past Form ( Uzak gemi Zaman Formu ) I was You We were You They He She was It

(+) Olumlu Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (-) Olumsuz Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (+?) Olumlu Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat? (-?) Olumsuz Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat?

I You We You They He She It

was were not

was

Was Were

Was

I You We You They He She It

Was Were

Was WH- sorular ile How were Where were What were

I You We You They He She It

not

you

yesterday?

I I I

was was was

fine at home a doctor

yesterday

TO BE FL The Future Form ( Gelecek Zaman Formu ) I You We You will be They He She It

(+) Olumlu Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (-) Olumsuz Cmle tomorrow Next week

I You We You They He She It

will not Wont

be

at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat

Will

I You We You They He She It

be

(+?) Olumlu Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat? (-?) Olumsuz Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat?

Wont Will

I You We You They He She It

be

not

WH- sorular ile How Where will What

you

be

tomorrow?

I I I

Will be

fine at home a doctor

tomorrow

TO BE FL The Present perfect Form ( Yakn gemi Zaman Formu ) I You We have been You They He She has been It

(+) Olumlu Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (-) Olumsuz Cmle at home fine in Ankara alright at work in New York ill a cat (+?) Olumlu Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat? (-?) Olumsuz Soru Cmlesi at home? Fine? in Ankara? Alright? at work? in New York? ill? a cat?

I You We You They He She It

have not been

has not

Have

Has

I You We You They He She It

been

Have

Has

I You We You They He She It

not

been

WH- sorular ile How Where have What

you

been

today?

I I I

have been

fine at home a doctor

today

+ ?

The Past I had got a car I hadnt got a car Had you got a car?

HAVE GOT / HAS GOT The Present I have got a car I havent got a car Have you got a car?

The Future I will have got a car I wont have got a car Will you have got a car?

HAVE + ? The Past I had a car I didnt have a car Did you have a car? The Present I have a car I dont have a car Do you have a car? The Future I will have a car I wont have a car Will you have a car?

There To be 1.THERE IS-ARE Mevcudiyeti belirtir. THERE IS + Saylamayan simler/Saylan Tekiller 1. RNEK There is milk in the bottle. There is a dog in the garden. There is an umbrella on the table. THERE ARE + Saylan oul simler 2. RNEK There are two apples in the box. Are there enough plates on the table? Some, Any Some; Sadece olumlu Cmlelerde Kullanlr, THERE IS + Some +Saylamayan simler THERE Are + Some Saylan oullar 1. RNEK There is some milk in the bottle. There are some dogs in the garden. There are some apples on the table. Any; Sadece olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde Kullanlr, 2. RNEK There are not any apples in the box. Are there any plates on the table? There is not any milk in the bottle. Is there any butter in the fridge? How Many + Saylan How many + Saylan How many cars are there in the car park? How many plates are there on the table? How much + Saylmayan How much money is there in the safe? How much sugar is there in the bowl?

( bir ) OK A Lot (Of) = +CU There are a lot of cars in the street. There is a lot of rice in the bowl. There are not a lot of cars in the street. Is There a lot of rice in the bowl? Many = There arent many cars in the street. Are there many cars in the street? Much = There isnt much rice in the bowl. Is there much sugar in the bowl? A few = Birka + C We have got a few friends in this town. There are a few cars in the park. A little = Bir az + U We have got a little money in the safe. There is a little money in the safe. Pek ok ( Too Many Too Much ) Too Many= +C There are too many people in the street. Too Much= +U There is too much money in the safe. Enough + - ?CU There are enough players to play basketball. There are not enough players to play football. There is not enough money to do our plans. Is there enough time? -C?

-U?

THERE IS / THERE ARE ( some-any) The Present Form (imdiki zaman ) Saylan-tekil There is a var dr bir Saylan-oul There are some Var dr-lar birka Saylamayan There is some Var dr biraz Saylamayan There is some Var dr biraz (-) Olumsuz Cmle Saylan-tekil There Var Saylan-oul There Var Saylamayan There Var Saylamayan There Var

car araba cars Araba(lar) water su water su

(+) Olumlu cmle in the street Cadde de in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de in the bottle. ie de

is not Deil dir Are not Deil dir is not Deil dir is not Deil-dir

a bir any hi

any hi

car araba cars Araba(lar) water su water su

in the street Cadde de in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de in the bottle. ie de

(+?) Soru Cmlesi Saylan-tekil Is There a Cadde de bir araba var m dr? Saylan-oul Are There any Cadde de hi araba var m dr? Saylamayan Is There any ie de su var m dr ? Saylamayan Is There any ie de su var m dr ? WH- Sorular ile yaplan cmleler How many cars are There Cadde de ka tane araba(lar) vardr. How much water is There ie de ne kadar su vardr?

car cars water water

in the street in the street n the bottle in the bottle.

in the street? in the bottle?

THERE IS / THERE ARE ( A lot of- Many, Much ) The Present Form (imdiki zaman ) Saylan-oul There are A lot of Var dr-lar (Bir)ok Saylamayan There is A lot of Var dr (Bir)ok (-) Olumsuz Cmle Saylan-oul There Var Saylamayan There Var

cars Araba(lar) water su

(+) Olumlu cmle in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de

Are not Deil dir is not Deil dir

many ok much ok

cars Araba(lar) water su

in the street Cadde de in the bottle ie de

(?) Soru Cmlesi Saylan-oul Are There many Cadde de ok araba var m dr? Saylamayan Is There much ie de ok su var m dr ? THERE IS / THERE ARE ( A few a little ) The Present Form (imdiki zaman ) Saylan-oul There are A few Var dr-lar Bir ka Saylamayan There is A little Var dr Bir az

cars water

in the street n the bottle

cars Araba(lar) water su

(+) Olumlu cmle in the street Cadde de in the bottle ie de

NOT: Some ( birka ve biraz ) ve a lot of ( birok ) saylan(S) ve saylamayanlarda($) ama sadece olumlu(+)cmlelerde gelir. Many ( ok ) ise saylanlarda(S) ama sadece olumsuz(-) ve soru(?) cmlelerinde gelir. Much ( ok ) ise Saylamayanlarda($) ama sadece olumsuz (-) ve soru(?) cmlelerinde gelir. Any ( Hi ) ise saylan(S) ve saylamayan($) isimlerle kelimelerle birlikte olumsuz(-) ve soru(?) cmlelerinde gelir. A few ( Birka ) Olumlu (+) cmlelerde saylan(S) kelimelerle, A little ( Bir az) Olumlu (+) cmlelerde saylamayan($) kelimelerle kullanlr.

THERE was / THERE were ( some-any) The Present Form (imdiki zaman ) Saylan-tekil There was a Var d bir Saylan-oul There were some Var d birka Saylamayan There was Var d Saylamayan There was some Var d biraz (-) Olumsuz Cmle Saylan-tekil There Var Saylan-oul There Yok Saylamayan There Yok Saylamayan There Yok

car araba cars Araba(lar) water su water su

(+) Olumlu cmle in the street Cadde de in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de in the bottle. ie de

was not Deil idi were not tu was not tu was not tu

a bir any hi

any hi

car araba cars Araba(lar) water su water su

in the street Cadde de in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de in the bottle. ie de

(+?) Soru Cmlesi Saylan-tekil Was There a Cadde de bir araba var m idi? Saylan-oul Were There any Cadde de birka araba var m idi? Saylamayan Was There ie de su var m idi ? Saylamayan Was There any ie de su var m idi ? WH- Sorular ile yaplan cmleler How many cars Were There Cadde de ka tane araba(lar) vard? How much water Was There ie de ne kadar su vard?

car cars water water

in the street in the street n the bottle in the bottle.

in the street? in the bottle?

THERE WILL BE The Future Form (imdiki zaman ) Saylan-tekil There Will be Var olacak Saylan-oul There Will be Var olacak Saylamayan There Will be Var olacak Saylamayan There Will be Var olacak (-) Olumsuz Cmle Saylan-tekil There Saylan-oul Saylamayan Saylamayan There There There

a bir some birka

some biraz

car araba cars Araba(lar) water su water su

(+) Olumlu cmle in the street Cadde de in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de in the bottle. ie de

will not be olmayacak will not be olmayacak will not be olmayacak will not be olmayacak

a bir any hi

any hi

car araba cars Araba(lar) water su water su

in the street Cadde de in the street Cadde de n the bottle ie de in the bottle. ie de

(+?) Soru Cmlesi Saylan-tekil Will There be a Cadde de bir araba olacak m ? Saylan-oul Will There be any Cadde de hi araba olacak m? Saylamayan Will There be ie de su olacak m? Saylamayan Will There be any ie de hi su olacak m? WH- Sorular ile yaplan cmleler How many cars Will There Cadde de ka tane araba(lar) olacak? How much water Will There ie de ne kadar su olacak ?

car cars water water

in the street? in the street? n the bottle? in the bottle.?

be be

in the street? in the bottle?

In On At Under Over Into Out of Between Next to Behind In front of Across Along Up Down

Prepositions = iinde, -de da in Marmaris = stnde, -de, -da on the table = Yannda, yaknnda, -de, -da at the door = Altnda, under these conditions = zerinde over the city = eri doru go into the room! = Dar doru, come out of the car! = Arasnda, between the trees = lerisinde, next to the bank = Arkasnda behind the door = nnde in front of the car = Karsnda walk across the street = Boyunca along the road = Yukar doru, come up = Aa doru go down

In = iinde, -de da We spent our holiday in Turkey He lives in a small village. I saw him in the street. The man in the photograph is my uncle. Gaziantep is in the south east of Turkey. I was in the bed. Jack is in prison. Sally is in hospital. At = Yannda, yaknnda, -de, -da She is waiting at the bus stop, The teacher is at the blackboard. Somebody is at the door. Jane is at the window, My father is at work now. I am at home now. Jim is a student at university. Zamanlarda kullanm In: in 1881 in May in the summer of last year in the morning On: on Monday on Christmas Day on my birthday on the 8th of March At: at 2.00 PM. at lunch time at noon at the midnight

Comparison of Adjectives Regular adjectives- Tek heceli sfatlar Positive Comparative Superlative Tall taller the tallest Small smaller the smallest Short shorter the shortest High higher the highest Fat fatter the fattest big bigger the biggest -er,-ly, -y ile biten iki heceliler Clever cleverer the cleverest Easy easier the easiest Silly sillier the silliest Happy happier the happiest -full ve re ,-able vs. ile biten 2 heceliler Comparative Superlative more careful the most careful more secure the most secure more harmful the most harmful

Positive Careful Secure Harmful 3 heceliler ise Beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Comfortable more comfortable the most comfortable Popular more popular the most popular Tarkan is more popular than Mustafa Sandal. 1.rnek My sister is taller than your sister. I am older than you. He is fatter than me. Ahmed is cleverer than Mustafa. 2.rnek My sister is the tallest in my family I am the oldest in this city. He is the fattest in the class. Ahmed is the cleverest student of the school. ki eit kii ve nesneyi karlatrmada ise As.As Sabanc is as rich as Ko. (+) Eczacba is not so rich as Ko. (-) Eczacba is not as rich as Ko. (-) Mercedes is as expensive as BMW.(+) Is Jim as tall as Harry? The same ( as ) ve different (from) You are at the same age as my father. Istanbul has got the same population as London You have got the same room as my room. Your car is different from my car. I have a different room from your room.

ADVERBS Sfatlar isimlerin nitelik ve niceliklerini aklarken, zarflar ise fiillerin durumunu aklar. Regular adverbs - (Dzenli zarflar) Adjective Adverb Slow My car is slow. slowly I drive slowly. Careful carefully Beautiful beautifully Careless carelessly Noisy noisily Regular regularly Irregular adverbs - (Dzensiz zarflar) Adjective Adverb Hard Hard Much Much Fast Fast Far Far Late Late This work is hard. I work hard. Your car is fast. You drive fast. He is late. He comes late. Comparison of Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative Late later the latest Fast faster the fastest Hard harder the hardest Early earlier the earliest Slowly more slowly the most slowly Quickly more quickly the most quickly I get up late, my father gets up later than I get up, but my brother gets up the latest. Comparision of Irregular Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative Well better the best Badly worse the worst Much more the most Little less the least I can speak German better than he can, but Tom speaks the best. This room was cleaned worse than the others. ki eylemin as..as ile kyaslamas I earn as much as he earns. I can speak English as well as he can. . Kutluay plays as fast as M. Okur does. John comes home as late as his father does. Sally can work as efficiently as you can. Jim doesnt get up so early as his mother does.

Too - Enough Too sfat ve zamirlerden nce gelerek doru olan miktarn zerini ifade eder. too+sfat/zamir ( for somebody ) to do something The water is too cold to drink. The car is too expensive to buy. The house is too old to live in.

Enough sfat ve zamirlerden sonra gelerek doru olan miktar ifade eder. enough+sfat/zamir ( for somebody ) to do something The water is hot enough to have a bath. The weather is warm enough to walk at the sea side. The house is big enough to live in.

So - Such So sfat ve zarfla birlikte ama isim olmadan kullanlr. Zeynep is so clever. You drive so fast. He is so silly. She is so beautiful. They are so rich.

Such a/ an bir sfat ve tekil olan isimin nne gelir. Such bir sfat ve oul olan saylan isimin ve saylamayan isimin nne gelir. Zeynep is such a clever girl. It is such a usual car. He is such a silly boy. They are such rich people. Kullanm 1. The weather was so hot that we didnt go anywhere. Hava ylesine scakt ki hibir yere gitmedik. It was such a hot weather that we didnt go anywhere. O ylesine scak bir havayd ki hibir yere gitmedik. Kullanm 2. She was so clever that she could learn German language in a short time. She was such a clever girl that she could learn German language in a short time.

a/an - the A ve An nerelerde kullanlr? her sradan tekil isim nne, I bought a new house. To be fiilinden sonraki sradan tekil isimlerin nne gelir. My father is an engineer. Belirli baz tabirlere, To make a noise, make a mistake, have a headache. Saylamayan isimlerin nne gelmez. We have got a new furniture. The belgili tantc ise; Irmaklarni denizlerin, okyanuslarn vs. nne gelir, The Nile, The Aegean Sea, The Atlantic Ocean lkelerin Birleik adlarnda, The Republic of Turkey, The United Kingdom The United states of America, The Netherlands. Bina isimlerinde, The Eiffel Tower, The Ciragan Palace, The White House Genel olan isimlerin nne gelmez, ama belgilenmesi gereken zel konuma gelen isimlerin nne gelir. Winter is a cold season. The winter of last year was very cold. Bir sfatn nne gelirse bir snf temsil eder. The rich, The poor, the blind, the American. Superlative sfatlarn nne gelir. The highest mountain, the tallest man, the richest man.

The Present Continuous Tense zne +am,is are+ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +am,is,are+Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression I am work ing in Marmaris now You are study ing hard at the moment. We are read ing regularly tomorrow They are work ing for Ko next year. He is writt ing now She is runn ing now It is cutt ing now Im goin now. You aint goin there, youre stayin here. zne +am,is are not+ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +am,is,are not +Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression I am not read ing here now You are not writt ing here now We are not talk ing here now They are not explain ing here now He is not typ ing here now She is not plann ing here now It is not work ing here now Am,Is Are +zne ++ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Am,Is Are +Subject +Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression Am I work ing here now ? Are You work ing here now ? Are We work ing here now ? Are They work ing here now ? Is He work ing here now ? Is She work ing here now ? Is It work ing here now ? WH- Questions What are you doing now? I am studying English now. Where are you going now? I am going to Mugla City now. Whom are you phoning now? I am phoning my mother now. Who is running now? Murat is running now. How is she coming here? She is coming by bus. Zaman fadeleri Today: Bu gn This week: Bu hafta, This month: Bu Ay This year: Bu yl This summer: Bu yaz Now: At the moment: imdi u an da Olumlu Cmle (+)

Olumsuz Cmle (-)

Soru Cmlesi (?+)

The Present Perfect Tense Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +have/has+ Fiil(3)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +have/has+Verb(3)+ Object + Time Expression I have worked 30 hours this week You have studied hard this year We have worked well today They have talked carefully today He has worked carelessly today She has phoned me this month It has worked regularly this week Ive done my work, it's your turn now. You gotto do yours. zne +have/has not+ Fiil(3)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +have/has not+Verb(3)+ Object + Time Expression I havent worked 35 hours this week You havent worked hard this week We havent worked well this week They havent worked carefully this week He hasnt worked carelessly this week She hasnt phoned me this week It hasnt worked regularly this week I aint told er. Shes learnt from im. have/has + zne + Fiil(3)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi have/has+Subject +Verb(3)+ Object + Time Expression Have I worked this week? Have You worked this week? Have We worked this week? Have They worked this week? Has He worked this week? Has She worked this week? Has It worked this week? WH- Questions Whatve you done this week? Ive studied English this week. Where have you gone today? Ive gone to Mugla City today. Whom have you phoned ? Ive phoned my mother. Whos phoned? Murat has phoned. Hows she come here? Shes come by bus. Olumsuz Cmle (-)

Soru Cmlesi (?+)

Zaman fadeleri Today: This week: This month: This year: This summer: Just: Already: Yet: Bu gn Bu hafta, Bu Ay Bu yl Bu yaz Az nce hali hazrda, demin henz Kullanm I havent seen him yet. Shes just gone out. Theyve already phoned us. Ive known him since 1995. Ive known her for 9 years.

The present perfect continuous tense

Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +have/has been + Fiil(ing)+ Nesne Subject +have/has been+Verb(ing)+ Object I have been working here for 9 years Youve been working here since 1995. We have been working here for 9 years Theyve been working here since 1995. He has been working here since 1995. She has been working here for 9 years . It has been working here since 1995. Hes been workin here since 1995. Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne +have/has not been + Fiil(ing)+ Nesne Subject +have/has not been+Verb(ing)+ Object I have not been working here for 9 years. She hasnt been working here since 1995. Soru Cmlesi (?+) Have Has + zne + been + Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Have Has+Subject + been + Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression Have You been working here for 9 years ? Has He been working here since 2003 ? Has She been working here for 9 years ? Has It been working here since 2003 ?

WH- Questions How long have you been working here? Ive been workin here for 9 years. Ive been workin here since 1995.

To be fiili- The Past form I was a student last year You were a waiter last summer. He was 12 last year. She was fine yesterday. It was a dog I saw yesterday. We were in Turkey last summer. They were at home last night. Olumsuz cmle (-) I was not a student last year You were not a waiter last summer. He was not 12 last year. She was not fine yesterday. It was not a dog I saw yesterday. We were not in Turkey last summer. They were not at home last night. Soru Cmlesi (-) This - That iaret sfat ve zamirleri ile kullanm was my car. This This car was mine. were my books. These These books were mine. That was your car. That car was yours. Those were your books. Those books were yours. WH ile yaplan sorular Where were you last night? I was at the party last night. How were you yesterday? I was ill yesterday. Why was he back? He was back because he had a lot of things to do in Marmaris. Zaman fadeleri Yesterday: Dn Last night: Dn gece Last week: Geen hafta Last Month: Geen ay Last Year: geen Yl Last Summer: geen Yaz Last time: geen sefer Two days ago: ki gn nce Two weeks ago: ki hafta nce Two months ago: ki ay nce Two years ago: ki yl nce

The Simple Past Tense Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + Eylem 2 + Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject + Verb 2 + Object + TimeExpression I lived in Izmir last winter You worked for Sabanc last summer We worked for Dogus last year They lived in Ankara last week He studied hard last night She talked carelessly yesterday It worked well Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne + didnt+Eylem + Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +didnt+ Verb + Object + TimeExpression I didnt work in Izmir last winter You didnt work for Sabanc last summer We didnt work for Dogus last year They didnt work in Ankara last week He didnt work hard last night She didnt work carelessly yesterday It didnt work WH- Questions What did you do yesterday? I studied english yesterday. Where did you go last week? I went to Mugla City last week. Whom did you visit last month? I visited my mother last month. Who visited you last year? My penfriend visited me last year. How did you go to work yesterday? I went to work by bus. The simple past tense te kullanlan zaman ifadeleri Yesterday Last night Last week Last month Last Summer Last year 2 hours ago 2 days ago 2 weeks ago 2 months ago 2 years ago

The past continuous tense Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +was,were+ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +was,were+Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression I was work ing there You were read ing his book We were play ing basketball They were liv ing in Marmaris He was clean ing his room She was smil ing at me It was print ing Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne +was/were not+ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +was/were not +Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression I was not work ing here You were not work ing here We were not work ing here They were not work ing here He was not work ing here She was not work ing here It was not work ing here Soru Cmlesi (?+) Was/Were +zne ++ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Was/Were +Subject +Verb(ing)+ Object + Time Expression Was I working here? Were you working here? Were we working here? Were they working here? Was He working here? Was she working here? Was it working here? WH- Questions What were you doing when I phoned you? I was studying English. Where were you going as I saw you? I was going to Mugla City. Who were you phoning when I entered the room? I was phoning my mother. Who was cleaning the room when you checked? Murat was cleaning. How was she studying English? She was studying hard.

The past perfect tense Nerede Kullanlr? The Past Perfect tense bir olay olmadan nce, daha nce olan bir olay anlatrken kullanlr. Trke de kip olarak miti, -mt diye evrilebilir. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +had+ Fiil(3)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +had+Verb(3)+ Object + Time Expression I had finished the work You had painted the wall We had watered the garden They had completed the work He had polished the shoes She had worked there It had finished the print Id written the poem. Olumsuz Cmle (+) zne +hadnt+ Fiil(3)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +hadnt+Verb(3)+ Object + Time Expression I hadnt finished the work You hadnt finished the work We hadnt finished the work They hadnt finished the work He hadnt finished the work She hadnt finished the work It hadnt finished the work Soru Cmlesi (?+) Had + zne + Fiil(3)+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Had +Subject +Verb(3)+ Object + Time Expression Had You worked ? Had They worked ? Had She worked ? WH- Questions What had you done before you learnt German? I had learned English. Where had you gone before you visited us? Id gone to Mugla City. Who had you phoned before you came here? I had phoned my mother. Who had phoned you before you left home? Murat had phoned. How had she come here before she went to Izmir? She had come here by bus before she went to Izmir. Kullanm Before dan nce, I had seen him before I went. Jane had gone there before they called her. They had phoned before I phoned them. After dan sonra, After I had seen him, I went. After Jane had gone there they called her.

The past perfect continuous tense Kullanm Trke ye kip olarak maktayd, -mekteydi olarak evrilir. Anlam olarak gemiteki sreklilii ifade eder. Not: zellikle Aktarma cmlelerinde, present perfect ve past perfect iin aktarmda kullanlr. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +had + Fiil(ing)+ Nesne Subject +had been+Verb(ing)+ Object I had been working here You had been working here We had been working here They had been working here He had been working here She had been working here It had been working here Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne +had not been + Fiil(ing)+ Nesne Subject +had not been+Verb(ing)+ Object I had not been working here. She had not been working here. Soru Cmlesi (?+) Had + zne + been + Fiil(ing)+ Nesne Had +Subject + been+Verb(ing)+Object+TimeExpression Had You been working here? Had He been working here? Had She been working here? Had It been working here?

WH- Questions

How long had you been working there before you were fired?
I had been working there for 9 years. I had been working there since 1995. .

Can Kullanm Fiziksel ve zihinsel olarak yaplabilen eylemler iin, zin vermek ve almak iin, Olumlu Cmlede I can be a good student You can be a careful waiter He can swim well She can speak English fluently. It can be fine We can visit them, we have got enough time. They can be at home Olumsuz Cmle I cant be a good worker You cant be a careful worker He cant swim well She cant speak German fluently. It cant work We cant visit them They cant be at home Soru Cmlesi Can I be a good worker? Can You be a careful worker? Can He swim well ? Can She speak German fluently? Can It work? Can We visit them? Can They be at home now?

Wh ile What can we do now? We can try again. Where can it go? I dont know, it can go everywhere. How can I help you? I dont know, you must find a solution. Why cant you be here on time? Because the bus is very late.

Going to Future tense (Past) Kullanm Aldmz ve yapacak olduumuz ama yapmadmz gelecekle ilgili kararlarmzda kullanlr. Kesin yaplacak olan ama yaplmayan gelecekle ilgili niyetlerde. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +was were going to+ FiiI+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +was, were going to+Verb+ Object + Time Expression I was going to phone her tommorrow. You were going to come here tommorrow We were going to visit them tommorrow They were going to buy a new car tommorrow He was going to sell his PC tommorrow She was going to tell me tommorrow It was going to write this paper tommorrow I was gonna do my homework.

WH- Questions What were you gonna do? I was gonna study English . Where were you gonna go ? I was gonna go to Mugla City . Whom were you gonna phone? I was gonna phone my mother. Who was gonna run? Murat was gonna run. How was she gonna come here? She was gonna come by plane.

Going to Future tense Kullanm Aldmz ve yapacamz gelecekle ilgili kararlarmzda kullanlr. Kesin yaplacak gelecekle ilgili niyetlerde. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +am,is are going to+ FiiI+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +am,is,are going to+Verb+ Object + Time Expression I am going to work hard tomorrow. You are going to go there next week. We are going to play basketball at the weekend. They are going to paint their house this afternoon. He is going to do his homework tomorrow She is going to work housework tomorrow It is going to print the documents Im gonna work hard tomorrow. Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne +am,is are not going to+ FiiI+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject +am,is,are not going to+Verb+ Object + Time Expression I am not going to work tomorrow. You are not going to go there next week We are not going to play basketball at the weekend. They are not going to paint their house this afternoon. He is not going to do his homework tomorrow She is not going to work tomorrow It is not going to print the documents I aint gonna help im. Soru Cmlesi (?) am,is are +zne + going to + FiiI+ Nesne + Zaman fadesi am,is,are + Subject + going to +Verb+ Object + Time Expression Am I going to work tomorrow ? Are You going to work tomorrow ? Are We going to work tomorrow ? Are They going to work tomorrow ? Is He going to work tomorrow? Is She going to work tomorrow? Is It going to work tomorrow? Are you gonna work tomorrow? R U gonna work 2morrow? (SMS email chat) WH- Questions Whatre you gonna do now? Im gonna study English now. Where are you gonna go now? Im gonna go to Mugla City now. Who are you gonna phone? Im gonna phone my mother. Whos gonna run? Murats gonna run. Hows she gonna come here? Shes gonna come by bus.

The Simple Future Tense Kullanm Gelecekte yaplacak eylem iin, Bir ey teklif ederken Sz verirken n grde bulunurken, Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + will + Fiil + Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject + will + Verb + Object + Time Expression I will work 8 hours tomorrow. You will live in Ankara next year. Well work hard. They will drive more carefully. He will come to Marmaris next month. She will work with you, wont she? It will work Soru Cmlesi (?) Will + zne + + Fiil + Nesne + Zaman fadesi Will + Subject + + Verb + Object + Time Expression Will I work 8 hours tomorrow? Will You work in Ankara next year? Will We work hard? Will They work more carefully? Will He work in marmaris next month? Will She work with you? Will It work ? WH - Questions What will you do ? I will study English. Where will you go ? I will go to Mugla City Who will you visit? I visit my mother. Who will visit you? My penfriend will visit me. How will you go to work? I will go to work by bus. Zaman fadeleri Next year Next month Next week Next summer Next time Next Christmas Next century 2 years later 2 months later 2 weeks later 2 days later 2 hours later 2 minutes later 2 seconds later

Kullanm When As soon as After Before Until

simple present

When he finishes his work

Simple Future

We will go to the party.

The Future Continuous Tense Kullanm Gelecekte yapl yor olacak eylem iin, Gelecekte olan bir olay esnasnda devam ediyor olan baka bir olay aktarrken kullanlr. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + will be + Fiil(ing) + Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject + will be + Verb(ing) + Object + Time Expression I will be working when you come. You will be working after he comes. We will be working until he comes. They will be working before he comes. He will be working until she comes. She will be working when he comes. It will be printing while I was typing.

WH - Questions What will you be doing? Ill be studying English. Where will you be going ? Ill be going to Mugla City Who will you be visiting? Ill be visiting my mother. Who will be visiting you? My penfriend will be visiting me. How will you be going to work? Ill be going to work by bus.

The Future Continuous Tense Kullanm Gelecekte yapl yor olacak eylem iin, Gelecekte olan bir olay esnasnda devam ediyor olan baka bir olay aktarrken kullanlr. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + will be + Fiil(ing) + Nesne + Zaman fadesi Subject + will be + Verb(ing) + Object + Time Expression I will be working when you come. You will be working after he comes. We will be working until he comes. They will be working before he comes. He will be working until she comes. She will be working when he comes. It will be printing while I was typing.

WH - Questions What will you be doing? Ill be studying English. Where will you be going ? Ill be going to Mugla City Who will you be visiting? Ill be visiting my mother. Who will be visiting you? My penfriend will be visiting me. How will you be going to work? Ill be going to work by bus.

The future perfect Continuous tense

Olumlu Cmle (+) zne +will have been+ Fiil(ing)+ Nesne Subject +will have been +Verb(ing)+ Object By the end of this year, I will have been working here for 30 years.

Modal obligation Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + should Fiil + Nesne Subject + should Verb + Object I should work hard You should learn well We should come together They should drive faster He should tell us She should come with us It should work regularly Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne + shouldnt Fiil + Nesne Subject + shouldnt Verb + Object I shouldnt smoke You shouldnt tell We shouldnt go They shouldnt come He shouldnt eat much She shouldnt drink It shouldnt print Soru Cmlesi (?+) Should zne + Fiil + Nesne Should Subject + Verb + Object Should I study harder Should You explain better Should We come together Should They come with us Should He study German Should She study Turkish Should It work? Wh - Sorular

? ? ? ? ? ?

What should you do?

I should tell him everything.

Where should you go for the application?

I should go to Ankara for the application.

Whom should you phone?

I should phone Mr. Smith.

Who should work at Night Shift today?

Mr. Green should work.

How should he come here?

He should come fast.

Modals Ability The Past + I could speak English ngilizce konuabildim I could not speak English ngilizce konuabilemedim ? Could you speak English? ngilizce konuabilirmiydin Rica Could you please open the door? Kapy aabilirmiydiniz? The Past + I was able to speak English ngilizce konuabildim I was not able to speak English ngilizce konuamadm. Were you able to speak English ngilizce konuabildinmi? The Present I can speak English ngilizce konuabilirim I can not speak English ngilizce konuamam Can you speak English? ngilizce konuabilirmisin? Can you please open the door? Kapy aabilirmisiniz Ltf.? The Present I am able to speak English The Future

The Future I will be able to speak English ngilizce konuabilirim ngilizce konuabileceim I am not able to speak English I will not be able to speak English ngilizce konuamam. ngilizce konuamayacam Are you able to speak English Will you be able to speak English ngilizce konuabilirmisin? ngilizce konuabilcekmisin

Modal obligation Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + must Fiil + Nesne Subject + must Verb + Object I must work hard You must learn well We must come together They must drive faster He must tell us She must come with us It must work regularly Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne + mustnt Fiil + Nesne Subject + mustnt Verb + Object I mustnt smoke You mustnt smoke We mustnt smoke They mustnt smoke He mustnt smoke She mustnt smoke It mustnt smoke Soru Cmlesi (?+) Must zne + Fiil + Nesne Must Subject + Verb + Object Must I study harder ? Must You explain better ? Must We come together ? Must They come with us ? Must He study German ? Must She study Turkish ? Must It work? Wh - Sorular What must you do? I must tell him everything.

Where must you go for the application?

I must go to Ankara for the application.

Whom must you phone?

I must phone Mr. Smith.

Who must work at Night Shift today?

Mr. Green must work.

How must he come here?

He must come fast.

Modal obligation Kullanm Yapma zorunluluu olan eylemler iin kullanlr. Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + have/has to Fiil + Nesne Subject + have/has to Verb + Object I have to work better. You have to work carefully. We have to work together. They have to work for us. He has to work harder. She has to work efficiently. It has to work regularly. Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne dont / doesnt have to Fiil Nesne I dont have to work there. You dont have to go for me. We dont have to play with them. They dont have to come with us He doesnt have to work harder. She doesnt have to wait. It doesnt have to come. Soru Cmlesi (?+) Do / Does zne have to Fiil + Nesne Do I have to study German ? Do You have to study harder ? Do We have to study together? Do They have to study 10 hours now ? Does He have to study at the moment ? Does She have to study today ? Does It have to work ? Wh- sorular What do you have to do now? I have to have a look at your study. Where do you have to go? I have to go to city center. Whom do you have to visit ? I have to visit my parents. Who has to work with us? John has to work with us. Konuma ngilizcesi I have to go to New York. I have got to go to New York. Ive got to go to New York. I gotto go New York.

Had to zne+Had to +Verb I had to study German harder. You had to talk to them. He had to visit his mother. - - - - ---------------- ------ - I didnt have to study German harder. You didnt have to talk to them. He didnt have to visit his mother. ?????????????????????????? Did I have to study German harder? Did You have to talk to them? Did He have to visit his mother? I gotto visit er. ( I have got to visit her- I have to visit) will have to zne+will have to+Verb I will have to learn German. Ill have to learn German. You will have to talk to them. He will have to visit his mother. - - - - ---------------- ------ - I will not have to study German. You wont have to talk to them. He wont have to visit his mother. ?????????????????????????? Will I have to study harder? Will You have to talk to them? Will He have to visit his mother?

Would rather

Olumlu Cmle (+) zne Would rather Fiil + Nesne Subject Would rather Verb + Object I would rather stay at home today We would rather stay at home today He would rather stay at home today

Olumsuz Cmle (-) zne Would rather not Fiil + Nesne Subject Would rather not Verb + Object Would rather not stay at home today I We Would rather not stay at home today He Would rather not stay at home today

Soru Cmlesi (?+) Would zne rather Fiil + Nesne ? Would Subject rather Verb + Object ? Would you rather stay at home today? Would We rather stay at home today ? Would He rather stay at home today ?

WH- Questions What would you rather do today? I would rather study English.

What

would you rather have ? I would rather have a cola, please.

Where would you rather go for summer holiday?

I would rather go to Hawaii.

-ARDI, -ERD KP KULLANIMI Yap The Simple Past ta olduu gibidir. GEMTEK BR ALIKANLII GEMTE DZENLCE YAPILAN BR EYLEM ANLATIRKEN KULLANILIR. OLUMLU CMLE + ZNE+FL(2)+NESNE I used to go to school by bus. They used to play football when they were students. He used to have good grades at school. She used to help her mother for housework.

USED TO

Wh - Questions Where did you use to play when you were a player? I used to play in Istanbul What time did you use to get up when you were a student? I used to get up at 7 A.M.

Quetion Tags KULLANIMI Soru ekleri bir cmlenin onayn dinleyenden almak iin yaplr. Cmle olumlu ise, eki olumsuz olur ama dinleyen den beklenen cevap ise olumlu onaydr. Cmle olumsuz ise, eki olumlu olur ama dinleyen den beklenen cevap ise olumsuz onaydr. rnekler 1 I am ill, arent I? Yes you are You were at home, werent you? Yes I was He will be with us, wont he? Yes he will She can speak English, cant she? Yes, she can We must help him, mustnt we? Yes, we must They should be careful, shouldnt they? Yes, they should rnekler 2
I am speaking English well, arent I? You were playing tennis, werent you? He will come to Marmaris, wont he? She spoke English well, didnt she? We have helped him, havent we?

Yes you are Yes I was Yes he will Yes, she did Yes, we have No, you arent No I wasnt No he wont No, she cant No, we mustnt No, they shouldnt

rnekler 3 I am not ill, am I? You werent at home, were you? He wont be with us, will he? She cant speak English, can she? We mustnt help him, must we?
They shouldnt smoke, should they?

Neither So KULLANIMI katlamadmz belirtiriz. Olumsuz katlm Neither ile beraber olur, olumlu katlm ise So ile yaplr. rnekler -olumlu ekilde I am ill. So am I You were at home. So I was He will be a doctor. So will she She can speak English, So can I rnekler 2 I am not ill, Neither am I You werent at home, Nether was he He wont be with us, Nether will she She cant speak English, Nether can he We mustnt help him, Neither must he They shouldnt smoke, Neither should we

Neither ve So cmlenin yardmc fiili ile kullanlr ve gre veya duruma katlp

Passive Voice KULLANIMI Pasif (Edilgen) cmle, eylemi yapan belli olmad veya nemli olmad zaman kullanlr. Pasif cmleler gemi, imdi ve gelecek cmle gruplar iin 9 adettir. Ayrca Modals pasif cmlelerde vardr. The Simple Present-Geni Zaman Aktif Cmle Olumlu Cmle I clean the room Olumsuz Cmle I dont clean the room. Soru Cmlesi Do you clean the room The Simple Past-U. Gemi Zaman Aktif Cmle Olumlu Cmle I cleaned the room. Olumsuz Cmle I didnt clean the room. Soru Cmlesi did you clean the room? The Simple Future- B. Gelecek Zaman Aktif Cmle Olumlu Cmle I will clean the room. Olumsuz Cmle I wont clean the room. Soru Cmlesi Will you clean the room? The Present Continuous- yor kipi Aktif Cmle Olumlu Cmle I am cleaning the room. Olumsuz Cmle I am not cleaning the room. Soru Cmlesi Are you cleaning the room? The Past Continuous- yordu kipi Aktif Cmle Olumlu Cmle I was cleaning the room. Olumsuz Cmle I wasnt cleaning the room. Soru Cmlesi Were you cleaning the room? Pasif Cmle Olumlu Cmle The room is cleaned Olumsuz Cmle The room isnt cleaned. Soru Cmlesi Is The room cleaned? Pasif Cmle Olumlu Cmle The room was cleaned. Olumsuz Cmle The room wasnt cleaned. Soru Cmlesi Was The room cleaned? Pasif Cmle Olumlu Cmle The room will be cleaned. Olumsuz Cmle The room wont be cleaned. Soru Cmlesi Will The room be cleaned? Pasif Cmle Olumlu Cmle The room is being cleaned. Olumsuz Cmle The room isnt being cleaned. Soru Cmlesi Is The room being cleaned? Pasif Cmle Olumlu Cmle The room was being cleaned. Olumsuz Cmle The room wasnt being cleaned. Soru Cmlesi Was The room being cleaned?

The Future Continuous- yor olacak kipi Aktif Cmle Pasif Cmle Olumlu Cmle Olumlu Cmle I will be cleaning the room. The room will be being cleaned. Olumsuz Cmle I wont be cleaning the room. Soru Cmlesi Will you be cleaning the room? The Present Perfect- Y. Gemi Aktif I have written the letter. I havent written the letter. Have you written the letter? The Past Perfect-Miti kipi Aktif I had written the letter. I hadnt written the letter. Had you written the letter? The Future Perfect Tense Aktif I will have written the letter. I wont have written the letter. Will you have written the letter? Pasif The letter had been written. The letter hadnt been written. Had The letter been written? Pasif The letter will have been written. The letter wont have been written. Will The letter have been written? Modals Pasif The room can be painted in 2 hours. The room must be painted in 2 hours. The room should be painted in 2 hours. The room has to be painted in 2 hours. Olumsuz Cmle The room wont be being cleaned. Soru Cmlesi Will The room be being cleaned? Pasif The letter has been written. The letter hasnt been written. Has The letter been written?

Aktif I can paint the room in 2 hours. I must paint the room in 2 hours. I should paint the room in 2 hours. I have to paint the room in 2 hours.

Causative-Ettirgen Yap KULLANIMI Bu yapda eylemi konuan kii deil onun yerine bakas yapar, yani konuan eylemi yaptrtr. Get/ have something done I have my car washed every week. I get my car washed every week. I had my room cleaned. I got my room cleaned. I will have my car repaired tomorrow. Ill get my car repaired tomorrow. Have somebody do something Get somebody to do something I have the boy wash my car every week. I get the boy to wash my car every week. I had him clean my room I got him to clean my room I will have the mechanic repair my car tomorrow. Ill get the mechanic to repair my car tomorrow.

1. Baz filler gerund alr; Appreciate: takdir etm. Avoid: kanmak, Cant help: kendini tutamamak Cant stand: tahamml edememek, Dislike: dont like Enjoy: like Continue: to go on Finish: to end Give up: vaz gemek, Imagine : gznde canlanmak, Look forward to: can atmak, Mind: aldrmak, dikkat etm. Object to: kar kmak, itiraz etm. Practise: pratik yapmak Suggest: nermek, salk vermek, To be / get Used to: alkn olmak rnek Cmleler: Our neighbour avoids playing music after midnight. I couldn't help my laughing when I saw his jacket He had gave up smoking but he started smoking again. She looks forward to going to University. I am used to studying hard. 2. Baz filler infinitive alr; Afford: gc yetmek, karlama Appear: grnmek, Arrange: ayarlamak, Decide: karar vermek, Hope: ummak, Intend: niyet etm, Learn: renme, Manage: idare etm, Hesitate: tereddt etm. Offer: teklif etm, sunmak Plan: planlamak, Prepare: hazrlama, Promise: sz vermek, Refuse: ret etmek, seem: (gibi) grnmek, Threaten: tehdit etm, They will go to Honolulu, they have got money, they can afford to go there. I decided to go to Izmir for a while. She leaned to speak German. We hesitated to believe in them. Ali intended to migrate to USA. John refused to help him. Jane threatened to kill him. 3. To be fiili ile edat sonras;

Afraid of: -den korkma Bad at: -de kt olma, Good at: - de iyi olmak, Keen on: - ye merakl olmak, Bored with: -den sklmak, Fed up with:- den bkkn olmk. Capable of: - e yatkn olmak, Fond of: - e baylmak, Tired of: - den yorulmak I am afraid of going home late, I am bad at speaking French. I am good at speaking English, I am bored with doing the same things everyday. I am fed up of helping him. 4. Fiil +edat+gerund; Think of: -yi dnmek Object to:-ye kar kmak Insist on: - de srar etm, Succeed in: - yi baarmak, Apologise for: -iin zr dilemek, Talk about:- den konumak. Complain about: - den ikayet etm. Feel like: - gibi hissetmek We think of going home early, I object to teaching French. They insist on speaking English, I complain about doing the same things everyday. We talk about helping him. 5.zne olarak Gerund ; Getting a good grade makes me happy. Playing Basketball is enjoyable. Watching a horror film makes me frightened. 6. Fiil +nesne+infinitive; allow: -ye izin vermek. advise: tavsiye etmek Invite: davet etmek force: zorlamak encourage: tevik etmek persuade: ikna etmek teach: retmek, tell: sylemek, anlatmak Warn: uyarmak,ikaz etmek, Forbid: yasaklamak, Remind: hatrlamak, Expect: ummak, We advised them to go home early,

I didnt allow Aye to teach French. They encouraged everybody to speak English, I told them not to do the same things everyday. We expected her to help Ali. 7. Kesin ifadelerle Gerund kullnm; t is no good: -e iyi deil dir. A waste of time/money: zaman / para hebas, It is no use: -de faydas yok Have difficulty: - de zorluu olmak, It is worth: -ye deer, There is no point:- de yarar yok It is no good inviting him here. It is a waste of time talking to him again. It is no use crying cos I wont forgive you. I have difficulty writing in English. It is worth going Ankara and buying the furniture from there. Gerund ve Infinitive ile kullnlan Fiiller Remember: hatrlamak Forget:Unutmak I remember sending the letter. I always remember to sent the letter. They forgot sending the letter. They forgot to send it.

The Relative Clauses KULLANIMI

Relative clause da kullanlanlar nsanlarda: who - whom- whoseEyada : which- that- whose (which of) Yer : where

Relative Clause bize hangi kii beya nesne hakknda konutuumuzu bildirir. Bir relative clause zne veya nesne olabilir.
that

rnekler zne olarak: The book was very intresting. I read it last night. The Book which I read last night was very intresting. Nesne Olarak: I read the book last night. It was very intresting. I read the book which was very intresting. who I know a man who has got 5 kids. That is the boy who can run faster than a rabbit. A man who has got 5 kids is mad. The boy who can run faster than a rabbit is my brother. Who (whom) I know the man who the policeman arrested. That is the boy who I saw in the garden. The man who the policeman arrested was mad. The boy who I saw in the garden was thief. which The chair which you are sitting isnt safe. The dress which I bought yesterday is on sale today. This is the book which John gave me yesterday. She ordered a meal which didnt cost much. whose That is the boy whose father left him a fortune. The police interviewed the family whose house was broken into. They didnt repair the chair whose leg was broken two days ago. The lamp on the wall is broken. The man in the street is ill. A police officer. My brother. rnekler The man who is waiting at the corner is my friend. The man who was waiting at the corner was my friend. The man who has been waiting at the corner is my friend. The man who will go to New York tomorrow is my friend. The girl who will go to New York tomorrow will be my new girl friend. The report which/that/ I sent you last week has a mistake. Did U C it? The report which/that/ I sent you last week had a mistake.

I will book in your account the two invoices that were sent by you. The two invoices that were sent by you will be booked by me in our account. The budget that we prepared is perfect The person who is off today is my assistant. The file that I brought with me from Spain is wrong file. The issue that you told me is not concerning with this matter. You are writing the sentences that I told you. You are the only woman that/who I love. You are the woman that/who I only love. There is a fire that is burning deep in my heart. You are a fire that is burning deep in my heart. I have not ever seen a woman like you. I cant carry this heart which/that is full of your love. The car that/which I bought last year has got a lot of problems The woman who you loved is a whore. The pimp who sold those women caught by the police, had been arrested but, has been set free today. The tea which/that/ I drank was unfresh. The things which/that/ you told me was not right. The meeting which/that/ I joined was not efficient. The people who have been working with me have got wonderful personality. One of them whos got three kids is perfect. One of the invoices that you sent me was wrong. All of the reports that send by you were not sufficient. The report that you requested is attached. Tomorrow, Im going to send the info that you want

The Reported speech KULLANIMI

Reported speech sylenileni iletirken kullanlr.

rnekler( dz cmle aktarm) Aye I like making cake Aye says that she likes making cake Aye We will be there on time Aye says that they will be there on time rnekler( onay cmlesi aktarm) Aye Do you like cake?

Aye asks if I like cake. Aye Will we be there on time? Aye asks if they will be there on time
rnekler( Wh soru cmlesi aktarm) Aye How are you?

Aye asks how I am Aye What time will we be there? Aye asks what time they will be there.
+ Emir Cmlesi aktarm Gloria help me please

Gloria tells me to help her. Gloria wants me to help her. Gloria requests me to help her. - Emir Cmlesi aktarm John Dont be late, please John tells me not to BE LATE. John advises me not to BE LATE. John requests me not to BE LATE.

Reported speach 2 Eer ana cmle S. past tens ise yan aktarlan cmle pastlatrlr (gemi zamn. eklinde evrilir). rnekler-1 Sara I work hard Sara said that she worked hard Sara Are you working ? Sara asked me if I was working rnekler-2 Sara where do you work?

Sara asked me where I worked.

rnekler 3 Modal Cmlelerde Aktarm Andy I can swim Andy said that he could swim. Ted I must help June Ted said that he had to help June. MODAL LARDA PASTLATIRMA CAN COULD MUST HAD TO HAVE TO HAD TO WILL ZAMAN VE YER ZARFLARI NOW TODAY YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY LAST WEEK / MONTH / YEAR WOULD

THEN THAT DAY THE DAY BEFORE TWO DAYS BEFORE

THE WEEK / MONTH / YEAR BEFORE A YEAR / MONTH / WEEK A YEAR / MONTH / WEEK AGO BEFORE TOMORROW NEXT WEEK/MONTH HERE THIS THESE THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY THE FOLLOWING WEEK/MONTH THERE THAT THOSE

I will go to Ankara tomorrow He said that he would go to Ankara the next day. I will be flying to New York

The Conditionals KULLANIMI Koul Cmlelerde ekil de kullanm vardr. 1- Mmkn olabilen, Bu ekilde ki kullanmda, if den sonra gelen zaman eidi present dr. Sonraki cmlede will, can, must veya emir cmlesi kullanlr. rnekler If he comes, I will give him a message. If I have a lot of money, I will take a tour of the world, If it rains, we cant play tennis. If you are ill, go to doctor. If you are ill, you must go to doctor. KULLANIM 2- gerek olmayan koulda, Bu ekilde ki kullanmda, if den sonra gelen zaman eidi past dr. Sonraki cmlede would, could, should,had to veya was, were l cmleler kullanlr. rnekler If he came, I would give him a message. If I had a lot of money, I would take tour of world, If it rained, we couldnt play tennis. If you were ill, you had to go to doctor. KULLANIM 3- Gemi - gerek olmayan koulda, Bu ekilde ki kullanmda, if den sonra gelen zaman eidi past perfect dir. Sonraki cmlede would have, could have, li cmlele kullanlr. rnekler - 3 If he had come, I would have given him a message. If I had had a lot of money, I would have taken a tour of world, If it had rained, we couldnt have played tennis. If you had been ill, you could have go to doctor.

ALTHOUGH-DESPITE-IN SPITE OF-HOWEVER KULLANIMI Although + tens However + tens Although she had no qualifications, she got the job. she had no qualifications, however she got the job.

Despite + isim, zamir veya gerund In spite of + isim, zamir veya gerund

In spite of the cold weather, I went swimming. Despite the mistahes he made, he got a good grade.

Despite the fact that + isim,zamir veya gerund In spite of the fact that + isim,zamir veya gerund In spite of the fact that the weather was cold, I went swimming. Despite the fact that he made mistakes, he got a good grade.

Noun Clouses 1.KULLANIMI That clauses: be the president in US. That Kerry will be the new president in US is believed by the American. Turks believe that they will be the most developed country in EU . That Turkey will be the most developed country in EU is believed in all The Europe . I think that a lot of new tourists from the Eastern Europe will come to Marmaris next year . That a lot of new tourists from the Eastern Europe will come to Marmaris next year is expected . 2.KULLANIMI If ( ve whether) ile:
I have no any idea if Kerry will be the president in US. It is not important if Kerry will be the president. Do you know if he will visit us today? Do you know whether he will visit us today? Whether the President will visit Turkey next week is not expected. Whether the price of the oil will go down till the end of this year is not known. Whether the profit of the company is high will be definite after the inventory that is I believe that Kerry will

in the end of

year. 3.KULLANIMI WH ile. I have no any idea who will be the president in US. Who will be the president in US is very important for Iraqi people. Where he has gone is not known. Do you know where he lives in ? What do you think of who shes been living with ? I don t care whos been living with her . Have you decided which one youre gonna buy ? No not yet. You dont know how I long to see her again .

I. KULLANIMI imdiki zamanla ilgili Wish li cmleler. Wish+zne+Simple Past I wish I knew his address. I wish I could drive. I wish he was/were coming with us. II. KULLANIM Gemi zamanla ilgili Wish li cmleler. Wish+zne+ Past Perfect I wish I had known his address. I wish I could have driven. I wish he had been coming with us.

First of all: Her eyden nce At first: kin, ilk nce, Firstly: Birinci olarak, birincisi, Secondly: kinci olarak, As for me: Bana gre, bence, According to Dous: Doua gre, Mostly: ounlukla, Moreover: stelik, By the way: Yeri gelmiken, On the otherhand: te yandan, Anyway: Her ne ise, As a result: Sonu olarak, As a result of this/that: Bunun/unun bir sonucu olarak In this Case: Bu durumda, In any case: Her durumda, Nowadays: Gnmzde, u gnlerde, Up to now: imdiye kadar, Now and then: Er yada ge, Naturally: Doal olarak, Understandably enough: Anlalaca zere, Nevertheless: Fakat yinede, Therefore: onun iin, Besides: Bunun yannda, So: dolays ile, bylece, bundan dolay, Otherwise: aksi takdirde, Even If: - se bile, Theres no reason for: - in Sebep yok,

There (To Be) leri Kullanm Gemi Zaman Simple Past vard- yoktu There Was/were There was a serious problem but we solved it. Were there many people at the meeting? Gemi Zaman Sreklilik Past Cont. -Bulunuyordu, There Was/were being During the time of Handrianus, there was being a door here. How many windows were there being? Uzak Gemi Zaman Past perfect var olmutu- yokmutu There had been a lot of customers here. If there had been a way for peace, he would have joined that process. If there had been a meeting, I would have informed you. Present Perfect form imdiki zamann gemii -Vard There has been a meeting today. There havent been many participants. Gelecek Zaman Simple Future (var)olacak - olmayacak Tomorrow, there will be a lot of customers here. Will there be a meeting at 3 oclock? Where will there be the meeting? Gelecek Zaman Sreklilik Future Cont. Bulunuyor (var)olacak At the Meeting Hall, There will be being CIA agents for the security of the President Bush. Will there be being any FBI agents as well? There wont be being any MIT authorities around of the President Bush. Gelecek Zaman da biti Sreklilik Future Perfect. Bulunmu olacak Till 2005, there will have been a solution for the participation of Turcoman Community into Iraqi Democracy. Modal Kullanm There may be a way for Peace. There can be a way for Peace. There could be a way for Peace. If the Presidents had been positive; there could have been a way for Peace. There should be some chairs in that room. Let you look there. There should have been some chairs there. I dont understand. There must be more money in the safe, did you do any payment? There must have been more money in the safe, had you done any payment? There has to be an answer for this. There had to be an answer for that.

When, While, as, until, as soon as, As long as What were you doing when I phoned you? I was studying English when you phoned me Where were you going when I saw you? I was going to Mugla City when you saw me. Who were you phoning while you were standing at the bus-stop? I was phoning my mother while I was standing at the bus-stop. Until what time did you study? I studied till 2 A.M As soon as you phoned, we went. They had written the report until we came. I learned German after I had learned English. I had finished my work before she came. Gelecek ve imdiki zaman kullanm When As soon as After simple Before present Until When he finishes his work Simple Future We will go to the party. As soon as you come, we will go there. We will wait until you come. They will play after we get there. They wont start before we get there.

To be Able to (The Simple Present) I am able to complete the work in the afternoon. You are able to finish the work in the afternoon. He is able to paint the walls till 3 PM. (The Present Cont.) I am able to be completing the work You are able to be finishing the work He is able to be painting the walls. (The Present Perfect) I have been able to complete the work in the afternoon. You have been able to finish the work in the afternoon. He has been able to paint the walls till 3 PM. To be Able to Passive (The Simple Present) The work is able to be completed in the afternoon.

Should be V ing Olumlu Cmle (+) zne + should be Fiil ing + Nesne Subject + should be Fiil ing + Object I should be working hard hard. You should be learning well. We should be thinking of this problem They should be going He should be teaching them. She should be sleeping now It should be printing regularly Should have been Olumlu Cmle zne + should have Fiil 3 + Nesne Subject + should have Fiil 3 + Object I should have worked hard. You should have learned well. We should have thought of this problem They should have gone He should have told them. She should have studied harder. It should have printed regularly. Must be verbing Olumlu Cmle zne + must be verbing + Nesne Subject + must be Verbing + Object I must be working hard You must be learn well We must be thinking of this matter. They must be coming here. He must be teaching now. She must be studying at the moment. It must be working regularly Must have Verb3 Olumlu Cmle zne + must have verb3 + Nesne Subject + must have verb3 + Object I must have worked hard You must have learned well We must have solved this matter. They must have come here. He must have explained today. She must have studied harder. It must have worked regularly

Passive Voice Aktif He may paint the room in 2 hours. They could have paited the room in 2 hours. I must have painted the room in 2 hours.

Pasif The room may be painted in 2 hours. The room could have been painted in 2 hours. The room must have been painted in 2 hours.

I should have painted the room in 2 hours. The room should have been painted in 2 hours. Aktif He is going to paint the room in 2 hours. He is gonna paint the room in 2 hours. They were gonna paint the room in 2 hours. Pasif The rooms gonna be painted in 2 hours. The room were gonna be painted in 2 hours.

I would have painted the room in 2 hours. The room would have been painted in 2 hours. I should have painted the room in 2 hours. The room should have been painted in 2 hours.

THE PAST GROUP The Simple Past(-di li gemi) I went to school yesterday. Dn okula git ti m. I didnt go to school yesterday. Okula dn git me di m Did you go to school yesterday? Dn okula git ti n mi? Didnt you go to school yesterday? Dn okula git me di n mi? The Past Continuous (-yor du ) I was going to school at 2 PM yesterday Dn saat 2 de okula gidi yordu m. I wasnt going to school at 2 PM yesterday. Dn saat 2 de okula gitmiyordum. Were You going to school at 2PM yesterday Dn saat 2 de okula gidi yor mu idin?
Werent You going to school at 2PM yesterday

ACTIVE TENSES THE PRESENT GROUP The Simple Present (-er li geni zaman) I go to school everyday Her gn okula gid er im. I dont go to school everyday Okula hergn gitmem. Do you go to school everyday? Okula hergn gidermisin? Dont you go to school everyday? Hergn okula git mez mi sin? The Present Continuous (-yor ) I am going to school now imdi okula gidi yor um. I am not going to school now. imdi okula gitmiyorum. Are You going to school now? imdi okula gidiyor musun?
Arent You going to school?

THE FUTURE GROUP The Simple Future (-ecek li gelecek zaman ) I will go to school tomorrow. Yarn okula gid ece im. I will not go to school tomorrow. Yarn okula gitmeyeceim. Will you go to school tomorrow? Yarn okula gidecekmisin? Wont you go to school tomorrow? Yarn okula gitmeyecekmisin? The Future Continuous (-yor olacak ) I will be going to school at 2 PM tomorrow Yarn 2 de okula gidi yor olaca m. I will not be going to school at 2 PM tomorrow Yarn saat 2 de okula gitmiyor olacam. Will You be going to school at 2 PM tomorrow Yarn saat 2 de okula gid iyor olacak m sn?
Wont you be going to school at 2 PM tomorrow

+ +? -?

+ +?
-?

Dn okula saat 2 de gitmiyor mu idin? The Past Perfect ( -miti li gemi )

I had finished my homework before You phoned

Okula gitmiyor musun ? The Present Perfect ( -di li gemi )

I have gone to school today.

Okula gitmiyor mu olacaksn ? The Future Perfect ( -mi olacak)

I will have got to Ankara tomorrow at 2 oclock.

devimi bitir miti m.

Bu gn okula git ti m.
I havent gone to school today.

Yarn 2 de Ankara ya var m olaca m. Ankaraya saat 2 de varmam olacm

+ +?
-?

I hadnt finished my homework before You phoned

devimi bitirmemitim ?

I wont have got to Ankara tomorrow at 2 oclock. Will you have got to Ankara tomorrow at 2 oclock.

Bu gn okula git me di m.
Have You gone to school today.

Had you finished your homework before I phoned

devini bitirmi mi idin ?

Bu gn okula git ti n mi?.

Havent You gone to school today.

Ankaraya saat 2 de varm olacak msn ? Ankaraya varmam m olacaksn ?

The Future Perfect Continuous (makta olacak) I will have been living in Marmaris Marmariste yaa makta olaca m. I will not have been living in Marmaris. Marmaris te yaamamak ta olacam. Will you have been living in Marmaris? Marmariste yaamakta olacak m sn? Wont you have been living in Marmaris Marmariste yaamamakta olacak m sn?

Hadnt you finished your homework before I phoned

devini bitirmemi mi idin ?

Wont you have got to Ankara tomorrow at 2 oclock.

Bu gn okula git me di n mi?.

The Present Perfect Continuous (makta) I have been living in Marmaris Marmariste yaa makta ym. I havent been living in Marmaris Marmaris te yaamamak taym. Have You been living in Marmaris? Marmaris te yaamak tamsn?. Havent you been living in Marmaris? Marmaris te yaamamak tamsn?.

The Past Perfect Continuous (maktayd) I had been living in Marmaris Marmaris te yaa maktayd m. I had not been living in Marmaris Marmaris te yaamamak taydm. Had You been living in Marmaris? Marmaris te yaamak ta mydm.? Hadnt you been living in Marmaris? Marmaris te yaama makta my dn?

+ +? -?