Index

2dFGRS, 253 Abelian algebra, 155 absolute luminosity, 9, 42, 45 absolute space, 6, 7, 30 absorption lines, 28, 138, 144 active galactic nuclei (AGN), 79, 265 adiabatic expansion, 92, 117, 239, 242 uctuations, 202, 219 ane connections, 48 age of the Universe, 17, 97, 104 Alpher, Ralph, 212 Andromeda nebula, 5, 12 angular diameterredshift relation, 108 angular size distance, 43 anisotropy quadrupole, 81, 218, 222, 224 sources of, 219 annihilation, 76 baryonanti-baryon, 178 electronpositron, 76, 123, 134 leptoquark boson, 181 monopoleanti-monopole, 191 pion, 132 WIMP, 250 Anthropic Principle, 185, 263 anthropocentric view, 2 anti-baryons, 124 anti-bias, 245 anti-gravitational force, 101 anti-leptons, 124 anti-neutrons, 124 anti-nucleons, 124 anti-protons, 122 asymptotic freedom, 162, 163 autocorrelation function mass, 233 temperature, 217

axino, 250 axion, 250 B-balls, 250 bar magnet, 166 baryon, 124, 140, 143, 159, 179, 201, 227, 239, 251 number, 124 density, 140, 178 baryonanti-baryon asymmetry, 178 baryon-to-photon ratio, 178 baryosynthesis, 178, 182 beauty quark, 160 Bekenstein, J., 76 BekensteinHawking formula, 76 beta decay, 141 bias, 245 Big Bang, 77, 94, 95, 97, 115, 188, 192, 204, 213, 259 nucleosynthesis, 139 Big Crunch, 95, 266 binary pulsar, 63 binding energy, 136 black hole, 5, 71, 73, 249 analogy, 260 candidates, 78 creation, 77 Kerr, 75 properties, 74 ReissnerNordstrm, 75 Schwarzschild, 100 singularity, 259 blackbody spectrum, 115 blue compact dwarf (BCD), 144 blueshift, 30 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 116 Boltzmann constant, 119 Bose, Satyendranath, 125 Bose distribution, 128

Introduction to Cosmology Third Edition by Matts Roos 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN 0 470 84909 6 (cased)

ISBN 0 470 84910 X (pbk)

272

Index Copernican principle, 3 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 2 cosmic censorship, 76, 266 scale factor, 13 strings, 190, 219 structures, 231 time, 37 cosmochronometers, 17 cosmological constant, 90, 91, 100, 227 decaying, 102 cosmological principle, 3, 7 Coulomb force, 113 coupling constants, 113 covariance principle, 45 covariant derivative, 47 vector, 46 CP violation, 165, 180 CPT symmetry, 165 critical density, 20 cross-section, 128 curvature parameter, 36 perturbations, 202 curved space-time, 30 cyclic models, 205 dark energy, 101, 193, 201, 204, 208, 227, 239, 252, 264 dark matter, 231, 241, 242 baryonic, 249 candidates, 248 cold, 250 hot, 252 warm, 252 de Sitter, Willem, 6 de Sitter cosmology, 99, 103, 195 metric, 99, 260, 261 deceleration, 89 parameter, 40, 82, 229 decoupling electron, 139, 229 neutrino, 135 degeneracy pressure, 15, 78, 126 degrees of freedom, 127 eective, 129 density uctuations, 232 parameters, 21, 91, 227

bosons, 125, 128 gauge, 154, 161 Higgs, 171 leptoquark, 176 scalar, 102, 168, 197 vector, 122, 125, 169, 176, 180, 191 bottom quark, 160 bottomtop scenario, 253 Bradley, James, 2 brane, 208, 263 Bright Cluster Galaxies (BCGs), 19 brightness apparent, 42 surface (SBF), 9, 16, 69 brown dwarfs, 249 CDM paradigm, 252 Cepheids, 44 Chandrasekhar mass, 15, 78 chaotic ination, 185, 196 charge conjugation, 165 operator, 156 space, 156 charged current, 131 charmed quark, 160 chemical potential, 128, 136 Chseaux, Jean-Philippe Loys de, 9 classical mechanics, 19, 166, 232 closed gravitational system, 8, 22 CMB, 119, 211 polarization, 222 temperature, 212 COBE, 214, 216, 221 collapsed stars, 249 collisional dissipation, 239 colour, 161 force, 162 commutative algebra, 155 commutator, 155 comoving coordinates, 34 distance, 37 frame, 36 compactication scale, 263 Compton scattering, 122, 133, 222 wavelength, 177 conformal time, 38 contraction operation, 49 contravariant vector, 45

Index deuterium, 139 bottleneck, 141 photodisintegration, 140 deuteron, 139 diagonal matrices, 155 Dicke, Robert, 213 dipole anisotropy, 216 Dirac, Paul A. M., 190 discrete symmetries, 163 transformation, 163 distance ladder, 44 DMR, 216 domain walls, 190 Doppler peak, 221 redshift, 30 doublet representations, 154 down quark, 159 dust, 5, 9, 93, 249 dwarf spheroidal galaxies, 243 Eddington, Arthur S., 65 Ehrenfest, Paul, 263 eigenfunction, 164 eigenstates, 155 eigenvalue, 155 equations, 155 eigenvector, 164 Einstein, Albert, 4 Einstein Einsteins equations, 57 Einsteins law of energy, 46 Einsteins theory of gravitation, 54 ring, 67 tensor, 57 universe, 90, 100 Einsteinde Sitter universe, 89 electromagnetic interactions, 113, 124, 133, 138, 164 electron anti-neutrino, 124 family, 124 neutrino, 124 spin, 150 electroweak interactions, 122 symmetry breaking, 158, 169 endothermic, 139 energy conservation law, 92 energy eect, 42 energy-momentum conservation, 91 tensor, 56, 202 entropy conservation, 92 density, 215 equation of state, 92, 229 equilibrium theory, 137 equivalence principle, 49 Euclidean space, 30 Eulerian equations, 232 event horizon, 40 Evershed, John, 62 exothermic, 139 expansion rate, 132 time, 107 velocities, 12 extra dimensions, 263

273

falling photons, 52 false vacuum, 169, 194 family unication theories (FUTs), 176 Fermi, Enrico, 125 Fermi coupling, 133 distribution, 128 fermion, 125 number, 126 Feynman diagram, 123 ne-tuning problems, 264 Fingers of God, 245 FIRAS, 214 rst law of thermodynamics, 117 rst-order phase transition, 171 atness problem, 185, 192 avours, 124, 159 uid dynamics, 232 ux, 69, 127 Friedmann, Alexandr, 6 Friedmann Friedmanns equations, 88 FriedmannLematre cosmologies, 87 fundamental observer, 36 fundamental plane, 15 fusion reactions, 139 galaxy clusters, 234, 246, 253 counts, 109 formation, 242 groups, 3, 244 surveys, 253

274

Index helium, 18, 142 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 121 Herman, Robert, 212 Hermitian operator, 154 Herschel, William, 5 HertzsprungRussell relation, 43 hierarchical scenarios, 253 hierarchy problem, 174, 263 Higgs, Peter, 170 Higgs boson, 171 eld, 170 Higgsino, 250 higher symmetries, 163 homogeneity assumption, 3 horizon problem, 185, 187 HST, 14 Hubble, Edwin P., 5 Hubble constant, 14 ow, 12 Hubbles law, 12 parameter, 12 radius, 13 Space Telescope, 14, 45 time, 13 Hulse, R. A., 63 HydraCentaurus, 30, 41, 216, 256 hydrogen atom, 123 burning, 17, 43, 145 clouds, 144, 225, 240, 242 hypothesis testing, 106 ideal uid, 56 inertial frames, 7 inertial mass, 20, 49 ination, 192 chaotic, 185, 196 Guths scenario, 192 new, 195 old, 185 inaton eld, 104, 192, 202 infrared light, 43, 70, 254 interaction (see also gravitational) strong, 156 weak, 122 intergalactic medium, 145, 179 interstellar medium, 144, 179 IRAS, 254 isentropy, 117

Galilean equivalence principle, 50 Galilei, Galileo, 2 gamma-rays, 179 Gamow, Georg, 212 Gamow penetration factor, 142 gauge bosons, 154, 161 principle, 154 problem, 237 transformation, 237 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 33 Gaussian curvature, 33 Gell-Mann, Murray, 159 general covariance, 47, 54 General Relativity, 45, 62 geodesic, 30 Glashow, Sheldon, 158 globular clusters, 5, 18, 44, 80, 240 gluon, 161, 180 gold, 27 graceful exit, 194 grand unied theory (GUT), 158 phase transition, 189 potentials, 194 gravitating mass, 19, 49 gravitational birefringence, 54 lenses, 64 lensing, 64 potential, 55 radiation, 64 repulsion, 91 wave detection, 82 wave sources, 81 waves, 80 gravitons, 80 Great Attractor, 41, 256 group, 153 order, 154 Guth, Alan, 193 hadrons, 159 Halley, Edmund, 2 Hamiltonian operator, 151 Hawking, Stephen, 76 Hawking radiation, 77 temperature, 77 HDM, 252 Heisenbergs uncertainty relation, 196, 262 helicity, 164 states, 164

Index isocurvature uctuations, 202, 219 isospin, 157 symmetry, 157 isothermal, 202 isotropy assumption, 3 Jeans instability, 238 mass, 238 wavelength, 238 jupiters, 249 k-essence, 106 Kant, Immanuel, 4 kaon, 159 Kapteyn, Jacobus C., 244 Kepler, Johannes, 2 Kerr black holes, 75 kination, 203 KleinGordon equation, 102 Lagrange point, 50 Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 5 Landau damping, 251 LandauOppenheimerVolkov limit, 78 Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 4 Large Magellanic Cloud, 44 last scattering surface, 137, 229 Lederman, Leon, 160 left handed, 164 Legendre polynomials, 217 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 3 lens caustics, 71 convergence, 71 shear, 71 lensing strong, 66 weak, 65, 66 lepton, 124 number, 125 weak isospin, 157 leptoquark, 176 thermodynamics, 180 Le Verrier, Urban, 62 light cone, 27, 28 light, speed of, 13, 26, 54 lightlike separation, 28 Lindblad, Bertil, 6 Lindes Bubble Universe, 200 line element, 26 linear operators, 155

275

linear transformation, 26 lithium, 144 local galaxy group, 3, 30, 41, 216 local gauge transformation, 154 Local Supercluster (LSC), 3, 41, 216, 245 lookback time, 89 loops, 190 Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 26 Lorentz transformations, 25, 26 lowering operators, 153 luminosity, 9, 15 distance, 42 Lyman limit, 144 Lyman- forest, 226 Mach, Ernst, 6 Machs principle, 49 MACHO, 249 magnetic monopoles, 190 magnitude absolute, 42, 108 apparent, 42 magnituderedshift relation, 108 main-sequence stars, 43 manifold, 26 curved, 34, 259 higher-dimensional, 46 multiply connected, 263 mass density contrast, 233 mass-to-luminosity ratio, 246 Massive Compact Halo Object, 249 matter domination, 93, 118 Maxwell, James Clerk, 128 MaxwellBoltzmann distribution, 128 mean free path, 10 metals, 144 metric equation, 31 metric tensor, 31 metrics, 30 Michell, John, 5 microlensing, 69 Milky Way, 26, 14, 17, 19, 43, 44, 69, 79, 145, 179, 243, 264 Minkowski, Hermann, 28 Minkowski metric, 28 space-time, 31 multiply connected universes, 263 multipole analysis, 217, 224 muons, 124

276

Index perihelion, 62 Perl, Martin, 160 phase transformation, 153 phase transitions, 171 photino, 250 photon, 114 blackbody spectrum, 115, 213 diusion, 239 number density, 115, 215 reheating, 133 pion, 126, 130, 159, 165 Planck, Max, 53 Planck constant, 53 mass, 177 time, 177 Poissons equation, 55, 233 polarization, 116 anisotropies, 222 linear, 116 positron, 122 positronium, 123 power spectrum, 218, 226, 233 powers, 217 prepared states, 152 pressure of matter, 93 of radiation, 93, 232, 239 of vacuum, 93, 102 primeval asymmetry generation, 179 primeval phase transitions, 171 primordial hot plasma, 128 Proctor, Richard Anthony, 5 proper distance, 38, 40 proper time, 26 proto-neutron star, 78 proton, 122 PSPC, 247 Q-balls, 250 QED, 122 quadrupole anisotropy, 81, 218, 222, 224 quantum chromodynamics, 161 electrodynamics, 122 uctuations, 199 mechanics, 53, 114, 151, 260 quark, 159 matter, 172 quasar counts, 109 quintessence, 103, 202, 204

naked singularity, 76, 266 neutralino, 250 neutrino clouds, 253 families, 124, 130, 143, 157, 164 number density, 135, 215 oscillation, 125, 182 sterile, 252 temperature, 129, 135 neutron, 124 neutron star, 15 neutron-to-proton ratio, 139, 142 Newton, Isaac, 2 Newtons law of gravitation, 20 Newtonian constant, 20 cosmology, 6 mechanics, 19 non-Abelian algebra, 155 nuclear fusion, 139 nucleon, 124 isospin, 156 null separation, 28 object horizon, 39 observations, possible, 155 Olbers, Wilhelm, 9 Olbers Paradox, 9 Oort, Jan Hendrik, 6 open gravitational system, 8, 21 operator, linear, 155 optical depth, 226 our Galaxy (Milky Way), 26, 14, 17, 19, 43, 44, 69, 79, 145, 179, 243, 264 parallax distance, 42 parallel axiom, 33 parameter estimation, 106, 225 parity, 164 operator, 163 transformation, 163 Parker bound, 191 parsec, 7 particle horizon, 39, 186 Pauli, Wolfgang, 154 Pauli exclusion force, 126 matrices, 154 peculiar velocity, 14 Penrose, Roger, 76 Penzias, Arno, 212

Index R parity, 174 radiation domination, 93, 115, 118 energy density, 215 intensity, 215, 224 photon, 114 pressure, 93, 232, 239 radioactive nuclei, 17 radius of the Universe, 96, 198 raising operators, 153 rank, 46 re-ionization, 225 reaction cross-section, 127 rate, 127, 132, 133 recession velocities, 12 recombination era, 133, 136 radiation, 134 redshift, 138, 212 time, 138, 212 red giant, 14, 77 redshift, 28, 29, 40 cosmological, 13 distance, 42 ReissnerNordstrm black holes, 75 relativistic particles, 119 relativity general, 27 special, 25 relic 4 He abundance, 142 Ricci scalar, 49 tensor, 49 rich clusters, 246 Richter, Burt, 160 Riemann, Bernhard, 4 Riemann tensor, 48 Robertson, Howard, 36 RobertsonWalker metric, 36 ROSAT, 245, 247 rotational symmetry, 163 RR Lyrae, 44 SachsWolfe eect, 220 Saha equation, 137 Sakharov oscillations, 221 Salam, Abdus, 158 scalar elds, 102, 164, 168, 197 scalar spectral index, 202 scale factor, 28

277

Schwarzschild, Karl, 72 Schwarzschild black hole, 73 metric, 71, 73 radius, 72 second cosmic velocity, 8 second law of thermodynamics, 117 second-order phase transition, 171 Shapiro, I. I., 63 Shapley, Harlow, 5 Shen, Yang, 4 Silk, J., 239 Silk damping, 239 singlet representation, 162 slow-rolling conditions, 104 snowballs, 249 solar constant, 147 Solar System, 15, 18, 19, 30, 62, 179, 216, 244 solitons, 250 space parity, 163 space-time distance, 26 spacelike, 28 sparticles, 174 special relativity, 25 speed of light, 13, 26, 54 spin, 117 longitudinal state, 126 space, 150 state, 151, 155 transversal state, 126 vector, 151 spinor algebra, 151 spiral galaxies, 242 spontaneous symmetry breaking, 166 standard candle, 15, 44 standard model, 163 star formation, 17, 144, 242, 255 statistics, 106 Stefan, Josef, 116 StefanBoltzmann law, 116 Stokes parameters, 116, 223 strange mesons, 159 strange quark, 159 strangeness, 159 stressenergy tensor, 56, 102 structure formation, 237 time, 240 simulation, 254 size, 240

278

Index tritium, 140 triton, 140 TullyFisher relation, 15, 45 tunnelling, 194 turnover time, 95 two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS), 253 two-point correlation function, 235 unitary operator, 153 unitary transformations, 153 universe anti-de Sitter, 100 closed, 20, 95 contracting, 8, 13, 21, 95 cyclic, 207 de Sitter, 99, 100, 103, 195 Einstein, 90, 100 Einsteinde Sitter, 89, 108, 192 expanding, 8, 12, 21, 95 nite, 3 FriedmannLematre, 87, 91 HartleHawking, 262 inationary, 193 Newtonian, 19 open, 20 up quark, 159 vacuum energy, 91, 93, 100, 186, 193, 201 energy pressure, 93, 102 expectation value, 168, 193 vector bosons, 122, 125, 169, 176, 180, 191 virial equilibrium, 240 virtual particles, 76, 122 virtual photons, 122 viscous uid approximation, 232 von Helmholtz, Hermann, 121 Walker, Arthur, 36 wavenumber, 217 WDM, 252 weak charge, 158 weak eld limit, 55 weak hypercharge, 158 weak-isospin space, 157 weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), 250 Weinberg, Steven, 158 Weinberg angle, 171 Weyl, Hermann, 37 Wheeler, John A., 72

SU(2) symmetry, 156 SU(3) symmetry, 159 subconstituent models, 175 SunyaevZeldovich Eect (SZE), 225, 240 superclusters, 14, 41, 216, 245, 254 superluminal photons, 54 supernovae, 5, 14, 17, 78, 81, 108, 144, 228 superposition principle, 153 supersymmetry (SUSY), 174 surface-brightness uctuations (SBFs), 16 symmetry breaking electroweak, 158 GUT, 175 spontaneous, 166 tachyons, 54 Taylor, J. H., 63 technicolour forces, 175 temperature, 172 anisotropies, 216 critical, 172, 194 uctuations, 217 multipoles, 218 tensor, 30, 45 eld, 80 spectral index, 202 theory of everything (TOE), 158 thermal conductivity, 239 death, 121 equilibrium, 115 history of the Universe, 113, 146 thermodynamics rst law of, 117 second law of, 117 Thomson scattering, 133, 222 tidal eect, 50 time dilation, 26 direction of, 262 reversal, 165 timelike, 28 timescales, 228 Ting, Sam, 160 Tolman test, 45 top quark, 160 topbottom scenario, 253 topological defects, 190 tracking quintessence, 103 translational symmetry, 163 trigonometrical parallax, 42

Index white dwarfs, 14, 126 white hole, 97 Wilson, Robert, 213 WIMP, 250 wimpzillas, 250 WMAP, 19, 225 world line, 28 Wright, Thomas, 3 X-rays, 80, 240, 244, 247

279

Zeldovich, Yakov B., 226 Zino, 250 Zweig, George, 159 Zwicky, Fritz, 71