Chucks

A chuck is a specialized type of clamp used to hold an object,[1] usually an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylindrical object. It is most commonly used to hold a rotating tool (such as the drill bit in a power tool) or a rotating workpiece (such as the bar or blank in the headstock spindle of a lathe). Some chucks can also hold irregularly shaped objects (ones that lack radial symmetry). In some applications, the tool or workpiece being held by the chuck remains stationary while another tool or workpiece rotates (for example, a drill bit in the tailstock spindle of a lathe, or a round workpiece being milled by a milling cutter). Many chucks have jaws, which are dogs that are arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern (like the points of a star) to hold the tool or workpiece. Often the jaws will be tightened or loosened with the help of a chuck key, which is a wrench-like tool made for the purpose. Many jawed chucks, however, are of the keyless variety, and their tightening and loosening is by hand force alone. Keyless designs offer the convenience of quicker and easier chucking and unchucking, but have lower gripping force to hold the tool or workpiece, which is potentially more of a problem with cylindrical than, say, hexagonal shanks. Collet chucks, rather than having jaws, have collets, which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed. .

Collets
A collet (pron.: /klt/) is a holding devicespecifically, a subtype of chuckthat forms a collar around the object to be held and exerts a strong clamping force on the object when it is tightened, usually by means of a tapered outer collar. It may be used to hold a workpiece or a tool. A external collet is a sleeve with a (normally) cylindrical inner surface and a conical outer surface. The collet can be squeezed against a matching taper such that its inner surface contracts to a slightly smaller diameter, squeezing the tool or workpiece whose secure holding is desired. Most often this is achieved with a spring collet, made of spring steel, with one or more kerf cuts along its length to allow it to expand and contract. An alternative collet design is one that has several tapered steel blocks (essentially tapered gauge blocks) held in circular position (like the points of a star, or indeed the jaws of a jawed chuck) by a flexible binding medium (typically synthetic or naturalrubber). The Jacobs Rubber-Flex brand is a name that most machinists would recognize for this type of collet chuck system. Regardless of the collet design, the operating principle is the same: squeeze the collet against the tool or workpiece to be held, resulting in highstatic friction. Under correct conditions, it holds quite securely.

Boring head

WHEN FACED WITH A HOICE of method of creating a hole in a work piece, a machinist has three basic choices; bore one on the lathe, drill one on the milling machine or drill press or bore the hole on the milling machine by using a boring head.

Purchasing a boring head, to say nothing of the boring bars that fit into it, is an added expense and novices often wonder why such an investment is made when a hole can be created by simply using a standard drill. The greatest advantage of boring over drilling is that the hole will always come out in perfect alignment with the spindle. The drill on the other hand may wander. Additionally, many smaller machines will not except a large drill with a larger taper. Furthermore, a small milling machine will lack the horsepower necessary to drill holes over 3/8" in diameter. Using a boring head, holes up to 1-3/4" in diameter can be accurately bored on most machines.

Most common boring heads are made up of three components: the main body, the bar holder and the graduated micrometer screw also known as the dial screw. Boring heads are available in both imperial and metric sizes.

The body is usually threaded, allowing the use of the boring head on most machine tools. A

Adapters
adapters are ideal for drifting, tunneling & extension applications where high bending stresses are present, and adapters are used when the drilling space is limited and the total feed length is important. Boart Longyear offers both internal and external flushing options. Internal flushing uses a water tube that fits through the center of the drill and into an o-ring seal in the end of the shank to transfer flushing into the drill string. With external flushing, holes or a slot are required in the side of the shank adapter. These line up between seals inside the front head or water box of the rock drill when the shank is installed. Flushing medium is supplied directly to this device and is introduced into the drill string through the shank.

Drill Sleeve:
An adapter with an internal and external taper which spindle. fits tapered shank tools such as drills orreamers to adapt them to a larger size machine

Workpiece clamping devices

Rotary table A rotary table is a mechanical device on a drilling rig that provides clockwise (as viewed from above) rotational force to the drill string to facilitate the process of drilling a borehole. Rotary speed is the number of times the rotary table makes one full revolution in one minute (rpm). Most rotary tables are chain driven. These chains resemble very large bicycle chains. The

chains require constant oiling to prevent burning and seizing. Virtually all rotary tables are equipped with a rotary lock'.

Angle vise
Angular adjustment on base to allow operator to drill holes at an angle without tilting table

Drill Press Vise Used to hold round, square or odd-shaped rectangular pieces Clamp vise to table for stability

Drill jigs and fixture Used in production for drilling holes in large number of identical parts Eliminate need for laying out a hole location

The jigs and fixtures are the economical ways to produce a component in mass. So jigs

and fixtures are used and serve as one of the most important facility of mass production

system. These are special work holding and tool guiding device. Quality of the

performance of a process largely influenced by the quality of jigs and fixtures used for

this purpose. What makes a fixture unique is that each one is built to fit a particular part

or shape. The main purpose of a fixture is to locate and in the cases hold a workpiece

during an operation. A jig differs from a fixture in the sense that it guides the tool to its

correct position or towards its correct movement during an operation in addition to

locating and supporting the workpiece.

Lathe machine
A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sandi ng,knurling, dril ling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetryabout an axis of rotation. Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, Thermal spraying/ parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs. Lathes are widely used machine tools in the in the mechanical industries, factories, warehouses and manufacturing units. Lathes are generally applied to metal and woodworking units to shape or cut the workpiece with

symmetry on all axis. Lathe rotates the object around the spindle for machining the metal in desired form.

Types of Lathe
Based on the type of machining, different variants of lathe machines are used. Various types of lathes are available in the market based on the machine tool functionality and technology used in manufacturing the lathes.

Center Lathe
Center lathe machine with dual head moves towards the fixed positioned workpiece to hole at each end with center drill. This lathe is also known as popular engine lathe or bench lathe.

Toolroom Lathe
Toolroom lathe is used for toolroom machining for quality work that is bit costly than center lathe.

Turret Lathe
Turret lathe is used for repeated production of duplicate parts. Turret lathe perform multiple cutting execution with different cutters. Different turret lathe perform variety of lathe machining. Gang-tool Lathe Its a gang of tools set in a cross slide to index them in linear for each cutting cycle.

Multispindle Lathe
Multiple spindle execution in electronic controlled way for machining can be performed on this type of lathe. Single spindle execution is carried out through screw machine lathe is highly accurate lathe machine with high automization and efficiency

CNC Lathe
It is the most advanced featured and electronically controlled lathe machine for ease of operation with consistent and accurate output. The machine has inherent program for execution as well can be programmed at any point of

time for custom execution. It requires very low human intervenes during the operation. CNC lathe is completely automized with computer program and required skilled worker having the knowledge of computer operation to handle the machine.

Basic operation
Three Important Elements

Rotating Speed It expresses with the number of rotations (rpm) of the chuck of a lathe. When the rotating speed is high, processing speed becomes quick, and a processing surface is finely finished. However, since a little operation mistakes may lead to the serious accident, it is better to set low rotating speed at the first stage. Cutting Depth The cutting depth of the tool affects to the processing speed and the roughness of surface. When the cutting depth is big, the processing speed becomes quick, but the surface temperature becomes high, and it has rough surface. Moreover, a life of byte also becomes short. If you do not

know a suitable cutting depth, it is better to set to small value. Sending Speed (Feed) The sending speed of the tool also affects to the processing speed and the roughness of surface. When the sending speed is high, the processing speed becomes quick. When the sending speed is low, the surface is finished beautiful. There are 'manual sending' which turns and operates a handle, and 'automatic sending' which advances a byte automatically. A beginner must use the manual sending. Because serious accidents may be caused, such as touching the rotating chuck around the byte in automatic sending,.

DIAGRAM OF LATHE MACHINE

Explanation of the standard components of most lathes:

Bed: Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy rigid frame on which all the main components are mounted. Ways: Inner and outer guide rails that are precision machined parallel to assure accuracy of movement. Headstock: mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end. Using a chuck, it rotates the work. Gearbox: inside the headstock, providing multiple speeds with a geometric ratio by moving levers. Spindle: Hole through the headstock to which bar stock can be fed, which allows shafts that are up to 2 times the length between lathe centers to be worked on one end at a time. Chuck: 3-jaw (self centering) or 4-jaw (independent) to clamp part being machined. Chuck: allows the mounting of difficult workpieces that are not round, square or triangular.

 Tailstock: Fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide towards any position the headstock to fit the length of the work piece. An optional taper turning attachment would be mounted to it. Tailstock Quill: Has a Morse taper to hold a lathe center, drill bit or other tool. Carriage: Moves on the outer ways. Used for mounting and moving most the cutting tools. Cross Slide: Mounted on the traverse slide of the carriage, and uses a handwheel to feed tools into the workpiece. Tool Post: To mount tool holders in which the cutting bits are clamped. Compound Rest: Mounted to the cross slide, it pivots around the tool post. Apron: Attached to the front of the carriage, it has the mechanism and controls for moving the carriage and cross slide. Feed Rod: Has a keyway, with two reversing pinion gears, either of which can be meshed with the mating bevel gear to forward or reverse the carriage using a clutch. Lead Screw: For cutting threads. Split Nut: When closed around the lead screw, the carriage is driven along by direct drive without using a clutch. Quick Change Gearbox: Controls the movement of the carriage using levers. Steady Rest: Clamped to the lathe ways, it uses adjustable fingers to contact the workpiece and align it. Can be used in place of tailstock or in the middle to support long or unstable parts being machined. Follow Rest: Bolted to the lathe carriage, it uses adjustable fingers to bear against the workpiece opposite the cutting tool to prevent deflection.

USES OF LATH MACHINE

When a workpiece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be "between centers". When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and more force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break loose. When a workpiece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to be "face work". When a workpiece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the workpiece rip free. Thus, most work must be done axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but gently. When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis turning".