Architecture Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor

8085 (Microprocessor)
1, It is an 8-bit microprocessor. It can accept or provide 8 bit data simultaneously. 2. It has 8 bit ALU that can perform 8 bit operations. 3. It is based on NMOS technology. 4. It provides 16 address lines, hence it can access 216 = 64 Kb of memory. 5. It generates 8 bit I/O address; hence it can access 28 = 256 I/O ports. 6. It has 8-bit internal data bus and registers. 7. It provides 5 level interrupts. 8. It provides two serial i/O lines. 9. 8085 was the first processor that required only single +5V power Supply. 10. It has an on-chip clock generator
This is the functional block diagram of the 8085 Microprocessor.

Acumulator:-It is a 8-bit register which is used to perform airthmetical and logical operation. It stores the output of any operation. It also works as registers for i/o accesses. It is used for temporary storage of 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic operations like addition,subtraction,multiplication,division or logical operations like AND,OR,XOR etc.The result of operation is stored in accumulator. Register Section : Register contains a set of. binary storage cells/flip flops with facilities of read and write. It. is used for temporary storage of instructions also used for data and address. Hence, the number of bits in a register is equal to data or address depending on the application.

Architecture of 8085 consists of following registers (a) Temporary data register (b) Instruction registers (c) 16-bit stack pointer (d) Flag register (e) Temporary registers W and Z (f) 8-bit accumulator (g) Six general purpose registers (B, C, D, E, H and L) (h) 16-bit program counter. Temporary Register:-It is a 8-bit register which is used to hold the data on which the acumulator is computing operation. It is also called as operand register because it provides operands to ALU. Temporary Registers (W and Z) : These registers are used by control section to hold the data during an arithmetic or logical operation. It is hold 8 bit data. These register are not available to user. They are internally used by the microprocessor. e.g.: (a) XCHG (exchange) (b) XTHL (exchange top of stack with registers H and L). Registers:-These are general purposes registers. Microprocessor consists 6 general purpose registers of 8-bit each named as B,C,D,E,H and L. Generally theses registers are not used for storing the data permanently. It carries the 8bits data. These are used only during the execution of the instructions. These registers can also be used to carry the 16 bits data by making the pair of 2 registers. The valid register pairs available are BC, DE, HL. We can not use other pairs except BC,DEand HL. These registers are programmed by user.

Flag Registers:-It consists of 5 flip flop which changes its status according to the result stored in an accumulator. It is also known as status registers. It is connected to the ALU. There are five flip-flops in the flag register are as follows: 1.Sign(S) 2.zero(z) 3.Auxiliary carry(AC) 4.Parity(P) 5.Carry(C) The bit position of the flip flop in flag register is:

All of the three flip flop set and reset according to the stored result in the accumulator. 1.Sign- If D7 of the result is 1 then sign flag is set otherwise reset. As we know that a number on the D7 always desides the sign of the number. if D7 is 1: the number is negative. if D7 is 0: the number is positive. 2.Zeros(Z)-If the result stored in an accumulator is zero then this flip flop is set otherwise it is reset. 3.Auxiliary carry(AC)-If any carry goes from D3 to D4 in the output then it is set otherwise it is reset. 4.Parity(P)-If the no of 1's is even in the output stored in the accumulator then it is set otherwise it is reset for the odd. 5.Carry(C)-If the result stored in an accumulator generates a carry in its final output then it is set otherwise it is reset. Instruction registers(IR):-It is a 8-bit register. An instruction fetched from memory is temporarily stored in Instruction Register before decoding. So after fetching instruction from memory, microprocessor stores it in the instruction register and after this it is decoded. 1. The register is not accessible to user. 2. Instruction register holds the opcode of instruction that is decoded and executed. 3. This opcode is sent for instruction decoder to select one of 256 alternatives. Instruction Decoder:- Instruction decoder takes bits stored in the instruction register and decodes it and tells to CPU what it need to do for it and enable the components for the operation. Simply, instruction decoder is like a dictionary. It tells the meaning of the instruction. Program Counter:-It is a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It stores the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. So we can say that this register is used to sequencing the program. Generally the memory have 16 bit addresses so that it has 16 bit memory. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is
incremented by one to point to the next memory location The program counter is set to 0000H.

1. Used for holding the address of program memory. 2. In reset condition, the program counter is set to 000H, means that the address of first instruction to be fetched and executed. 3. The size of program counter depends upon the number of address bits. 4. In case of JUMP and call instructions, the address followed by JUMP and call instructions is placed in program counter. If the condition is satisfied then 8085 fetches the next instruction from the new adiress specified by JUMP or call instructions. 5. During instruction fetch operation, the contents of program counter on the address bus and it fetches first byte of instruction from memory location.
Stack Pointer:-It is also a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It points to the memory location called stack. Generally stack is a reserved portion of memory where information can be stores or taken back together.

Stack Pointer: 1. It is portion of memory where information can be stored or taken back. This memory area is known as stack area. 2. It is 16-bit register used for defining the stack starting address. 3. Used to keep track of data store don stack. 4. It is loaded with an initial value by means of transfer type instruction.
ALU:-Functions

of ALU:

(a) It performs arithmetic operations like ; addition, subtraction, increment, multiplication etc.

(b) It performs logical operations like ; AND ing, OR ing, X-OR ing, NOT etc. (c) it accepts operands from accumulator and temporary register. (d) It store the result in accumulator or temporary register. (e) It provides states of result to the flag register. (f) It looks after the branching decisions. Timing and Control Unit:-It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to perform the various operation.It has three control signal. It controls all external and internal circuits. It operates with reference to clock signal.It synchronizes all the data transfers. There are three control signal: 1.ALE-Airthmetic Latch Enable, It provides control signal to synchronize the components of microprocessor. 2.RD- This is active low used for reading operation. 3.WR-This is active low used for writing operation. There are three status signal used in microprocessor S0, S1 and IO/M. It changes its status according the provided input to these pins.

Serial Input Output Control-There are two pins in this unit. This unit is used for serial data communication. Interrupt Unit-Interrupt is a mechanism by which an I/O or an instruction can suspend the normal execution of processor and get itself serviced. Generally, a particular task is assigned to that interrupt signal. In the microprocessor based system the interrupts are used for data transfer between the peripheral devices and the microprocessor. The processor will check the interrupts always at the 2nd T-state of last machine cycle There are 6 interrupt pins in this unit. Generally an external hardware is connected to these pins. These pins provide interrupt signal sent by external hardware to microprocessor and microprocessor sends acknowledgement for receiving the interrupt signal. Generally INTA is used for acknowledgement. .