Experiment

Object:
To Design and simulate OP-Amp integrator.

Software Used:
Tina Industrial Version 8.0

Theory:
An integrator is a circuit that performs mathematical operation called integration is a process of continuous addition .The most popular application of integrator is to produce a ramp as output voltage, which is linearly increasing & decreasing voltage. The circuit shown is through capacitor C instead of resistor RF. If the input voltage is a step voltage then the output will be ramp or linearly changing voltage. If the input voltage is a square wave, the output voltage will be triangular wave. If the input voltage is sinusoidal one the output will be cosine. Integrator is widely used in ramp or sweep generator, filters, analog computer etc.

Circuit Diagram And Waveforms:

Integrator Circuit

1.00

Vin

-1.00 20.00

Vout

-10.00 0.00 10.00m 20.00m 30.00m Time (s) 40.00m 50.00m

Integrator Waveform

Procedure:
1. Select OPAMP from component bar. This OPAMP is basically five terminals. 2. Select basic from component bar. a. Click on voltage generator icon. b. Right Click & set signal to square wave. c. Now Select resistance from component bar. d. Connect it with voltage generator. e. Connect voltage generator with resistance connected at the inverting terminal of OPAMP. 3. Now, select a ground icon & place it below voltage generator. Select capacitance from component bar. It acts as a feedback to the input at inverting terminal of Op-Amp. 4. Select a battery and its negative terminal, connected with positive bias supply terminal of Op-Amp. 5. Select another battery & positive terminal is connected with the negative bias supply terminal of Op-Amp. 6. Set the DC voltage of voltage generator VGI=0 volt &frequency 50 Hz. 7. Set the Amplitude =1 volt & rise fall time 1n. 8. Set the battery voltage V1=12 volt & V2=-12 volt 9. Select T from tool bar. Name the circuit as Schmitt Trigger. 10. Select view from tool bar. 11. Choose ERC (Electrical Rules Check). 12. Choosing transient Analysis & Setting end display=50m. Result: Op Amp integrator is successfully designed & simulated.

Experiment

Object:
To Design and simulate OP-Amp Differentiator.

Software Used:
Tina Industrial Version 8.0

Theory:
Differentiator function is providing an output voltage proportional to the rate of change of input voltage.it is an inverse mathematical operation to that of integrator. The Differentiator can be obtained by connecting a capacitor at inverting input of Op-Amp and the feedback through Resistor. One common application of the Op-Amp Differentiator is to produce very narrow spikes. The advantage of an Op-Amp source Differentiator over simple R-C Differentiator is that the spikes produced come from a low impedance source which makes driving typical load resistance easier.

Circuit And Waveform:

2.00

Vin

-2.00 20.00

Vout

-20.00 0.00 10.00m 20.00m 30.00m Time (s) 40.00m 50.00m

Procedure:
1. Select OPAMP from component bar. This OPAMP is basically five terminals. 2. Select basic from component bar. a. Click on voltage generator icon. b. Right Click & set signal to square wave. c. Now Select resistance from component bar. d. Connect it with voltage generator. e. Connect voltage generator with resistance connected at the inverting terminal of OPAMP. 3. Now, select a ground icon & place it below voltage generator. Select Resistance from component bar. It acts as a feedback to the input at inverting terminal of Op-Amp. 4. Select a battery and its negative terminal, connected with positive bias supply terminal of Op-Amp. 5. Select another battery & positive terminal is connected with the negative bias supply terminal of Op-Amp. 6. Set the voltage of voltage generator VGI=0 volt &frequency 50 Hz. 7. Set the voltage of voltage generator VG2=4 volt &frequency 100 Hz. 8. Set the battery voltage V1=12 volt & V2=-12volt 9. Select T from tool bar. Name the circuit as Differentiator. 10. Select view from tool bar. 11. Choose ERC (Electrical Rules Check). 12. Choosing Transient Analysis & Setting end display=50m. Result: Differentiator is successfully designed & simulated.

Experiment 7
Object:

Design and Simulate Half Adder.

Software Used:
Tina v7

Theory:
A half adder is a circuit in which the circuit consists of two binary inputs and the two binary outputs. The input variable designates the augends and addend bit and the output variables produce the sum and carry. It is necessary to specify two output variables because the result may consist of two binary digits. The two inputs are X and Y where S for Sum and C for Carry to the output. Truth Table: X 0 0 1 1 Y 0 1 0 1 C 0 0 0 1 S 0 1 1 0

The Carry output is 0 unless both input are 1.The S output represents the least significant bit of the sum. The simplified Boolean Functions for the two outputs represents the least significant bit of the sum. The simplified sum of the products expressions are: S=X+Y C=XY

Procedure:
1. Select semiconductor from component bar. Select and drag it to schematic window. 2. Select basic from component bar. a. Now select Resistor from component bar connects it with the input terminal of Op-Amp. b. Click on voltage generator icon & connect it to the inverting terminal of Op-Amp. c. Press right mouse button and set signal to the square wave. d. Click on ground icon and connect it to the voltage generator. e. Select Capacitor from component bar and connect it as shown in the circuit. Click on the ground icon and connect it to the non-inverting terminal of Op-Amp. f. Select a battery and connect it to the positive terminal to the positive bias supply terminal of Op-Amp. g. Click on ground icon and connect it to the negative terminal of the battery. Select Meter from component bar. Choose voltage pin & connect it at the output pin of Op-Amp. Further voltage pin can be labeled as Vout. Select T from tool bar. Name the circuit as Op-Amp Integrator. Select View from tool bar. Choose ERC to verify the circuit. Choosing Transient Analysis and set END display=50m.

Result:
Half adder is successfully designed & simulated.

Experiment 8
Object:
To study Differential Amplifier.

Software Used:
Tina v7

Theory:
The Differential Amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltage signals.If V1 & V2 are the two input signals while Vo is the single ended output then,in an