A SYNOPSIS OF PROJECT REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY

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INTRODUCTION

In a National Highway-58 project, the engineer has to plan, design and construct either a network of new roads or road link. Once a highway is constructed, development takes along the adjoining land and subsequent changes in alignment in geometric standards become very difficult. A badly aligned highway is not only a source of potential traffic hazard, but also causes a considerable increase in transportation cost and strain on the drivers and the passengers. Therefore, proper investigation and planning are most important in a road project, keeping in view the present day needs as well as the future development of the region

NATIONAL HIGHWAY 58 PROJECT DEFINITIONS

In the contract the following words and expressions shall have the meanings here by assigned to them, except where the context otherwise requires:

(i) A BOLLARD is a short vertical post typically found where large ships docks. While originally it only meant a post used on a quick for mooring, the word now also describes a variety of structure to control or direct road traffic. The term may be related to bole, meaning the lower trunk of a tree. (ii) A BYEPASS is a road or highway that avoids or bypasses a built up area, town, or village, to let through traffic flow without interference from local traffic, to reduce congestion in the built up area, and to improve road safety. If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are built a bypass, converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as congested as the local streets it was intended to avoid. (iii) A CURB or KERB is the edge where a raised pavement/footpath, road median, or road shoulder meets an unraised street or other roadway. Typically made from concrete, asphalt, or long stones, the purpose is twofold: first as a gutter for proper drainage of the roadway, and second for safety, to keep motorist from driving into the shoulder, median, sidewalk, or pavement. (iv) EMPLOYERS means the person named as such in part II of these conditions and the legal successors in title to such person. But not any assignee of such person.

(V) CONTRACTOR means the person whose tender has been accepted by the employer and the legal successors in title to such person. But not any assignee of such person. Contract means the conditions, the specification, the drawings, the bill of quantity, the tender, the letter of acceptance; the contract agreement and such further documents as may be expressly incorporated in Letter of Acceptance or Contract Agreement. Specifications means the specification of the work included in the contract and any modification therefore or addition. Drawings means all drawings, calculations and technical information of a like nature provided by the Engineer to the contractor under the contract and all drawings, Calculations, Samples, Pattern, Models, Operations and maintenance, manuals and other technical information of a like nature submitted by the contractor and approved by the Engineer. Bill of Quantities means the priced and completed bill of quantities forming part of tender. Section means a part of the works specifically identified in the Contract as a section. Site means the places provided by the Employer where the works are to be executed and any other places as may be specifically designated in the Contract as forming part of the site. The contractor shall establish working Bench marks tied with the reference Bench Mark in the soon after taking possession of the site. The reference Bench Mark for the area shall be as indicated in the contract document of the values of the same shall be obtained by the Contractor from the Engineer. The working bench mark shall be at rate of 4 per km and also at or near all drainage structures, over bridges and under passes. The working Bench Mark/levels should be got approved from the Engineer. Check must be based on this Bench Mark once every month and adjustments, if any, got agreed with the Engineer and recorded. An up-to-date record of all Bench Mark

including approved adjustments, if any, shall be maintained by the contractor and also a copy supplied to the Engineer for his record. The lines and levels of formation, side slopes, drainage works, carriageways and shoulders shall be carefully set out and frequently checked, care being taken to ensure that correct gradients and cross sections are obtained everywhere. In order to facilitate the setting out of the works, the centreline of the highway must be accurately established by the contractor and approved by the engineer. It must then be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to the engineer, every 50m intervals in plain and rolling terrains and 20m intervals in highly terrain and in all curve point as directed by the engineer, with marker pegs and chainage boards sets in or near the fence line, and schedule of reference dimensions shall be prepared and supplied by the Contractor to the Engineer. These markers shall be maintained until the works reach finished formation levels are accepted by the Engineer. On construction reaching the formation level stage, the centre line again be set out by the contractor and when approved by the Engineer, shall be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer by markers pegs set at the outer limits of the formation. No marker pegs or markers shall be moved without the approval of the Engineer and and no earth work shall be commenced until the centre line has been referenced. The contractor will be the sole responsible party for safeguarding all survey monuments, bench marks, etc. The Engineer will provide the Contractor necessary for setting out of the centre line. All dimensions and levels shown on the drawing or mentioned in documents forming part of the or issued under the contract shall be verified by the Contractor on the site and he shall immediately inform the engineer of any apparent error in such dimensions. The Contractor shall in connection with the staking out of the canter line, survey the terrain along the road and shall submit the engineer for his approval, a profile along the road centre line and cross section at intervals as required by the Engineer. After obtaining approval of the engineer, work on earthwork can commence and the profile and cross section shall from the basis for measurements and payments. The work of setting out shall be deemed to be a part of general works preparatory to the execution of work and no separate payments shall be made for the same..

TEST ON SUB GRADE SOIL (I) GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION: Most of the method for the soil identification and classification are based on certain physical properties of the soil. The commonly used properties for the classification are the grain size distribution liquid limit and plasticity index. These properties have also been used in empirical design method for flexible pavement; and in deciding the suitable of sub grad soil. Grain size analysis also known as mechanical analysis of soil is the determination of the percent of individual grain size present in the sample. The results of the test are of great value in soil classification. In mechanical stabilization of soil and for designing soil aggregates mixture the result of gradation test are used .correlation have also made between the grain size distribution of soil and the general soil behavior as the sub grade material and the performance such as susceptibility to frost action, pumping of rigid pavement etc.also permeability characteristics, bearing capacity and some other properties, are approximately estimated based on grain size distribution of the soil. The soil is generally divided into four parts on the particle size. The fraction of the soil which is larger than 2.00 mm size is called gravel, between 2.00 mm and 0.06 mm is sand 0.002mm silt and that is smaller than 0.002 mm size is clay. Two type of sieves are available, one type with square perforation on plate to sieves course aggregate and gravel, the other type being mesh sieves made of woven wire mesh to sieves finer particle such fine aggregate and soil fraction consisting of sand silt and clay. However the sieves opening of the smallest mesh sieves commonly available is about 0.075 mm, which is commonly known as 200 mesh sieves therefore all soil particle consisting of silt and clay which are smaller than 0.06 mm size will pass through the fine mesh sieves with 0.075 mm opening. Therefore the grain size analysis of course fraction of soil is carried out using sieves the principle of sedimentation in water. The sieves analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a measured quantity of material through successively smaller sieves. The weight retain on each sieves. The weight retain on each sieve is expressed as a percentage of the total sample. The sediment principle has been used for finding the grain size distribution of fine fraction; two methods are commonly used pipette method and the hydrometer method. The grain size distribution of soil particle of size greater than 63 micron is determine by sieving the soil on set of sieves of decreasing sieve opening placed one below the other and separating out the different size ranges. APPARATUS: Various apparatus set of standard sieves of different sieves size, balance, and rubber covered pestle mortar, oven, riffle, sieves shaker. Procedure

For the fraction retained on 2.0 mm sieves. Sufficient quantity of dry soil retained on 2.0 mm sieves is weighed out. The quantity of sample taken may be increased when the maximum size of particle is higher. The sample separated into various fraction by sieving through the set of sieves of size100, 63, 20, 6, 4.75, and 2 mm is sieves. After initial sieves, material retained on each sieves carefully collected and weighed. For fraction passing 2.0 mm sieves and retained on 0.63 mm size. The required quantity of soil sample is taken by riffling or quartering method, dried in oven at 105 to 110 c and is subjected to dry sieves analysis using a set of sieves with sieves opening 2.0, 0.6, 0.425, 0.15, and 0.075 mm, pan lid. The material collected on the each sieves and on the pan are separately collected and weighed.

OBJECTIVES
my objective for this project is to understand and study planning, construction, lab testing and standards applied for making of Highway .

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY For this study I will study construction of national high which will include meeting with professional engineers and getting consultancy from experience engineers a) Secondary Sources Secondary source will play a vital role to play in this report. A good amount data has been collected from various published articles and reports found in magazines and journals. Another vital source has been the Internet and particularly the companies own website.

Scope of the Project

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. I.S. specification book on highway. 2. Highway material testing book by 3. S.K.Khanna, C.E.G Justo. 4. Organizations Laboratory. 5. Organizations Engineers.