Izzat Shbeeb CALCULATING THE DIFFERENT ISOTOPES PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment was to become familiar with

isotopes and understand important information about them. This includes things like how different isotopes vary in mass and learning how to calculate corresponding relative mass and experimental mass. HYPOTHESIS If asked to give the mass of a random piece of candy from you bad, what do you think the mass of the selected candy would be? PROCEDURE 1. Wait until the instructor hands you four bags of M&Ms, there should be 2 brown bags and 2 yellow ones. 2. Before opening the bags, grab a plate in order to keep all the pieces of candy from scattering and to help with organization. 3. After pouring out all the pieces of candy, separate the M&Ms by color and size. 4. After each color and size is in its own pile count the number in each pile and then record your data. 5. Next, multiply the number of small candies by its corresponding relative mass, located at the top of the instruction page, and do this for each color. 6. Repeat the step above except use the large M&Ms and be sure to use to corresponding relative mass of the large candy. 7. For each color add the product received for the large candies and the product received for the small candies. 8. Then divide the sum calculated in step 7 by the total amount of small and large candies. (This will be you experimental mass) 9. After repeating this for all the colors, be sure to collect data from all the rest of the class and place it onto the chart provided. DATA Green M&M 9 small pieces and 0 large pieces Physical properties include the being green, solid, and a hard outer shell. Blue M&M 4 small pieces and 4 large pieces Physical properties include being blue and a solid. Orange M&M 10 small pieces and 2 large pieces

Physical properties include being orange, solid, and having a fairly low combustibility. Yellow M&M 1 small piece and 2 large pieces Physical properties include being yellow, solid, and being composed of mainly chocolate. Red M&M 4 small pieces and 1 large piece Physical properties include being the color red, solid, and fairly hard. Brown M&M 4 small pieces and 5 large pieces Physical properties include being brown, and tasting sugary. CALCULATIONS Base formula: (# of small pieces x mass of small) + (# of large x mass of large) / Total # of pieces Green experimental mass: (9x1.72amu)+(0x4.59amu) / (9+0) = 1.72amu Blue experimental mass: (4x1.50amu)+(4x4.97amu) / (4+4) = 3.24amu Orange experimental mass: (10x1.74)+(2x5.48) / (10+2) = 2.63amu Yellow experimental mass: (1x1.57amu)+(2x4.89amu) / (1+2) = 3.78amu Red experimental mass: (4x1.32amu) + (1x 5.24amu) / (4+1) = 2.10amu Brown experimental mass: (4x1.57amu) + (5x3.63amu) / (4+5) = 2.71amu

ERROR ANALYSIS Possibility for error could have occurred many parts of this experiment. One of the most crucial errors that could have occurred would have been miscounting of the M&Ms maybe even mixing up the large and the small pieces when recording the data. Another error that might have occurred would have been computing the experimental mass incorrectly, or maybe even using the incorrect corresponding relative mass.

CONCLUSIONS

Color #1 # Small 9 14 6 7

Green # Large 0 2 2 2

Color #2

Blue

Color #3

Exp. # Small Mass 1.72amu 4 2.08amu 6 3.25amu 6 2.36amu 5

# Large 4 3 1 4

Exp. #Small Mass 3.24amu 10 2.66amu 6 2.00amu 8 3.04amu 10

Orange #Large Exp. Mass 2 2.63amu 3 6 3 2.99amu 3.34amu 2.60amu

Color #4 # Small 1 3 5 4

Yellow # Large 2 5 5 3

Color #5

RED

Color #6

BROWN Exp. Mass 2.71amu 1.57amu 1.91amu 1.57amu

Exp. # Small Mass 3.78amu 4 3.65amu 4 3.23amu 7 3.00amu 4

# Large 1 1 1 1

Exp. #Small Mass 2.10amu 4 2.10amu 2 1.81amu 5 2.10amu 6

#Large 5 0 1 0

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Green blue orange yellow red brown Amount of small pieces experimental mass

2. 3. Yes, the more large pieces of candies the color has the more the experimental mass increased. For example in the orange color there were 10 small and 2 large and the mass was 2.63 amu; however, in the blue where there was 4 large and 4 small the mass was 3.24amu. 4. Yes, throughout the whole class the experimental mass of each color relatively remained the same. For example look at the class data for the colors green, blue, and orange; their experimental mass all stay around 2amu , 2,75amu and 3amu respectively. Even when you look to the yellow, red, and brown its almost the same; they stay around 3.5amu, 2amu, and 2amu respectively. This happens because when the M&M factory produces the bags of candy, the amount of colors in each bag stays relatively the same. 5. For this example lets say that the 3/10 was the blue candy and the 7/10 was the green candy. So right off the bat we know that there are 1.5 million blue candies and 3.5 million green ones as well. The multiple 1.5 million by blues experimental mass (3.24) and then multiply 3.5 million by greens experimental mass (1.75). Add 4,860,000 and 6,125,000 to get 10,985,000, and then divide that by 5,000,000 to get the experimental mass of the 5,000,000 pieces of candy.

The hypothesis asked if to give the random mass of candy picked out of the bag what you pick. If asked to predict the mass of a piece of candy randomly selected form the bag, I would have to choose 1.74. I chose this because 1.74 is the mass of the small orange M&M and according to my data that is the candy that most frequent occurs (10/46). Look at the class data as well, except for one student the small orange M&Ms was the most frequently occurring candy.

Experimental Masses of colors Green Blue Orange 1.72 3.24 2.63 Amount of candy by size and color Green Blue Small 9 4 Large 0 4

Yellow 3.78

Red 2.10

Brown 2.71

Orange 10 2

Yellow 1 2

Red 4 1

Brown 4 5

This experiment taught us how to find experimental mass of an isotope or any substance in the universe, as well as, reinforce the concept that differing isotopes have different amus. In a real life situation, these concepts would be very handy for a chemist studying different isotopes. If this chemist was working with hundreds of elements and even thousands of different isotopes, it would be much easier for he or she to find the experimental mass instead counting out each individual particle.