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Homework 5 Solutions

1. This document provides solutions to problems from a homework assignment on mathematical foundations of electrical engineering. 2. For the first problem on phasor methods, it finds the solution to a differential equation using phasors and satisfies initial conditions. 3. The second major section solves 6 difference equation problems by finding the characteristic equations, homogeneous solutions, and particular solutions to satisfy initial conditions.

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212 views6 pages

Homework 5 Solutions

1. This document provides solutions to problems from a homework assignment on mathematical foundations of electrical engineering. 2. For the first problem on phasor methods, it finds the solution to a differential equation using phasors and satisfies initial conditions. 3. The second major section solves 6 difference equation problems by finding the characteristic equations, homogeneous solutions, and particular solutions to satisfy initial conditions.

Uploaded by

DCSAW
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions

18-202 HW 5, Fall 2013

Problem 1

18-202: Mathematical Foundations of Electrical Engineering, Fall 2013 Homework 5, due Monday, October 14

Phasor Method [30 Points]

Solution
(a) [10 Points] If we write the equation in the form ay + by + cy = d cos t + e sin t, we see that a = 1, b = c = 4, d = 12, e = 5, and = 3. Then, we know that y p = d je (c a 2 ) + jb 12 + 5j = (4 9) + 12j 12 + 5j = 5 + 12j (12 + 5j )(5 12j ) = (5 + 12j )(5 12j ) 60 144j 25j + 60 = 169 169j = 169 = j.

Then, yp = Re( yp ejt ) = Re(je3jt ) = Re(ej (3t/2) ) + sin 3t 2 2 = Re(sin(3t) j cos(3t)) = Re cos 3t = sin(3t). (b) [10 Points] We know that if we let yp = K cos(t) + M sin(t) then we will have the following equations: (c a 2 )K + bM = d bK + (c a 2 )M = e Substituting the appropriate values from above, we get 5K + 12M = 12 12K 5M = 5

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Solutions

18-202 HW 5, Fall 2013

Problem 2

We can then multiply the equations by 5 and 12 to get 25K + 60M = 60 144K 60M = 60 Then 169K = 0. Solving this and substituting, we get K = 0 and M = 1. Therefore, yp = sin(3t). (c) [10 Points] The characteristic equation is 2 + 4 + 4 = 0, which has the solution = 2. Since this is a double real root, y = k1 e2t + k2 te2t + sin(3t) Then, using the initial conditions, y (0) = k1 = 1 y (0) = 2k1 + k2 + 3 = 3 Solving this, we see that k1 = 1 and k2 = 2. Therefore, y (t) = e2t + 2te2t + sin(3t).

Dierence Equations [70 Points]


1. [10 Points] Our characteristic equation is r2 + 5r + 4 = 0, which has the solutions 1 and 4. Therefore, our solution is of the form y [n] = k1 (1)n + k2 (4)n . Using the initial conditions, we see that y [0] = k1 + k2 = 0 y [1] = k1 4k2 = 3 Solving this, we see that k1 = 1 and k2 = 1. Thus y [n] = (1)n (4)n . 2. [10 Points] Our characteristic equation is r2 9 = 0, which has the roots r = 3. Therefore, our solution is of the form y [n] = k1 3n + k2 (3)n . Using the initial conditions, we see that y [0] = k1 + k2 = 1 y [1] = 3k1 3k2 = 9 Solving this, we see that k1 = 2 and k2 = 1. Thus y [n] = 2(3)n (3)n . Page 2 of 6

Solutions

18-202 HW 5, Fall 2013

Problem 2

3. [10 Points] Our characteristic equation is r2 + 9 = 0, which has the roots r = 3j . Since 3j = 3e 2 jn = 3 cos 2 n + j sin 2 n , our solution is of the form y [n] = k1 (3j )n + k2 + (3j )n = 3n k1 cos n + j sin n + 3n k2 cos n + j sin n 2 2 2 2 = 3n (k1 + k2 ) cos n + j (k1 k2 ) sin n 2 2 n + c2 sin n . = 3n c1 cos 2 2 Using the initial conditions, we see that y [0] = c1 = 1 y [1] = 3c2 = 3 Therefore, c1 = 1 and c2 = 1. Then, y [n] = 3n cos n + sin n 2 2

4. [10 Points] Our characteristic equation is r2 6r + 9 = 0, which has the double root r = 3. Therefore, our solution is of the form y [n] = k1 3n + k2 n3n . Using the initial conditions, we see that y [0] = k1 = 1 y [1] = 3k1 + 3k2 = 9 Solving this, we see that k1 = 1 and k2 = 4. Thus y [n] = 3n 4n3n . 5. [10 Points] Our characteristic equation is r2 2r + 0.75 = 0, which can be factored as (r 0.5)(r 1.5) = 0. Then, our roots are 0.5 and 1.5. Therefore, our homogeneous solution is of the form yh [n] = k1 (0.5)n + k2 (1.5)n . To nd the particular solution, we set yp = an + b. Then, yp [n + 1] = an + a + b yp [n + 2] = an + 2a + b

Therefore, an + 2a + b 2(an + a + b) + 0.75(an + b) = (a 2a + 0.75a)n + (2a + b 2a 2b + 0.75b) = 0.25an 0.25b = n 2. Page 3 of 6

Solutions

18-202 HW 5, Fall 2013

Problem 2

Thus, 0.25a = 1 and 0.25b = 2. Solving this, we get a = 4 and b = 8. Therefore, yp [n] = 4n + 8. Using the initial conditions, we see that y [0] = k1 + k2 + 8 = 8 y [1] = 0.5k1 + 1.5k2 4 + 8 = 0 Then, we have the system k1 + k2 = 0 0.5k1 + 1.5k2 = 4 Solving this, we see that k1 = 4 and k2 = 4. Thus y [n] = 4(0.5)n 4(1.5)n 4n + 8. Notice that y [n + 2] = 2y [n + 1] 0.75y [n] + n 2. Thus y [2] = 2(0) 0.75(8) + 0 2 = 8 y [3] = 2(8) 0.75(0) + 1 2 = 17 y [4] = 2(17) 0.75(8) + 2 2 = 28 From our above formula, we know that y [0] = 4 4 + 8 = 8 y [1] = 4(0.5) 4(1.5) 4 + 8 = 0 y [2] = 4(0.5)2 4(1.5)2 8 + 8 = 8 y [3] = 4(0.5)3 4(1.5)3 12 + 8 = 17 y [4] = 4(0.5)4 4(1.5)4 16 + 8 = 28 Since these match, we can conrm that our closed-form solution is correct. 6. [10 Points] Our characteristic equation is r2 + r + 1 = 0, which has the roots 1 1 4 r= 2 1 j 3 = 2 2e2j/3 = 2 = e2j/3 . Therefore, our homogeneous solution is of the form yh [n] = k1 e2jn/3 + k2 e2jn/3 = c1 cos 2 n + c2 sin 3 2 n . 3

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Solutions

18-202 HW 5, Fall 2013

Problem 2

Our particular solution is of the form yp [n] = an2 + bn + c. Therefore, y [n + 1] = a(n + 1)2 + b(n + 1) + c = an2 + 2an + a + bn + b + c = an2 + (2a + b)n + a + b + c y [n + 2] = a(n + 2)2 + b(n + 2) + c = an2 + 4an + 4a + bn + 2b + c = an2 + (4a + b)n + 4a + 2b + c

Thus an2 + (4a + b)n + 4a + 2b + c + an2 + (2a + b)n + a + b + c + an2 + bn + c = 3an2 + (6a + 3b)n + 5a + 3b + 3c = 3n2 + 2 This gives us the following system of equations: 3a = 3 6a + 3 b = 0 5a + 3b + 3c = 2 Solving this, we get a = 1, b = 2, and c = 1. Therefore, yp [n] = n2 2n + 1. Then, our solution is of the form y [n] = c1 cos 2 n + c2 sin 3 2 n + n2 2 n + 1 . 3

Using the initial conditions, we see that y [0] = c1 + 1 = 1 1 3 y [1] = c1 + c2 + 1 2 + 1 2 2 1 3 = c1 + c2 = 1. 2 2 Solving this, we see that c1 = 0 and c2 =
2 3 3 .

Thus 2n ) . 3

2 3 y [n] = sin 3

7. [10 Points] We can rewrite this equation by letting m = n 1: y [m + 1] 0.5y [m] = 4(0.5)m+1 = 2(0.5)m , y [0] = 1. Page 5 of 6

Solutions

18-202 HW 5, Fall 2013

Problem 2

(Note that the initial condition is for m = 0, not n = 0.) The characteristic equation is r 0.5 = 0, which has the solution r = 0.5. Therefore, yh [m] = k (0.5)m . To nd our particular solution, we let yp [m] = a(0.5)m . Then, yp [m + 1] = 0.5a(0.5)m . Therefore, we have the equation 0.5a 0.5a = a = 2. Thus a = 2, and yp [m] = 2(0.5)m . Then, using our initial conditions, y [0] = k + 2 = 1 and therefore k = 3. Thus y [m] = 3(0.5)m + 2(0.5)m . Substituting for m, y [n 1] = 3(0.5)n1 + 2(0.5)n1 and thus y [n] = 3(0.5)n + 2(0.5)n .

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