POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES

Gulam Ahmed Furqan Shafiq Ahmed Shahbaz

De ar!men! "f Aer"# a$e En%ineerin%& Embr'(Riddle Aer"nau!i$al )ni*er#i!' Da'!"na +ea$h& FL ( ,-../

Abstract
Thi# r"0e$! re "r! $"*er# !he reliminar' re#ear$h lan in !he br"ad area "f P"l'mer Ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e# u#ed in !he aer"# a$e indu#!r'2 Fir#!l'& i! $"*er# !he li!era!ure #ur*e' in !hi# field b' f"$u#in% "n i!# ba$3%r"und& r"%re## and $urren! #!a!u#4 !he #ummar' "f 5hi$h had been men!i"ned a# !he r"0e$! r"$eed#2 La!er "n 5e f"$u# "n i!# $"n#!i!uen!#& reinf"r$emen!#& in!erfa$in%& de#i%n and r"$e##in%2 Finall' 5e deal 5i!h !he a li$a!i"n# and mar3e!# f"ll"5ed b' !he fu!ure !rend# "f !he "l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e#2

Research Objective
In !hi# re#ear$h r"0e$! 5e r" "#e a !" i$ !ha! i# !" be $arried "u! f"r !he !he#i#2 A #!ud' "n !he hi#!"r' "f P"l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e# i# $arried "u!& 5here !he hi#!"r'& de*el" men! and !he $urren! #!a!u# "f !he area "f PMC6# are $"*ered2 Thi# i# "b#er*ed m"re in de !h in "rder !" $arr' "u! re#ear$h f"r a !he#i#2 7i!hin "l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e#& !here are *ari"u# #ub !" i$# f"r re#ear$h !ha! ma' be l""3ed in!"2 The#e in$lude De#i%n& Pr"$e##in% and !e#!in%2 Pr" er!ie# A li$a!i"n#

Introduction
P"l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e# 8PMC#9 are $"m ri#ed "f a *arie!' "f #h"r! "r $"n!inu"u# fiber# b"und !"%e!her b' an "r%ani$ "l'mer ma!ri12 )nli3e a $erami$ ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e 8CMC9& in 5hi$h !he reinf"r$emen! i# u#ed rimaril' !" im r"*e !he fra$!ure !"u%hne##& !he reinf"r$emen! in a PMC r"*ide# hi%h #!ren%!h and #!iffne##2 The PMC i# de#i%ned #u$h !ha!& !he me$hani$al l"ad# !" 5hi$h !he #!ru$!ure i# #ub0e$!ed in #er*i$e are

#u "r!ed b' !he reinf"r$emen!2 The fun$!i"n "f !he ma!ri1 i# !" b"nd !he fiber# !"%e!her and !" !ran#fer l"ad# be!5een !hem2

P"l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e# are "f!en di*ided in!" !5" $a!e%"rie#: reinf"r$ed la#!i$#& and ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e#2 The di#!in$!i"n i# ba#ed "n !he le*el "f me$hani$al r" er!ie# 8u#uall' #!ren%!h and #!iffne##94 h"5e*er& !here i# n" unambi%u"u# line #e ara!in% !he !5"2 Reinf"r$ed la#!i$#& 5hi$h are rela!i*el' ine1 en#i*e& !' i$all' $"n#i#! "f "l'e#!er re#in# reinf"r$ed 5i!h l"5(#!iffne## %la## fiber#2 Ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e#& 5hi$h ha*e been in u#e f"r "nl' ab"u! .; 'ear#& rimaril' in !he aer"# a$e indu#!r'& $"n#i#! "f fiber and ma!ri1 $"mbina!i"n# !ha! 'ield #u eri"r #!ren%!h and #!iffne##2 The' are rela!i*el' e1 en#i*e and !' i$all' $"n!ain a lar%e er$en!a%e "f hi%h( erf"rman$e $"n!inu"u# fiber#& #u$h a# hi%h( #!iffne## %la## 8S(%la##9& %ra hi!e& aramid& "r "!her "r%ani$ fiber#2 Thi# a##e##men! rimaril' f"$u#e# "n mar3e! " "r!uni!ie# f"r ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e#

Literature Survey
HISTORY OF PMC In .<=;& !he 5"rld5ide #ale# "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e ma!erial# rea$hed "*er >- billi"n2 The !"!al *alue "f fabri$a!ed ar!# in !he )ni!ed S!a!e# 5a# ab"u! >.2, billi"n # li! am"n% !hree ma0"r indu#!r' $a!e%"rie#: .9 Aer"# a$e 8;? er$en!9& -9 S "r!# equi men! 8-; er$en!9& and ,9 Indu#!rial and Au!"m"!i*e 8-; er$en!92 I! ha# been e#!ima!ed !ha! ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# $"n#um !i"n $"uld %r"5 a! !he rela!i*el' hi%h ra!e "f ab"u! .; er$en! er 'ear in !he ne1! fe5 'ear#& 5i!h !he fa#!e#! %r"5in% #e$!"r bein% !he aer"# a$e indu#!r'& a! -- er$en!2 +' .<<;& $"n#um !i"n i# f"re$a#! !" be ..? milli"n "und# 5i!h a *alue 8in .<=; d"llar#9 "f ab"u! >@2; bil( li"n2 +' !he 'ear -???& $"n#um !i"n i# f"re$a#! !" be -?? milli"n "und#& *alued a! ab"u! >.- billi"n2 +a#ed "n !he#e f"re$a#!#& i! i# e*iden! !ha! !he $urren! and near(!erm $"#! er "und "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e #!ru$!ure i# r"u%hl' >@? er "und2 Thi# $"m are# 5i!h a *alue "f ab"u! >. er "und f"r #!eel "r >.2;? er "und f"r %la## fiber(rein( f"r$ed la#!i$ 8FRP92 If !he#e f"re$a#!# are $"rre$!& i! i# $lear !ha! "*er !hi# eri"d 8!" !he 'ear -???9& ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# 5ill be u#ed rimaril' in hi%h *alue(added a li$a!i"n# !ha! $an #u "r! !hi# le*el "f ma!erial $"#!#2 A"5e*er& u#e "f PMC# $an lead !" $"#! #a*in%# in manufa$!urin% and #er*i$e2 Thu#& !he er "und $"#! i# rarel' a u#eful #!andard f"r $"m arin% PMC# 5i!h !radi!i"nal ma!erial#2

In !he 'ear .<<,& Bad3arni& Ci3a# M2 re*ie5ed "n !he a# e$!# "f f"ll"5in% emer%in% !rend# in ma!erial !e$hn"l"%' Ai%h #!ren%!h2 hi%h m"dulu# fibre# fr"m $"n*en!i"nal "l'mer# li3e hi%h den#i!' "l'e!h'lene 8ADPE9& Reinf"r$in% fibre# fr"m liquid $r'#!al "l'mer#2 T"u%henin% "f !herm"#e!!in% and !herm" la#!i$ ma!ri1 re#in#2 In !he a#! 'ear#& a ne5 $la## "f "l'mer# !ermed Dliquid $r'#!al "l'mer#D 8LCP9 ha*e emer%ed f"r en%ineerin% and #!ru$!ural a li$a!i"n# In !he 'ear -??.& S2M +lea'& C2+2 L"ader& C2E2 Aa5'e# 5"r3ed "n a #mar! re air #'#!em f"r "l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e#& The widespread use of polymer composites was a concerns about the loss
in structural performance that can result from impact damage. This technique involves the filling of hollow fibres with a resin, which is released into the damaged area when the fibre is fractured. A two-part epoxy resin is used as the repair medium, the two components being diluted with solvent and infiltrated into different plies of a composite based on Hollex !"-glass fibre.

In -??; P2D Man%al%iri re*ie5ed !he "l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e# f"r hi%h !em era!ure O*er !he la#! de$ade& a li$a!i"n# "f fibre(reinf"r$ed $"m "#i!e# u#in% "l'mer ma!ri$e# ha*e #een !remend"u# %r"5!h2 In # i!e "f !he $"m le1i!' "f !heir beha*i"ur and !he un$"n*en!i"nal na!ure "f fabri$a!i"n and "!her a# e$!#& !he u#a%e "f #u$h $"m "#i!e#& e*en f"r rimar' l"ad( bearin% #!ru$!ure# in mili!ar' fi%h!er# and !ran# "r! air$raf!& and #a!elli!e# and # a$e *ehi$le# ha# been benefi$iall' reali#ed2 M"#! "f #u$h u#a%e $"n#!i!u!ed #!ru$!ural a li$a!i"n# 8#u$h a# in airframe9 5here #er*i$e !em era!ure# are n"! e1 e$!ed !" he be'"nd .-? DC2 A!!en!i"n i# n"5 f"$u##ed "n e1 andin% !he u#a%e "f #u$h $"m "#i!e# !" "!her area# 5here !em era!ure# $"uld be hi%her(in !he ran%e -??/?? FC2 The in!ended a li$a!i"n# are #!ru$!ural and n"n(#!ru$!ural ar!# "n "r ar"und !he aer"(en%ine# and airframe $"m "nen!# f"r #u er#"ni$ "r h' er#"ni$ air$raf! Mahm""d M2 Sh"3rieh and Aamidreza Abd"l*and #!udied "n !hree(dimen#i"nal 8,D9 !em era!ure di#!ribu!i"n in "l'mer ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e# e1 "#ed !" fire2 S a!ial di#!ribu!i"n# "f !em era!ure# in differen! %la##Ge "1' $"m "#i!e lamina!e# are e1!ra$!ed e1 erimen!all' and are $"m ared 5i!h ,D ma!hema!i$al m"del#2 2 E1 erimen!all'& i! 5a# "b#er*ed !ha! !hi# beha*i"r influen$e# !he m"r h"l"%' "f !he delamina!i"n 5here an elli !i$al delamina!i"n 5a# "b#er*ed in unidire$!i"nal lamina!e# and a $ir$ular delamina!i"n 5a# "b#er*ed in 5"*en lamina!e#

Constituents of Po y!er Matri" Co!#osites Matri"

The ma!ri1 r" er!ie# de!ermine !he re#i#!an$e "f !he PMC !" m"#! "f !he de%rada!i*e r"$e##e# !ha! e*en!uall' $au#e failure "f !he #!ru$!ure2 The#e r"$e##e# in$lude im a$! dama%e& delamina!i"n& 5a!er ab#"r !i"n& $hemi$al a!!a$3& and hi%h(!em era!ure $ree 2 Thu#& !he ma!ri1 i# !' i$all' !he 5ea3 lin3 in !he PMC #!ru$!ure2 The ma!ri1 ha#e "f

$"mmer$ial PMC# $an be $la##ified a# ei!her !herm"#e! "r !herm" la#!i$2 The %eneral $hara$!eri#!i$# "f ea$h ma!ri1 !' e are #h"5n in fi%ure .2.4 h"5e*er& re$en!l' de*el" ed ma!ri1 re#in# ha*e be%un !" $han%e !hi# i$!ure& a# n"!ed bel"52 Ther!osets Therm"#e!!in% re#in# in$lude "l'e#!er#& *in'l( e#!er#& e "1ie#& bi#maleimide#& and "l'amide#2 Therm"#e!!in% "l'e#!er# are $"mm"nl' u#ed in fiber(reinf"r$ed la#!i$#& and e "1ie# ma3e u m"#! "f !he $urren! mar3e! f"r ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# re#in#2 Ini!iall'& !he *i#$"#i!' "f !he#e re( #in# i# l"54 h"5e*er& !herm"#e! re#in# under%" $hemi$al rea$!i"n# !ha! $r"##lin3 !he "l'mer $hain# and !hu# $"nne$! !he en!ire ma!ri1 !"%e!her in a !hree(dimen#i"nal ne!5"r32 Thi# r"$e## i# $alled $urin%2 Therm"#e#& be$au#e "f !heir !hree(dimen#i"nal $r"## lin3ed #!ru$!ure& !end !" ha*e hi%h dimen#i"nal #!abili!'& hi%h(!em era!ure re#i#!an$e and %""d re#i#!an$e !" #"l*en!#2 Ther!o# astics Therm" la#!i$ re#in#& #"me!ime# $alled en%ineerin% la#!i$#& in$lude #"me "l'e#!er#& "l'e!herimide& "l'amide imide& "l' hen'lene #ulfide& "l'e!her(e!her3e!"ne 8PEEH9& and liquid $r'#!al "l'mer#2 The' $"n#i#! "f l"n%& di#$re!e m"le$ule# !ha! mel! !" a *i#$"u# liquid a! !he r"$e##in% !em era!ure af!er f"rmin%& are $""led !" an am"r h"u#& #emi$r'#!alline& "r $r'#!alline #"lid2 The de%ree "f $r'#!allini!' ha# a #!r"n% effe$! "n !he final ma!ri1 r" er!ie#2 )nli3e !he $urin% r"$e## "f !herm"#e!!in% re#in#& !he r"$e##in% "f !herm" la#!i$# i# re*er#ible& and& b' #im l' rehea!in% !" !he r"$e## !em era!ure& !he re#in $an be f"rmed in!" an"!her #ha e if de#ired2 Therm" la#!i$#& al!h"u%h %enerall' inferi"r !" !herm"#e# in hi%h(!em era!ure #!ren%!h and $hemi$al #!abili!'& are m"re re#i#!an! !" $ra$3in% and im a$! dama%e2 A"5e*er& i! #h"uld be n"!ed !ha! re$en!l' de*el" ed hi%h( erf"rman$e !herm" la#!i$#& #u$h a# PEEH& 5hi$h ha*e a #emi( $r'#!alline mi$r"#!ru$!ure& e1hibi! e1$ellen! hi%h( !em era!ure #!ren%!h and #"l*en! re#i#!an$e2 Curren!l'& !herm" la#!i$# are u#ed rimaril' 5i!h di#$"n!inu"u# fiber reinf"r$emen!# #u$h a# $h" ed %la## "r $arb"nG%ra hi!e2 Therm" la#!i$# $"uld be u#ed in la$e "f e "1ie# in !he $"m "#i!e #!ru$!ure "f !he ne1! %enera!i"n "f fi%h!er air$raf!2

Reinforce!ent The $"n!inu"u# reinf"r$in% fiber# "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# are re# "n#ible f"r !heir hi%h #!ren%!h and #!iffne##2 The m"#! im "r!an! fiber# in $urren! u#e are E(%la##& S(%la##& $arb"nG%ra hi!e& and aramid2 O!her "r%ani$ fiber#& #u$h a# "rien!ed "l'e!h'lene& are al#" be$"min% im "r!an!2 PMC# $"n!ain ab"u! @? er$en! reinf"r$in% fiber b' *"lume2 The #!ren%!h and #!iffne## "f #"me $"n!inu"u# fiber( reinf"r$ed PMC# are $"m ared 5i!h !h"#e "f #hee! m"ldin% $"m "und and *ari"u# me!al# in fi%ure .2-2 F"r in#!an$e& unidire$!i"nal& hi%h( #!ren%!h %ra hi!eGe "1' ha# "*er !hree !ime# !he # e$ifi$ #!ren%!h and #!iffne## 8# e$ifi$ r" er!ie# are "rdinar' r" er!ie# di*ided b' den#i!'9 "f $"mm"n me!al all"'#2 Of !he $"n!inu"u# fiber#& %la## ha# a rela!i*el' l"5 #!iffne##2 Onl' 5hen #!iffne## "r 5ei%h! i# a! a remium 5"uld aramid and %ra hi!e fiber# be u#ed2 Inter#hase The in!er ha#e "f PMC# i# !he re%i"n in 5hi$h l"ad# are !ran#mi!!ed be!5een !he reinf"r$emen! and !he ma!ri12 The e1!en! "f in!era$!i"n be!5een !he reinf"r$emen! and !he ma!ri1 i# a de#i%n *ariable& and i! ma' *ar' fr"m #!r"n% $hemi$al b"ndin% !" 5ea3 fri$!i"nal f"r$e#2 Thi# $an "f!en be $"n!r"lled b' u#in% an a r" ria!e $"a!in% "n !he reinf"r$in% fiber#

Pro#erties of Po y!er Matri" Co!#osites

The r" er!ie# "f !he PMC de end "n !he ma!ri1& !he reinf"r$emen!& and !he in!er ha#e2 C"n#equen!l'& !here are man' *ariable# !" $"n#ider 5hen de#i%nin% a PMC2 The#e in$lude n"! "nl' !he !' e# "f ma!ri1 and reinf"r$emen! bu! al#" !heir rela!i*e r" "r!i"n#& !he %e"me!r' "f !he reinf"r$emen!& and !he na!ure "f !he in!er ha#e2 Ea$h "f !he#e *ariable# mu#! be $arefull' $"n!r"lled !" r"du$e a #!ru$!ural ma!erial " !imized f"r !he $"ndi!i"n# f"r 5hi$h i! i# !" be u#ed2 7hen di#$"n!inu"u# fiber# "r ar!i$le# are u#ed f"r reinf"r$emen!& !he r" er!ie# !end !" be m"re i#"!r" i$ be$au#e !he#e reinf"r$emen!# !end !" be rand"ml' "rien!ed& Su$h PMC# la$3 !he "u!#!andin% #!ren%!h "f $"n!inu"u#(fiber PMC#& bu! !he' $an be r"du$ed m"re $hea l'& u#in% !he !e$hn"l"%ie# de*el" ed f"r unreinf"r$ed la#!i$#& #u$h a# e1!ru#i"n& in0e$!i"n m"ldin%& and $"m re##i"n m"ldin%2 The $"m le1i!' "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# $an $"m li$a!e a $"m ari#"n "f r" er!ie# 5i!h $"n*en!i"nal ma!erial#2 Pr" er!ie# #u$h a# # e$ifi$ #!ren%!h are rela!i*el' ea#' !" $"m are2 Ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# ha*e hi%her # e$ifi$ #!ren%!h# and #!iffne##6# !han me!al#& a# #h"5n in fi%ure .2-2 In man' $a#e#& h"5e*er& r" er!ie# !ha! are ea#il' defined in me!al# are le## ea#il' defined in ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e#2 T"u%hne## i# #u$h a r" er!'2 In me!al#& 5herein !he d'nami$# "f $ra$3 r" a%a!i"n and failure are rela!i*el' 5ell under#!""d& !"u%hne## $an be defined rela!i*el' ea#il'2 Shear and $"m re##i"n r" er!ie# "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# are al#" ""rl' defined2 An"!her re#ul! "f !he $"m le1i!' "f PMC# i# !ha! !he me$hani$al r" er!ie# are hi%hl' in!erde enden!2 Im a$! dama%e $an #eri"u#l' redu$e !he $"m re##i*e #!ren%!h "f PMC#2 C"m re##i*e and #hear r" er!ie# $an be #een !" rela!e #!r"n%l' !" !he !"u%hne## "f !he ma!ri1& and !" !he #!ren%!h "f !he in!erfa$ial b"nd be!5een ma!ri1 and fiber2

$esi%n and Processin% Gi*en !he # e$!rum "f ma!ri1 and reinf"r$emen! ma!erial# a*ailable& r" er!ie# $an be " !imized f"r a # e$ifi$ a li$a!i"n2 An ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e $an be de#i%ned !" ha*e zer" $"effi$ien! "f !hermal e1 an#i"n2 I! $an be reinf"r$ed 5i!h $"mbina!i"n# "f fiber ma!erial# 8h'brid PMC#9 and %e"me!rie# !" ma1imize erf"rman$e and minimize $"#!2 The de#i%n " "r!uni!ie# "f PMC ma!erial# are "nl' be%innin% !" be realized2 The en"rm"u# de#i%n fle1ibili!' "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# i# "b!ained a! !he $"#! "f a lar%e number "f unfamiliar de#i%n *ariable#2 A"5e*er& !he $a!e%"rie# "f me$hani$al and h'#i$al r" er!ie# u#ed !" $hara$!erize PMC# are $arried "*er fr"m l"n% en%ineerin% e1 erien$e 5i!h me!al#2 A ma0"r need in ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# !e$hn"l"%' i# a be!!er $a abili!' f"r m"delin% #!ru$!ure (

r" er!' rela!i"n#hi #2 PMC #!ru$!ure# are e1!en#i*el' !e#!ed bef"re u#e& en#urin% !ha! an' "!en!ial r"blem# #h"5 u durin% !he !e#!#2 Thu#& !he PMC ma!erial# !hem#el*e# ha*e been r"*en& in !he #en#e !ha! #!ru$!ure# $an be fabri$a!ed !ha! are reliable and mee! all de#i%n $ri!eria2 A"5e*er& b"!h "*erde#i%n and em iri$al !e#!in% are $"#!l' and dri*e u !he ri$e# "f PMC#2 Thu#& a rin$i al benefi! "f enhan$ed m"delin% $a abili!' 5ill be !" hel ma3e ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# m"re $"#!( $"m e!i!i*e2

Manufacturin% Gi*en !he man' differen! fiber# and ma!ri$e# fr"m 5hi$h PMC# $an be made& !he #ub0e$! "f PMC manufa$!urin% i# an e1!remel' br"ad "ne2 A"5e*er& m"re !han an' "!her #in%le area& l"5( $"#! manufa$!urin% !e$hn"l"%ie# are required bef"re ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# $an be u#ed m"re 5idel'2 The ba#i$ #!e # in$lude: . 9 im re%na!i"n "f !he fiber 5i!h !he re#in& -9 f"rmin% "f !he #!ru$!ure& ,9 $urin% 8!herm"#e! ma!ri$e#9 "r !hermal r"$e##in% 8!herm" la#!i$ ma!ri$e#9& and /9 fini#hin%2 De endin% "n !he r"$e##& !he#e #!e # ma' "$$ur #e ara!el' "r $"n!inu"u#l'2 F"r in#!an$e& !he #!ar!in% ma!erial f"r man' PMC# i# a re re%4 i2e2& a fiber !a e "r $l"!h !ha! ha# been re im re%na!ed 5i!h re#in and ar!iall' $ured2 In ul!ru#i"n& b' $"n!ra#!& im re%na!i"n& f"rmin%& and $urin% are d"ne in "ne $"n!inu"u# r"$e## In !he aer"# a$e #e$!"r& ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e #!ru$!ure# are $"mm"nl' fabri$a!ed b' !he #l"5 and lab"r(in!en#i*e r"$e## "f hand la'(u "f re re% !a e#2 Aand la'(u in*"l*e# la$emen! "f #hee!# "r !a e# "f re re% "n a !""l 8!he $"n( !"ured #urfa$e !ha! define# !he #ha e "f !he fini#hed ar!92 6Be5& m"re au!"ma!ed r"$e##e# are n"5 a*ailable !ha! "ffer drama!i$ in$rea#e# in r"du$!i*i!' "*er hand la'(u 2 One r"0e$! under5a' in( h"u#e a! an airframe manufa$!urer $an la' u !" .?? fee! "f , "r @ in$h 5ide re re% !a e er minu!e& in $"m le1 #ha e# "f *ariable !hi$3ne##2

A## ications and Mar&ets

PMC# area i# a m"re ma!ure !e$hn"l"%' !han #!ru$!ural $erami$#2 7i!h !he e1 erien$e %ained in mili!ar' a li$a!i"n# #u$h a# fi%h!er air$raf! and r"$3e! m"!"r $a#in%# be%innin% in !he .<I?#& ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# n"5 ha*e a %""d re$"rd "f erf"rman$e and reliabili!'2 The' are ra idl' be$"min% !he ba#eline #!ru$!ural ma!erial "f !he defen#eGaer"# a$e indu#!r' +e$au#e "f !heir hi%h $"#!& diffu#i"n "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# in!" !he $i*ilian e$"n"m' i# li3el' !" be a !" (d"5n r"$e##& r"%re##in% fr"m rela!i*el' hi%h *alue added a li$a!i"n# #u$h a# air( $raf! !" au!"m"bile# and !hen !" !he rela!i*el' l"5(!e$hn"l"%' a li$a!i"n# #u$h a# $"n#!ru$!i"n& 5hi$h %enerall' require# #!andardized #ha e# #u$h a# !ube#& bar#& beam#& e!$

Aeros#ace The aer"# a$e indu#!r' i# e#!ima!ed !" $"n#ume ab"u! =? er$en! "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# r"du$!i"n in !he )ni!ed S!a!e#2 Gr"5!h r"0e$!i"n# f"r aer"# a$e u#a%e "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# ha*e ran%ed fr"m ,? er$en! er 'ear !" ;? er$en! er 'ear are u#ed e1!en#i*el' !"da' in #mall mili!ar' air( $raf!& mili!ar' and $"mmer$ial r"!"r$raf!& and r"!"!' e bu#ine## air$raf!2 The ne1! ma0"r air$raf! mar3e! " "r!uni!' f"r ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# i# in lar%e mili!ar' and $"mmer$ial !ran# "r! air$raf!2 The rimar' ma!ri1 ma!erial# u#ed in aer"# a$e a li$a!i"n# are e "1ie#& and !he m"#! $"mm"n reinf"r$emen!# are $arb"nG%ra hi!e& aramid 8e2%2& Du P"n!6# He*lar9& and hi%h(#!iffne## %la## fiber#2 A"5e*er& hi%h(!em era!ure !herm" la#!i$# #u$h a# PEEH are $"n#idered b' man' !" be !he ma!ri$e# "f $h"i$e f"r fu!ure aer"# a$e a li$a!i"n#2

Mi itary Aircraft Ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# ha*e be$"me e##en!ial !" !he #u eri"r erf"rman$e "f a lar%e number "f fi%h!er and a!!a$3 air$raf!2 +e$au#e !he erf"rman$e ad*an!a%e# "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# in mili!ar' air$raf! m"re !han $"m en#a!e f"r !heir hi%h $"#!& !hi# i# li3el' !" be !he fa#!e#! %r"5in% mar3e! f"r ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# "*er ma' a$$"un! f"r u !" @? er$en! "f !he #!ru$!ural 5ei%h! "f !he Ad*an$ed Ta$!i$al Fi%h!er 8ATF9& 5hi$h i# #!ill in !he de#i%n lane2 One e#!ima!e& 5hi$h a##ume# "nl' e1i#!in% r"du$!i"n lu# !he ATF& r"0e$!# a %r"5!h fr"m ab"u! - milli"n "und# er 'ear in .<<; !" = milli"n "und# er 'ear in -?.,2 Co!!ercia Aircraft Al!h"u%h "*erall %r"5!h "f !he bu#ine## air$raf! flee! !hr"u%h !he u $"min% 'ear# i# e1 e$!ed !" be "nl' ar"und =? er$en!& !5" $a!e%"rie# 8!urb"( r" and !urb"0e!#9 are e1 e$!ed !" %r"5 #i%nifi$an!l'2 The#e air$raf! are al#" !he be#! $andida!e# f"r $"m "#i!e fu#ela%e#2The#e fu#ela%e# $"uld a$$"un! f"r ,2- milli"n "und# "f %ra hi!eGe "1' $"n#um !i"n annuall'2 Lar%e !ran# "r! "r $"mmer$ial air$raf! fu#ela%e# 5ill r"babl' n"! be made fr"m ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# un!il !he !e$hn"l"%' i# dem"n#!ra!ed in bu#ine## air$raf!2 +' !he 'ear -?.=& PMC# $"uld ma3e u =? er( $en! "f !he #!ru$!ural 5ei%h! "f $"mmer$ial !ran# "r! air$raf!2 E#!ima!in% a #!ru$!ural 5ei%h! "f I;&??? "und# er air$raf! and r"du$!i"n "f I?? air$raf! er 'ear& !hi# a li$a!i"n al"ne #h"uld a$$"un! f"r /= milli"n "und# "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# er 'ear2 A##umin% a #!ar!in% ma!erial *alue "f >/? er "und& !he mar3e! in !he 'ear -?.= i# r"0e$!ed !" be 5"r!h ab"u! >,2= billi"n f"r !he $"m "#i!e ma!erial# al"ne2

He ico#ters 7i!h !he e1$e !i"n "f !he all $"m "#i!e bu#ine## air$raf! r"!"!' e#& 5hi$h are #!ill a5ai!in% $er!ifi$a!i"n& ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e#& ha*e been u#ed m"re e1!en#i*el' in heli$" !er# !han in air$raf!2 Mili!ar' a li$a!i"n# ha*e led !he 5a'& and !he ad*an!a%e# "f ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# are mu$h !he #ame a# in air$raf!: 5ei%h! redu$!i"n& ar!# $"n#"lida!i"n& and re#i#!an$e !" fa!i%ue and $"rr"#i"n& O*er !he a#! .; 'ear#& ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e# ha*e be$"me !he ba#eline ma!erial# f"r r"!"r#& blade#& and !ail a##emblie#2 Fu!ure mili!ar' heli$" !er#& #u$h a# !he Arm'6# r" "#ed LAX 85i!h ma0"r airframe de#i%n !eam# a! +ellGM$D"nnell D"u%la# and +"ein%GSi3"r#3'9& "r !he Ba*'6# !il!(r"!"r C(-O# re' 8de#i%ned b' +ellG+"ein%9 ha*e # e$ifi$a!i"n# !ha! require de#i%ner# !" $"n#ider ad*an$ed $"m "#i!e#2 In !he#e heli$" !er#& $"m "#i!e# are li3el' !" $"m ri#e u !" =? er$en! "f !he #!ru$!ural 5ei%h!2 Ma!erial# #u$h a# %ra hi!eGe "1' are li3el' !" be u#ed in !he airframe& bul3head#& !ail b""m#& and *er!i$al fin#& 5hile %la##Ge "1' PMC# "f le##er #!iffne## $"uld be u#ed in !he r"!"r #'#!em#2 A# 5i!h air$raf!& !here $"uld be a l"n%(!erm !rend a5a' fr"m e "1' re#in# and !"5ard !herm" la#!i$ re#in#2

Future Trends in Po y!er Matri" Co!#osites

Hi%h'Te!#erature Matrices The ma1imum $"n!inu"u# #er*i$e !em era!ure "f "r%ani$ "l'mer# in an "1idizin% a!m"# here i# r"babl' ar"und I??J F& al!h"u%h brief e1 "#ure# !" hi%her !em era!ure# $an be !"lera!ed2 Curren!l'& !he m"#! refra$!"r' ma!ri$e# are "l'( amide#& 5hi$h $an be u#ed a! a ma1imum !em era!ure "f @??J F 8,.@J C9& al!h"u%h #l"5 de%rada!i"n "$$ur#2 If #!able& hi%h(!em era!ure ma!ri$e# $"uld be de*el" ed& !he' 5"uld find a li$a!i"n in a *arie!' "f en%ine $"m "nen!# and ad*an$ed air$raf! #!ru$!ure#

Ther!otro#ic

Ther!oset

The#e h'brid ma!ri$e# are de#i%ned !" e1 l"i! !he r"$e##in% ad*an!a%e# "f !herm" la#!i$# and !he dimen#i"nal #!abili!' and $"rr"#i"n re#i#!an$e "f !herm"#e#2 The m"le$ule# are l"n%& di#$re!e $hain# !ha! ha*e !he la!en! $a a$i!' !" f"rm $r"## lin3#2 Pr"$e##in% i# iden!i$al !" !herm" la#!i$# in !ha! !he di#$re!e "l'mer# are f"rmed a! hi%h !em era!ure# !" !he de#ired #ha e2 Then& h"5e*er& in#!ead "f $""lin% !" r"du$e a #"lid& !he #!ru$!ure i# %i*en an e1!ra 3i$3& 5i!h addi!i"nal hea! "r ul!ra*i"le! li%h!& 5hi$h ini!ia!e# $r"## lin3in%

be!5een !he "l'mer $hain#2 Thu#& !he fini#hed #!ru$!ure ha# !he dimen#i"nal #!abili!' $hara$!eri#!i$ "f a !herm"#e!2
E-Glass K i! ha# %""d #!ren%!h& l"5 m"dulu#2 I! i# !he l"5e#! $"#! Lber& a*ailable in man' f"rm#& $"m( m"nl' u#ed in $"mmer$ial and indu#!rial r"du$!#& m"#!l' u#ed in Llamen! 5indin% 8 i e manufa$!ure92
S(Gla## K i! ha# be!!er #!ren%!h !han E(%la## and ha# hi%her m"dulu#2 I! i# a hi%her $"#! Lber& $"mm"nl' u#ed in aer"# a$e and hi%h( erf"rman$e re##ure *e##el a li$a!i"n#2 2 Aramid K I! ha# a %""d #!ren%!h and hi%her m"du( lu#2 I! i# a hi%her $"#! Lber ha*in% a *er' l"5 den#i!'8"ne(half "f %la## Lber9& e1$ellen! im a$! and dama%e !"leran$e r" er!ie#& ""r $"m re##i"n& and #hear #!ren%!h 8Du "n! HECLAR TM fall# in !hi# $a!e%"r'92 2 Carb"nG%ra hi!e K i! ha# a 5ide #!ren%!h ran%e& hi%h( e#! m"dulu#& in!ermedia!e den#i!' 8!5"(!hird# "f %la## Lber9& ""r im a$! "r dama%e !"leran$e& be#! !en#ile #!ren%!h& and #!ine## r" er!ie# 5i!h !he hi%he#! $"#! "f all !he Lber#2

#esin
2 General ur "#e "l'e#!er re#in# K !he' are $la##iLed a# "r!h" h!hali$ "l'e#!er# ha*in% a 5ide ran%e "f u#e# in !he FRP indu#!r'4 !he' ha*e m"dera!e #!ren%!h and $"rr"#i"n re#i#!an$e& !he' $ure a! r""m !em era!ure& and ha*e !he l"5e#! $"#!

Mi itary C"m "#i!e# "f all !' e#& in$ludin% $erami$& "l'mer& and me!al ma!ri1 $"m "#i!e#& are ideal ma!erial# f"r u#e in # a$e(ba#ed mili!ar' #'#!em#& #u$h a# !h"#e en*i#i"ned f"r !he S!ra!e%i$ Defen#e Ini!ia!i*e2 Pr" er!ie# #u$h a# l"5 den#i!'& hi%h # e$ifi$ #!iffne##& l"5 $"effi$ien! "f !hermal e1 an#i"n& and hi%h !em era!ure re#i#!an$e are all ne$e##ar' f"r #!ru$!ure# !ha! mu#! maneu*er ra idl' in # a$e& main!ain hi%h dimen#i"nal #!abili!'& and 5i!h#!and h"#!ile a!!a$32 A r"%ram de*"!ed !" !he de*el" men! "f ne5 ma!erial# and #!ru$!ure# ha# been e#!abli#hed 5i!hin !he S!ra!e%i$ Defen#e Ini!ia!i*e Offi$e CO(CL)SIO( ) "n di#$u##i"n "f !he *ari"u# r"$edure# and lan# in $arr'in% "u! !hi# re#ear$h lan& 5e $"me !" !he $"n$lu#i"n !ha! !hi# re#ear$h i# a fea#ible "ne2 A brief "u!line "f !he de*el" men!# in !he "l'mer ma!ri$e# f"r fibre(reinf"r$ed $"m "#i!e# ha# been %i*en2 The main em ha#i# in !he re#en! #$enari" i# "n a li$a!i"n# in aer"# a$e $"m "nen!#2 +ein% a lan f"r a !he#i# re#ear$h !he #ub0e$! area a ear# !" require *a#! am"un!# "f re#ear$h and fundin% in ad" !in% !he ne$e##ar' rin$i le2 O*erall !he r"0e$! hel # in !he fu!ure de*el" men! "f !he PMC in !he mar3e! "f aer"# a$e2 Referance

.2 C2(C2 M2 Ma and S2(72 Yur& ABTEC M=< C"nferen$e Pr"$eedin%#& 8.<=<9

./<@(.;??

-2 Bad3arni& C 2M2 P"l'mer $"m "#i!e ma!erial#2 Chemi$al 7ee3l'& .<<.& Mar$h -@& .?,(.?< ,2 $.%. Thomason, &.'. &wight (omposites A, )* +,---., p. ,/*, /. 0nited !tates. 1ational Aeronautics and !pace Administration.!cientific and Technical 2nformation
3ranch ,-45, (onference 6roceeding ,-4), 1A!A %ewis #esearch (enter, High Temperature 6olymer 7atrix (omposites (onference, 1A!A (6, 8olume ")45. 5. 6 & 7angalgiri &efence !cience $ournal, 2!!1 **,,-9/4:, *);"**5, 8olume 55, 2ssue ",