1. (a) The period is T = 4(1.50 s) = 6.00 s. (b) The frequency is the reciprocal of the period: f = 1 1 = = 167 . 105 Hz.

. T 6.00s

(c) The magnetic energy does not depend on the direction of the current (since UB i2), so this will occur after one-half of a period, or 3.00 s.

1 2. We find the capacitance from U = 2 Q2 C :

160 . 106 C Q2 C= = = 9.14 109 F. 2U 2 140 10 6 J

h h
2

1 1 3. According to U = 2 LI 2 = 2 Q 2 C , the current amplitude is

I=

Q = LC

c1.10 10 Hhc4.00 10 Fh
3 6

3.00 106 C

= 4.52 102 A .

4. (a) We recall the fact that the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. It is helpful to refer also to Fig. 31-1. The values of t when plate A will again have maximum positive charge are multiples of the period:
t A = nT = n n = = n 5.00 s , f 2.00 103 Hz

where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . The earliest time is (n=1) t A = 5.00 s.

1 T for the charge on the other plate to reach its maximum (b) We note that it takes t = 2 positive value for the first time (compare steps a and e in Fig. 31-1). This is when plate A acquires its most negative charge. From that time onward, this situation will repeat once every period. Consequently,

( 2n 1) = ( 2n 1) = 2n 1 2.50 s , 1 1 t = T + (n 1)T = ( 2n 1) T = ( )( ) 2 2 2f 2 ( 2 103 Hz )

where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . The earliest time is (n=1) t = 2.50 s.
1 T , the current and the magnetic field in the inductor reach maximum values (c) At t = 4 for the first time (compare steps a and c in Fig. 31-1). Later this will repeat every halfperiod (compare steps c and g in Fig. 31-1). Therefore,

tL =

T (n 1)T T + = ( 2n 1) = ( 2n 1)(1.25 s ) , 4 2 4

where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . The earliest time is (n=1) t = 1.25 s.

5. (a) All the energy in the circuit resides in the capacitor when it has its maximum charge. The current is then zero. If Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor, then the total energy is
2.90 106 C Q2 . 106 J. U= = = 117 6 2C 2 3.60 10 F

(b) When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current is a maximum and all the energy resides in the inductor. If I is the maximum current, then U = LI2/2 leads to
106 J . 2 1168 2U I= = = 558 . 103 A . 3 L 75 10 H

6. (a) The angular frequency is

k = m

F x = m

c
=

8.0 N = 89 rad s . 2.0 10 m 0.50 kg

13

hb

(b) The period is 1/f and f = /2. Therefore, T= (c) From = (LC)1/2, we obtain C= 1 2

2 = 7.0 102 s. 89 rad s

L
2

b89 rad sg b5.0 Hg

2

= 2.5 105 F.

7. (a) The mass m corresponds to the inductance, so m = 1.25 kg. (b) The spring constant k corresponds to the reciprocal of the capacitance. Since the total energy is given by U = Q2/2C, where Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor and C is the capacitance,
175 10 6 C Q2 C= = = 2.69 103 F 6 2U 2 5.70 10 J

and k= (c) The maximum xmax = 1.75 104 m. 1 = 372 N / m. 2.69 103 m / N corresponds to the maximum charge, so

displacement

(d) The maximum speed vmax corresponds to the maximum current. The maximum current is Q 175 106 C I = Q = = = 3.02 103 A. 3 LC 125 . H 2.69 10 F

gc

Consequently, vmax = 3.02 103 m/s.

8. We find the inductance from f = / 2 = 2 LC L= 1 1 = 2 4 f C 4 2 10 103 Hz

2

h c6.7 10 Fh
2 6

. 105 H. = 38

9. The time required is t = T/4, where the period is given by T = 2 / = 2 LC. Consequently, T 2 LC 2 t= = = 4 4

b0.050 Hgc4.0 10 Fh = 7.0 10

6

s.

10. We apply the loop rule to the entire circuit:

total = L + C + R +
1 1 1

di q di q = L j + C j + R j = L j + + iR j = L + + iR dt C j dt C j j

(
j

with
L = Lj , 1 1 = , C j Cj R = Rj
j

and we require total = 0. This is equivalent to the simple LRC circuit shown in Fig. 3127(b).

11. (a) After the switch is thrown to position b the circuit is an LC circuit. The angular frequency of oscillation is = 1/ LC . Consequently, f =

1 2 LC

c54.0 10 Hhc6.20 10 Fh
3 6

= 275 Hz.

(b) When the switch is thrown, the capacitor is charged to V = 34.0 V and the current is zero. Thus, the maximum charge on the capacitor is Q = VC = (34.0 V)(6.20 106 F) = 2.11 104 C. The current amplitude is

I = Q = 2 fQ = 2 275 Hz 2.11 104 C = 0.365 A.

gc

12. The capacitors C1 and C2 can be used in four different ways: (1) C1 only; (2) C2 only; (3) C1 and C2 in parallel; and (4) C1 and C2 in series. (a) The smallest oscillation frequency is f3 =

2 L C1 + C2

. 102 H 2.0 106 F + 5.0 106 F 2 10

hc

= 6.0 102 Hz .

(b) The second smallest oscillation frequency is

f1 = 1 1 = = 7.1102 Hz . 2 6 2 LC1 2 (1.0 10 H )( 5.0 10 F )

(c) The second largest oscillation frequency is

f2 = 1 1 = = 1.1103 Hz . 2 LC2 2 (1.0 102 H )( 2.0 106 F )

(d) The largest oscillation frequency is f4 = 1 2 LC1C2 / ( C1 + C2 ) = 1 2 2.0 106 F+5.0 106 F = 1.3 103 Hz . 2 6 6 (1.0 10 H )( 2.0 10 F)( 5.0 10 F)

13. (a) The maximum charge is Q = CVmax = (1.0 109 F)(3.0 V) = 3.0 109 C.
1 1 LI 2 = 2 Q 2 / C we get (b) From U = 2

I=

Q = LC

. 10 Fh c3.0 10 Hhc10
3 9

3.0 109 C

. 103 A. = 17

(c) When the current is at a maximum, the magnetic energy is at a maximum also: U B ,max = 1 2 1 LI = 3.0 103 H 17 . 103 A 2 2

hc

= 4.5 109 J.

14. The linear relationship between (the knob angle in degrees) and frequency f is
f = f0 1+

FG H

IJ = 180 FG f 1IJ 180 K Hf K

where f0 = 2 105 Hz. Since f = /2 = 1/2 LC , we are able to solve for C in terms of : 1 81 = C= 2 2 2 2 2 4 Lf 0 (1 + /180 ) 400000 (180 + )
with SI units understood. After multiplying by 1012 (to convert to picofarads), this is plotted below:

15. (a) Since the frequency of oscillation f is related to the inductance L and capacitance C by f = 1 / 2 LC , the smaller value of C gives the larger value of f. Consequently,
f max = 1 / 2 LCmin , f min = 1 / 2 LCmax , and

Cmax 365 pF f max = = = 6.0. f min 10 pF Cmin (b) An additional capacitance C is chosen so the ratio of the frequencies is r= 160 . MHz = 2.96. 0.54 MHz

Since the additional capacitor is in parallel with the tuning capacitor, its capacitance adds to that of the tuning capacitor. If C is in picofarads (pF), then C + 365 pF C + 10 pF The solution for C is
2

= 2.96.

b365 pFg b2.96g b10 pFg = 36 pF. C= b2.96g 1

2

(c) We solve f = 1 / 2 LC for L. For the minimum frequency C = 365 pF + 36 pF = 401 pF and f = 0.54 MHz. Thus L=

b2g Cf b2g c401 10 Fhc0.54 10 Hzh

2 2 2

12

= 2.2 104 H.

16. For the first circuit = (L1C1)1/2, and for the second one = (L2C2)1/2. When the two circuits are connected in series, the new frequency is

=
=

1 = Leq Ceq 1 L1C1

( L1 + L2 ) C1C2 / ( C1 + C2 )
1 =,

( L1C1C2 + L2C2C1 ) / ( C1 + C2 )

( C1 + C2 ) / ( C1 + C2 )
L1C1 = L2 C2 .

where we use 1 =

17. (a) We compare this expression for the current with i = I sin(t+0). Setting (t+) = 2500t + 0.680 = /2, we obtain t = 3.56 104 s. (b) Since = 2500 rad/s = (LC)1/2,
L= 1 1 = = 2.50 103 H. 2 2 6 C 2500 rad / s 64.0 10 F

gc

(c) The energy is U= 1 2 1 LI = 2.50 10 3 H 160 . A 2 2

hb

= 3.20 103 J.

18. (a) Since the percentage of energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor is (1 75.0%) = 25.0% , then
U E q 2 / 2C = 2 = 25.0% U Q / 2C

which leads to q / Q = 0.250 = 0.500. (b) From U B Li 2 / 2 = 2 = 75.0%, U LI / 2 we find i / I = 0.750 = 0.866.

19. (a) The total energy U is the sum of the energies in the inductor and capacitor:
6 3 3 q 2 i 2 L ( 3.80 10 C ) ( 9.20 10 A ) ( 25.0 10 H ) U =U E +U B = + = + = 1.98 106 J. 6 2C 2 2 ( 7.80 10 F ) 2

(b) We solve U = Q2/2C for the maximum charge:

Q = 2CU = 2 7.80 106 F 198 . 106 J = 556 . 106 C.

hc

(c) From U = I2L/2, we find the maximum current:

2 198 . 106 J 2U I= = = 126 . 102 A. L 25.0 103 H

(d) If q0 is the charge on the capacitor at time t = 0, then q0 = Q cos and

= cos1

FG q IJ = cos FG 380 . 10 C I J = 46.9 . . 10 C K H QK H 556

1 6 6

For = +46.9 the charge on the capacitor is decreasing, for = 46.9 it is increasing. To check this, we calculate the derivative of q with respect to time, evaluated for t = 0. We obtain Q sin , which we wish to be positive. Since sin(+46.9) is positive and sin(46.9) is negative, the correct value for increasing charge is = 46.9. (e) Now we want the derivative to be negative and sin to be positive. Thus, we take = +46.9.

20. (a) From V = IXC we find = I/CV. The period is then T = 2/ = 2CV/I = 46.1 s. (b) The maximum energy stored in the capacitor is 1 1 U E = CV 2 = (2.20 107 F)(0.250 V) 2 = 6.88 109 J . 2 2 (c) The maximum energy stored in the inductor is also U B = LI 2 / 2 = 6.88 nJ . (d) We apply Eq. 30-35 as V = L(di/dt)max . We can substitute L = CV2/I2 (combining what we found in part (a) with Eq. 31-4) into Eq. 30-35 (as written above) and solve for (di/dt)max . Our result is V V I2 (7.50 103 A) 2 di = = = = = 1.02 103 A/s . 2 2 7 CV (2.20 10 F)(0.250 V) dt max L CV / I (e) The derivative of UB = 2 Li2 leads to dU B 1 = LI 2 sin t cos t = LI 2 sin 2t . 2 dt
1 2 1 1 dU B 3 Therefore, = LI = IV = (7.50 10 A)(0.250 V) = 0.938 mW. 2 2 dt max 2
1

21. (a) The charge (as a function of time) is given by q = Q sin t , where Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor and is the angular frequency of oscillation. A sine function was chosen so that q = 0 at time t = 0. The current (as a function of time) is i= dq = Q cos t , dt

and at t = 0, it is I = Q. Since = 1/ LC ,
Q = I LC = 2.00 A

. 10 g c3.00 10 Hhc2.70 10 Fh = 180

3 6

C.

(b) The energy stored in the capacitor is given by UE = and its rate of change is dU E Q 2 sin t cos t = dt C
1 We use the trigonometric identity cost sin t = 2 sin 2t to write this as

q 2 Q 2 sin 2 t = 2C 2C

b g

dU E Q 2 sin 2t . = dt 2C

b g

The greatest rate of change occurs when sin(2t) = 1 or 2t = /2 rad. This means t=

= LC = 4 4 4

( 3.00 10

H )( 2.70 106 F ) = 7.07 105 s.

(c) Substituting = 2/T and sin(2t) = 1 into dUE/dt = (Q2/2C) sin(2t), we obtain

FG dU IJ H dt K
E

max

2 Q 2 Q 2 = = . TC 2TC
6 4

Now T = 2 LC = 2

c3.00 10 Hhc2.70 10 Fh = 5.655 10

3

s, so

FG dU IJ H dt K
E

=
max

c5.655 10 shc2.70 10 Fh = 66.7 W.

4 6

180 . 104 C

We note that this is a positive result, indicating that the energy in the capacitor is indeed increasing at t = T/8.

1 1 LI 2 = 2 Q 2 / C to solve for L: 22. (a) We use U = 2

1 Q 1 CV V L = = max = C max = ( 4.00 106 F ) C I C I I (b) Since f = /2, the frequency is f = 1 2 LC =

1.50V 3 = 3.60 10 H. 3 50.0 10 A

c3.60 10 Hhc4.00 10 Fh
3 6

. 103 Hz. = 133

(c) Referring to Fig. 31-1, we see that the required time is one-fourth of a period (where the period is the reciprocal of the frequency). Consequently, t= 1 1 1 T= = = 188 . 104 s. 3 4 4 f 4 133 . 10 Hz

23. The loop rule, for just two devices in the loop, reduces to the statement that the magnitude of the voltage across one of them must equal the magnitude of the voltage across the other. Consider that the capacitor has charge q and a voltage (which well consider positive in this discussion) V = q/C. Consider at this moment that the current in the inductor at this moment is directed in such a way that the capacitor charge is increasing (so i = +dq/dt). Eq. 30-35 then produces a positive result equal to the V across the capacitor: V = L(di/dt), and we interpret the fact that di/dt > 0 in this discussion to mean that d(dq/dt)/dt = d2q/dt2 < 0 represents a deceleration of the charge-buildup process on the capacitor (since it is approaching its maximum value of charge). In this way we can check the signs in Eq. 31-11 (which states q/C = L d2q/dt2) to make sure we have implemented the loop rule correctly.

24. The assumption stated at the end of the problem is equivalent to setting = 0 in Eq. 2 / 2C , 31-25. Since the maximum energy in the capacitor (each cycle) is given by qmax where qmax is the maximum charge (during a given cycle), then we seek the time for which 2 qmax 1 Q2 Q = qmax = . 2C 2 2C 2 Now qmax (referred to as the exponentially decaying amplitude in 31-5) is related to Q (and the other parameters of the circuit) by qmax = Qe Rt / 2 L ln Setting qmax = Q / 2 , we solve for t: t= 2L q 2L ln max = ln R Q R

FG q IJ = Rt . H Q K 2L
max

FG IJ H K

FG 1 IJ = L ln 2 . H 2K R

1 The identities ln (1 / 2 ) = ln 2 = 2 ln 2 were used to obtain the final form of the result.

25. Since ', we may write T = 2/ as the period and = 1/ LC as the angular frequency. The time required for 50 cycles (with 3 significant figures understood) is

2 t = 50T = 50 = 50 2 LC = 50 2 = 0.5104s.

( 220 10 H )(12.0 10 F) )
3 6

The maximum charge on the capacitor decays according to qmax = Qe Rt / 2 L (this is called the exponentially decaying amplitude in 31-5), where Q is the charge at time t = 0 (if we take = 0 in Eq. 31-25). Dividing by Q and taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we obtain q Rt ln max = 2L Q which leads to

FG IJ H K

R=

2 L qmax ln t Q

2 ( 220 103 H ) = ln ( 0.99 ) = 8.66 103 . 0.5104s

26. The charge q after N cycles is obtained by substituting t = NT = 2N/' into Eq. 31-25:
q = Qe Rt / 2 L cos ( t + ) = Qe RNT / 2 L cos ( 2N / ) + = Qe
RN 2 L / C / 2 L

cos ( 2N + )

= Qe N R

C/L

cos .

We note that the initial charge (setting N = 0 in the above expression) is q0 = Q cos , where q0 = 6.2 C is given (with 3 significant figures understood). Consequently, we write the above result as qN = q0 exp N R C / L .

(a) For N = 5, q5 = ( 6.2 C ) exp 5 ( 7.2 ) 0.0000032F/12H = 5.85 C. (b) For N = 10, q10 = ( 6.2 C ) exp 10 ( 7.2 ) 0.0000032F/12H = 5.52 C. (c) For N = 100, q100 = ( 6.2 C ) exp 100 ( 7.2 ) 0.0000032F/12H = 1.93 C.

27. Let t be a time at which the capacitor is fully charged in some cycle and let qmax 1 be the charge on the capacitor then. The energy in the capacitor at that time is
2 qmax Q 2 Rt / L 1 U (t ) = = e 2C 2C

where qmax1 = Qe Rt / 2 L (see the discussion of the exponentially decaying amplitude in 31-5). One period later the charge on the fully charged capacitor is qmax 2 = Qe R (t +T )2 / L and the energy is U (t + T ) = The fractional loss in energy is
| U | U (t ) U (t + T ) e Rt / L e R ( t + T )/ L = = = 1 e RT / L . U U (t ) e Rt / L
2 qmax Q 2 R ( t +T ) / L 2 = . e 2C 2C

where T =

2 , '

Assuming that RT/L is very small compared to 1 (which would be the case if the resistance is small), we expand the exponential (see Appendix E). The first few terms are: e
RT / L

RT R 2 T 2 1 + + L 2 L2

If we approximate ', then we can write T as 2/. As a result, we obtain | U | RT 1 1 + U L RT 2R = . L L

28. (a) The current through the resistor is I=

m
R

30.0 V = 0.600 A . 50.0

(b) Regardless of the frequency of the generator, the current is the same, I = 0.600 A .

29. (a) The inductive reactance for angular frequency d is given by X L = d L , and the capacitive reactance is given by XC = 1/dC. The two reactances are equal if dL = 1/dC, or d = 1/ LC . The frequency is fd =

d
2

1 1 = = 6.5 102 Hz. 3 6 2 LC 2 (6.010 H)(10 10 F)

(b) The inductive reactance is XL = dL = 2fdL = 2(650 Hz)(6.0 103 H) = 24 . The capacitive reactance has the same value at this frequency. (c) The natural frequency for free LC oscillations is f = / 2 = 1/ 2 LC , the same as we found in part (a).

30. (a) We use I = /Xc = dC: I = d C m = 2f d C m = 2(1.00103 Hz)(1.50 106 F)(30.0 V) = 0.283 A . (b) I = 2(8.00 103 Hz)(1.50 106 F)(30.0 V) = 2.26 A.

31. (a) The current amplitude I is given by I = VL/XL, where XL = dL = 2fdL. Since the circuit contains only the inductor and a sinusoidal generator, VL = m. Therefore, I=

VL 30.0V = m = = 0.0955A = 95.5 mA. X L 2f d L 2(1.00103 Hz)(50.0 103 H)

(b) The frequency is now eight times larger than in part (a), so the inductive reactance XL is eight times larger and the current is one-eighth as much. The current is now I = (0.0955 A)/8 = 0.0119 A = 11.9 mA.

32. (a) The circuit consists of one generator across one capacitor; therefore, m = VC. Consequently, the current amplitude is I=

m
XC

= C m = (377 rad / s)(4.15 106 F)(25.0 V) = 3.91 102 A .

(b) When the current is at a maximum, the charge on the capacitor is changing at its largest rate. This happens not when it is fully charged (qmax), but rather as it passes through the (momentary) states of being uncharged (q = 0). Since q = CV, then the voltage across the capacitor (and at the generator, by the loop rule) is zero when the current is at a maximum. Stated more precisely, the time-dependent emf (t) and current i(t) have a = 90 phase relation, implying (t) = 0 when i(t) = I. The fact that = 90 = /2 rad is used in part (c).
1 (c) Consider Eq. 32-28 with = 2 m . In order to satisfy this equation, we require sin(dt) = 1/2. Now we note that the problem states that is increasing in magnitude, which (since it is already negative) means that it is becoming more negative. Thus, differentiating Eq. 32-28 with respect to time (and demanding the result be negative) we must also require cos(dt) < 0. These conditions imply that t must equal (2n 5/6) [n = integer]. Consequently, Eq. 31-29 yields (for all values of n)

5 3 + = (3.91 103 A) = 3.38 102 A, i = I sin 2n 6 2 2 or | i | = 3.38 102 A.

33. (a) The generator emf is a maximum when sin(dt /4) = 1 or

dt /4 = (/2) 2n [n = integer].
The first time this occurs after t = 0 is when dt /4 = /2 (that is, n = 0). Therefore, t= 3 3 = = 6.73 103 s . 4 d 4(350 rad / s)

(b) The current is a maximum when sin(dt 3/4) = 1, or

dt 3/4 = (/2) 2n [n = integer].

The first time this occurs after t = 0 is when dt 3/4 = /2 (as in part (a), n = 0). Therefore, 5 5 t= = = 112 . 102 s . 4 d 4(350 rad / s) (c) The current lags the emf by + / 2 rad, so the circuit element must be an inductor. (d) The current amplitude I is related to the voltage amplitude VL by VL = IXL, where XL is the inductive reactance, given by XL = dL. Furthermore, since there is only one element in the circuit, the amplitude of the potential difference across the element must be the same as the amplitude of the generator emf: VL = m. Thus, m = IdL and L=

m 30.0V = = 0138 . H. 3 I d (620 10 A)(350 rad / s)

34. (a) The circuit consists of one generator across one inductor; therefore, m = VL. The current amplitude is I=

m
XL

m 25.0 V = = 5.22 103 A . d L (377 rad/s)(12.7 H)

(b) When the current is at a maximum, its derivative is zero. Thus, Eq. 30-35 gives L = 0 at that instant. Stated another way, since (t) and i(t) have a 90 phase difference, then (t) must be zero when i(t) = I. The fact that = 90 = /2 rad is used in part (c). (c) Consider Eq. 31-28 with = m / 2 . In order to satisfy this equation, we require sin(dt) = 1/2. Now we note that the problem states that is increasing in magnitude, which (since it is already negative) means that it is becoming more negative. Thus, differentiating Eq. 31-28 with respect to time (and demanding the result be negative) we must also require cos(dt) < 0. These conditions imply that t must equal (2n 5/6) [n = integer]. Consequently, Eq. 31-29 yields (for all values of n) i = I sin 2n

FG H

5 3 = (5.22 103 A) = 4.51 103 A . 6 2 2

IJ K

F I GH JK

35. (a) Now XL = 0, while R = 200 and XC = 1/2fdC = 177 . Therefore, the impedance is
2 Z = R2 + X C = (200 ) 2 + (177 ) 2 = 267 .

(b) The phase angle is

=tan 1
(c) The current amplitude is I=

X L XC R

1 0 177 = 41.5 = tan 200

m
Z

36.0 V = 0.135 A . 267

(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements: VR = IR = (0.135A)(200) 27.0V VC = IX C = (0.135A)(177 ) 23.9V The circuit is capacitive, so I leads m . The phasor diagram is drawn to scale on the right.

36. (a) The graph shows that the resonance angular frequency is 25000 rad/s, which means (using Eq. 31-4) C = (2L)1 = [(25000)2 200 106]1 = 8.0 F. (b) The graph also shows that the current amplitude at resonance is 4.0 A, but at resonance the impedance Z becomes purely resistive (Z = R) so that we can divide the emf amplitude by the current amplitude at resonance to find R: 8.0/4.0 = 2.0 .

37. (a) Now XC = 0, while R = 200 and XL = L = 2fdL = 86.7 remain unchanged. Therefore, the impedance is
2 Z = R2 + X L = (200 ) 2 + (86.7 ) 2 = 218 .

(b) The phase angle is, from Eq. 31-65,

= tan 1

X L XC R

1 86.7 0 = 23.4 . = tan 200

(c) The current amplitude is now found to be I=

m
Z

36.0 V = 0.165 A . 218

(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements: VR = IR = (0.165 A)(200 ) 33V VL = IX L = (0.165A)(86.7) 14.3V This is an inductive circuit, so m leads I. The phasor diagram is drawn to scale below.

38. (a) Since Z = R2 + XL2 and XL = d L, then as d 0 we find Z R = 40 . (b) L = XL /d = slope = 60 mH.

39. (a) The capacitive reactance is XC = 1 1 1 = = = 37.9 . d C 2f d C 2(60.0 z)(70.0 106 F)

The inductive reactance 86.7 is unchanged. The new impedance is

Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2 = (200 ) 2 + (37.9 86.7 ) 2 = 206 .

(b) The phase angle is

= tan 1
(c) The current amplitude is

X L XC R

1 86.7 37.9 = 13.7 . = tan 200

I=

m
Z

36.0 V = 0.175A. 206

(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements: VR = IR = (0.175 A)(200 ) = 35.0 V VL = IX L = (0.175 A)(86.7 ) = 15.2 V VC = IX C = (0.175 A)(37.9 ) = 6.62 V Note that X L > X C , so that m leads I. The phasor diagram is drawn to scale below.

40. (a) The circuit has a resistor and a capacitor (but no inductor). Since the capacitive reactance decreases with frequency, then the asymptotic value of Z must be the resistance: R = 500 . (b) We describe three methods here (each using information from different points on the graph): method 1: At d = 50 rad/s, we have Z 700 which gives C = (d Z2 - R2 )1 = 41 F. method 2: At d = 50 rad/s, we have XC 500 which gives C = (d XC)1 = 40 F. method 3: At d = 250 rad/s, we have XC 100 which gives C = (d XC)1 = 40 F.

41. The rms current in the motor is I rms =

rms
Z

rms
R +X
2 2 L

420 V

( 45.0 ) + ( 32.0 )
2

= 7.61A.

42. A phasor diagram very much like Fig. 31-11(d) leads to the condition: VL VC = (6.00 V)sin(30) = 3.00 V. With the magnitude of the capacitor voltage at 5.00 V, this gives a inductor voltage magnitude equal to 8.00 V. Since the capacitor and inductor voltage phasors are 180 out of phase, the potential difference across the inductor is 8.00 V .

43. The resistance of the coil is related to the reactances and the phase constant by Eq. 31-65. Thus, X L X C d L 1/ d C = tan , = R R which we solve for R:
R= 1 1 1 1 (2)(930 Hz(8.8 102 H) d L = 6 tan (2)(930 Hz)(0.94 10 F d C tan 75

= 89 .

44. (a) A sketch of the phasors would be very much like Fig. 31-9(c) but with the label IC on the green arrow replaced with VR. (b) We have I R = I XC, or I R = I XC R = which yields f = 1 d C

d 1 1 = = = 159 Hz . 2 2 RC 2 (50.0 )(2.00 105 F)

(c) = tan1(VC /VR) = 45. (d) d = 1/RC =1.00 103 rad/s. (e) I = (12 V)/ R2 + XC2 = 6/(25 2) 170 mA.

45. (a) For a given amplitude m of the generator emf, the current amplitude is given by I=

m
Z

m
R + ( d L 1/ d C ) 2
2

We find the maximum by setting the derivative with respect to d equal to zero:
dI 1 = ( E ) m [ R 2 + ( d L 1 / d C ) 2 ]3/ 2 d L d d dC

LM N

OP LM L + 1 OP . Q N CQ
2 d

The only factor that can equal zero is d L (1 / d C ) ; it does so for d = 1/ LC = . For this 1 1 = = 224 rad / s . d = LC (100 . H)(20.0 106 F) (b) When d = , the impedance is Z = R, and the current amplitude is I=

m
R

30.0 V = 6.00 A . 5.00

(c) We want to find the (positive) values of d for which I = m / 2 R :

m
R + ( d L 1/ d C )
2 2

m
2R

This may be rearranged to yield

FG H

1 dL dC

IJ K

= 3R 2 .

Taking the square root of both sides (acknowledging the two roots) and multiplying by d C , we obtain

2 d ( LC ) d

3CR 1 = 0 .

Using the quadratic formula, we find the smallest positive solution

2 =

3CR + 3C 2 R 2 + 4 LC 3(20.0 106 F)(5.00 ) = 2 LC 2(1.00 H)(20.0 106 F) +

3(20.0 106 F) 2 (5.00 ) 2 + 4(1.00 H)(20.0 10 6 F) 2(1.00 H)(20.0 106 F) = 219 rad/s . (d) The largest positive solution

1 =

+ 3CR + 3C 2 R 2 + 4 LC + 3(20.0 106 F)(5.00 ) = 2 LC 2(1.00 H)(20.0 106 F)

3(20.0 106 F) 2 (5.00 ) 2 + 4(1.00 H)(20.0 10 6 F) + 2(1.00 H)(20.0 106 F) = 228 rad/s . (e) The fractional width is

1 2 228rad/s 219rad/s = = 0.040. 224 rad/s 0

46. (a) With both switches closed (which effectively removes the resistor from the circuit), the impedance is just equal to the (net) reactance and is equal to Xnet = (12 V)/(0.447 A) = 26.85 . With switch 1 closed but switch 2 open, we have the same (net) reactance as just discussed, but now the resistor is part of the circuit; using Eq. 31-65 we find R= X net 26.85 = = 100 . tan tan15

(b) For the first situation described in the problem (both switches open) we can reverse our reasoning of part (a) and find Xnet first = R tan = (100 ) tan(30.9) = 59.96 . We observe that the effect of switch 1 implies XC = Xnet Xnet firsrt = 26.85 (59.96 ) = 86.81 . Then Eq. 31-39 leads to C = 1/XC = 30.6 F. (c) Since Xnet = XL XC , then we find L = XL/ = 301 mH .

47. (a) Yes, the voltage amplitude across the inductor can be much larger than the amplitude of the generator emf. (b) The amplitude of the voltage across the inductor in an RLC series circuit is given by VL = IX L = I d L . At resonance, the driving angular frequency equals the natural angular frequency: d = = 1/ LC . For the given circuit XL = L 1.0 H = = 1000 . LC (1.0 H)(1.0 106 F)

At resonance the capacitive reactance has this same value, and the impedance reduces simply: Z = R. Consequently,
I=

m
Z
resonance

m
R

10 V = 1.0 A . 10

The voltage amplitude across the inductor is therefore VL = IX L = (1.0 A)(1000 ) = 1.0 103 V which is much larger than the amplitude of the generator emf.

48. (a) A sketch of the phasors would be very much like Fig. 31-10(c) but with the label IL on the green arrow replaced with VR. (b) We have VR = VL, which implies I R = I XL R = d L which yields f = d/2 = R/2L = 318 Hz. (c) = tan1(VL /VR) = +45. (d) d = R/L = 2.00103 rad/s. (e) I = (6 V)/ R2 + XL2 = 3/(40 2) 53.0 mA.

49. We use the expressions found in Problem 31-45:

+ 3CR + 3C 2 R 2 + 4 LC 3CR + 3C 2 R 2 + 4 LC , 2 = 1 = . 2 LC 2 LC

We also use Eq. 31-4. Thus,

d =

1 2 2 3CR LC 3C = =R . 2 LC L

For the data of Problem 31-45,

d = 5.00

g c

3 20.0 106 F 100 . H

h = 387 . 10

This is in agreement with the result of Problem 31-45. The method of Problem 31-45, however, gives only one significant figure since two numbers close in value are subtracted (1 2). Here the subtraction is done algebraically, and three significant figures are obtained.

50. (a) The capacitive reactance is XC = (b) The impedance is 1 1 = = 16.6 . 2fC 2(400 Hz)(24.0 106 F)

Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2 = R 2 + (2fL X C ) 2 = (220 ) 2 + [2(400 Hz)(150 103 H) 16.6 ]2 = 422 . (c) The current amplitude is I=

m
Z

220 V = 0.521 A . 422

1 (d) Now X C Ceq . Thus, XC increases as Ceq decreases.

(e) Now Ceq = C/2, and the new impedance is Z = (220 ) 2 + [2(400 Hz)(150 103 H) 2(16.6 )]2 = 408 < 422 . Therefore, the impedance decreases. (f) Since I Z 1 , it increases.

51. (a) Since Leq = L1 + L2 and Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 for the circuit, the resonant frequency is 1 1 = = 2 Leq Ceq 2 L1 + L2 C1 + C2 + C3

gb

2 170 . 10 H + 2.30 10 H 4.00 106 F + 2.50 106 F + 3.50 106 F

hc

= 796 Hz.

(b) The resonant frequency does not depend on R so it will not change as R increases. (c) Since (L1 + L2)1/2, it will decrease as L1 increases.
1/2 (d) Since Ceq and Ceq decreases as C3 is removed, will increase.

52. The amplitude (peak) value is

Vmax = 2Vrms = 2 100 V = 141 V.

53. The average power dissipated in resistance R when the current is alternating is given 2 R, where Irms is the root-mean-square current. Since I rms = I / 2 , where I is by Pavg = I rms the current amplitude, this can be written Pavg = I2R/2. The power dissipated in the same 2 resistor when the current id is direct is given by P = id R. Setting the two powers equal to each other and solving, we obtain
id = I 2.60 A = = 184 . A. 2 2

54. Since the impedance of the voltmeter is large, it will not affect the impedance of the circuit when connected in parallel with the circuit. So the reading will be 100 V in all three cases.

55. (a) Using Eq. 31-61, the impedance is

Z=

(12.0 ) + (1.30 0 )
2

= 12.1 .

(b) The average rate at which energy has been supplied is Pavg =
2 rms R

Z2

(120 V ) (12.0 ) = 1.186 103 W 1.19 103 W. = 2 (12.07 )

2

56. This circuit contains no reactances, so rms = IrmsRtotal. Using Eq. 31-71, we find the average dissipated power in resistor R is PR = I
2 rms

F IJ R=G H r + RK
m

R.

In order to maximize PR we set the derivative equal to zero:

2 2 2 dPR m ( r + R ) 2 ( r + R ) R m ( r R ) = = =0 R=r 4 3 dR (r + R) (r + R)

57. (a) The power factor is cos , where is the phase constant defined by the expression i = I sin(t ). Thus, = 42.0 and cos = cos( 42.0) = 0.743. (b) Since < 0, t > t. The current leads the emf. (c) The phase constant is related to the reactance difference by tan = (XL XC)/R. We have tan = tan( 42.0) = 0.900, a negative number. Therefore, XL XC is negative, which leads to XC > XL. The circuit in the box is predominantly capacitive. (d) If the circuit were in resonance XL would be the same as XC, tan would be zero, and would be zero. Since is not zero, we conclude the circuit is not in resonance. (e) Since tan is negative and finite, neither the capacitive reactance nor the resistance are zero. This means the box must contain a capacitor and a resistor. (f) The inductive reactance may be zero, so there need not be an inductor. (g) Yes, there is a resistor. (h) The average power is Pavg = 1 1 m I cos = 75.0 V 120 . A 0.743 = 33.4 W. 2 2

gb

gb

(i) The answers above depend on the frequency only through the phase constant , which is given. If values were given for R, L and C then the value of the frequency would also be needed to compute the power factor.

58. The current in the circuit satisfies i(t) = I sin(dt ), where

I= =

m
Z

m
R 2 + ( d L 1/ d C )
2 2

45.0 V

(16.0 )

+ ( 3000 rad/s )( 9.20 mH ) 1/ ( 3000 rad/s )( 31.2 F )

= 1.93A

and

= tan 1

X L XC 1 d L 1/ d C = tan R R ( 3000 rad/s )( 9.20 mH ) 1 = tan 1 16.0 ( 3000 rad/s )(16.0 )( 31.2 F ) = 46.5.

(a) The power supplied by the generator is Pg = i (t ) (t ) = I sin (d t ) m sin d t = (1.93A )( 45.0 V ) sin ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) sin ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) 46.5 = 41.4 W. (b) With vc (t ) = Vc sin(d t / 2) = Vc cos(d t )

where Vc = I / d C , the rate at which the energy in the capacitor changes is d q2 q Pc = = i = ivc dt 2C C I I2 t cos sin = I sin (d t ) = ( d ) 2 ( d t ) C C 2 d d

(1.93A ) = sin 2 ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) 2 ( 46.5 ) 2 ( 3000 rad/s ) ( 31.2 106 F )
2

= 17.0 W. (c) The rate at which the energy in the inductor changes is

PL =

d 1 2 di d 1 I sin ( d t ) = d LI 2 sin Li = Li = LI sin ( d t ) 2 ( d t ) dt 2 dt dt 2 1 2 = ( 3000 rad/s )(1.93A ) ( 9.20 mH ) sin 2 ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) 2 ( 46.5 ) 2 = 44.1 W.

(d) The rate at which energy is being dissipated by the resistor is PR = i 2 R = I 2 R sin 2 ( d t ) = (1.93A ) (16.0 ) sin 2 ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) 46.5
2

= 14.4 W. (e) Equal. PL + PR + Pc = 44.1W 17.0 W + 14.4 W = 41.5 W = Pg .

59. We shall use

Pavg =
2 m R

2Z 2

2 m R 2 2 R 2 + ( d L 1/ d C )

where Z = R 2 + d L 1 / d C

is the impedance.

(a) Considered as a function of C, Pavg has its largest value when the factor 2 R 2 + (d L 1/ d C ) has the smallest possible value. This occurs for d L = 1/ d C , or
C= 1 =

L
2 d

b2g b60.0 Hzg c60.0 10 Hh

2 2 3

. 104 F. = 117

The circuit is then at resonance. (b) In this case, we want Z2 to be as large as possible. The impedance becomes large without bound as C becomes very small. Thus, the smallest average power occurs for C = 0 (which is not very different from a simple open switch). (c) When dL = 1/dC, the expression for the average power becomes Pavg =
2 m

2R

so the maximum average power is in the resonant case and is equal to

( 30.0 V ) = 90.0 W. Pavg = 2 ( 5.00 )

2

(d) At maximum power, the reactances are equal: XL = XC. The phase angle in this case may be found from X XC tan = L = 0, R which implies = 0 . (e) At maximum power, the power factor is cos = cos 0 = 1. (f) The minimum average power is Pavg = 0 (as it would be for an open switch). (g) On the other hand, at minimum power XC 1/C is infinite, which leads us to set tan = . In this case, we conclude that = 90. (h) At minimum power, the power factor is cos = cos(90) = 0.

60. (a) The power consumed by the light bulb is P = I2R/2. So we must let Pmax/Pmin = (I/Imin)2 = 5, or

FG I IJ = FG H I K H
2 min

/ Z min m / Z max
m

IJ = FG Z IJ = FG K H Z K GH
2 2 max min

R 2 + Lmax R

g IJ JK
2

= 5.

We solve for Lmax: Lmax 2R

2 120 V / 1000 W = = = 7.64 102 H. 2 60.0 Hz

(b) Yes, one could use a variable resistor. (c) Now we must let

FG R H
Rmax =

max

+ Rbulb Rbulb

IJ K

= 5,

or

5 1 Rbulb

b120 Vg = 17.8 . = d 5 1i 1000 W

2

(d) This is not done because the resistors would consume, rather than temporarily store, electromagnetic energy.

61. (a) The rms current is

I rms = =

rms
Z

rms
R 2 + ( 2fL 1/ 2fC )
2 2

75.0V

(15.0 )

+ 2 ( 550Hz )( 25.0mH ) 1/ 2 ( 550Hz )( 4.70 F )

= 2.59A.

(b) The rms voltage across R is

Vab = I rms R = ( 2.59 A )(15.0 ) = 38.8 V .

(c) The rms voltage across C is

Vbc = I rms X C = I rms 2.59A = = 159 V . 2fC 2 ( 550 Hz )( 4.70 F )

(d) The rms voltage across L is

Vcd = I rms X L = 2I rms fL = 2 ( 2.59 A )( 550 Hz )( 25.0 mH ) = 224 V .

(e) The rms voltage across C and L together is

Vbd = Vbc Vcd = 159.5 V 223.7 V = 64.2V

(f) The rms voltage across R, C and L together is

2 2 Vad = Vab + Vbd =

( 38.8 V ) + ( 64.2 V )
2 2

= 75.0 V

(g) For R, V 2 ( 38.8 V ) PR = ab = = 100 W. 15.0 R (h) No energy dissipation in C. (i) No energy dissipation in L.

62. For step-up trasnformer: (a) The smallest value of the ratio Vs / V p is achieved by using T2T3 as primary and T1T3 as secondary coil: V13/V23 = (800 + 200)/800 = 1.25. (b) The second smallest value of the ratio Vs / V p is achieved by using T1T2 as primary and T2T3 as secondary coil: V23/V13 = 800/200 = 4.00. (c) The largest value of the ratio Vs / V p is achieved by using T1T2 as primary and T1T3 as secondary coil: V13/V12 = (800 + 200)/200 = 5.00. For the step-down transformer, we simply exchange the primary and secondary coils in each of the three cases above. (d) The smallest value of the ratio Vs / V p is 1/5.00 = 0.200. (e) The second smallest value of the ratio Vs / V p is 1/4.00 = 0.250. (f) The largest value of the ratio Vs / V p is 1/1.25 = 0.800.

63. (a) The stepped-down voltage is Vs = V p

F N I = b120 Vg FG 10 IJ = 2.4 V. GH N JK H 500K

s p

(b) By Ohms law, the current in the secondary is I s = We find the primary current from Eq. 31-80: I p = Is

Vs 2.4 V = = 016 . A. Rs 15

F N I = b016 10 I JK = 3.2 10 GH N JK . Ag FGH 500

s p

A.

(c) As shown above, the current in the secondary is I s = 0.16A.

64. We use Eq. 31-79 to find Vs = V p

F N I = b100 Vg FG 500IJ = 100 GH N JK H 50 K . 10 V.

s 3 p

. A. 65. (a) The rms current in the cable is I rms = P / Vt = 250 103 W / 80 103 V = 3125 Therefore, the rms voltage drop is V = I rms

2 (b) The rate of energy dissipation is Pd = I rms

c h . A gb2gb0.30 g = 19 . V. R = b3125 . A gb2gb0.60 g = 5.9 W. R = b3125

. A , so V = ( 31.25A )( 0.60 ) = 19V. (c) Now I rms = 250 103 W / 8.0 103 V = 3125 . A (d) Pd = 3125

g b0.60 g = 5.9 10 W.
2 2
2

(e) I rms = 250 103 W/ ( 0.80 103 V ) = 312.5 A , so V = ( 312.5 A )( 0.60 ) = 1.9 102 V . (f) Pd = ( 312.5 A ) ( 0.60 ) = 5.9 104 W.

2 Reff = Pmechanical , or 66. (a) The effective resistance Reff satisfies I rms

Reff =

0100 . hp 746 W / hp Pmechanical = = 177 . 2 2 I rms 0.650 A

gb

(b) This is not the same as the resistance R of its coils, but just the effective resistance for 2 power transfer from electrical to mechanical form. In fact I rms R would not give Pmechanical but rather the rate of energy loss due to thermal dissipation.

67. (a) We consider the following combinations: V12 = V1 V2, V13 = V1 V3, and V23 = V2 V3. For V12,
V12 = A sin( d t ) A sin ( d t 120 ) = 2 A sin

FG 120IJ cosFG 2 t 120 IJ = H 2K H 2 K

d

3 A cos d t 60

where we use

sin sin = 2sin ( ) 2 cos ( + ) 2

and sin 60 = 3 2. Similarly,

2d t 240 240 V13 = A sin(d t ) A sin (d t 240) = 2 A sin cos = 3 A cos (d t 120 ) 2 2

and

2 d t 360 120 V23 = A sin( d t 120) A sin ( d t 240) = 2 A sin cos 2 2 = 3 A cos ( d t 180 )

All three expressions are sinusoidal functions of t with angular frequency d. (b) We note that each of the above expressions has an amplitude of
3A .

68. (a) Eq. 31-39 gives f = /2 = (2CXC)1 = 8.84 kHz. (b) Because of its inverse relationship with frequency, then the reactance will go down by a factor of 2 when f increases by a factor of 2. The answer is XC = 6.00 .

69. (a) The impedance is Z =

m
I

125 V = 39.1 . 3.20 A

(b) From VR = IR = m cos , we get R=

m cos
I

b125 Vg cosb0.982 radg = 217 . .

3.20 A

(c) Since X L X C sin = sin 0.982 rad , we conclude that XL < XC. The circuit is predominantly capacitive.

70. (a) Eq. 31-4 directly gives 1/ LC 5.77103 rad/s. (b) Eq. 16-5 then yields T = 2/ = 1.09 ms. (c) Although we do not show the graph here, we describe it: it is a cosine curve with amplitude 200 C and period given in part (b).

71. (a) The phase constant is given by

= tan 1

FG V H

V VL / 2.00 VC = tan 1 L = tan 1 100 . = 45.0 . R VL / 2.00

IJ K

FG H

IJ K

b g

(b) We solve R from m cos = IR: R=

m cos
I

b30.0 Vgbcos 45g = 70.7 .

300 103 A

72. From Eq. 31-4, we have C = (2L)1 = ((2f)2L)1 = 1.59 F.

73. (a) We solve L from Eq. 31-4, using the fact that = 2f: L= 1 1 = 2 2 3 4 f C 4 10.4 10 Hz
2

h c340 10 Fh
2
6

= 6.89 107 H.

(b) The total energy may be calculated from the inductor (when the current is at maximum): 2 1 1 U = LI 2 = 6.89 107 H 7.20 103 A = 179 . 1011 J. 2 2

hc

1 Q 2 / C: (c) We solve for Q from U = 2

Q = 2CU = 2 340 106 F 179 . 1011 J = 110 . 107 C.

hc

74. (a) With a phase constant of 45 the (net) reactance must equal the resistance in the circuit, which means the circuit impedance becomes Z = R 2 R = Z/ 2 = 707 . (b) Since f = 8000 Hz then d = 2(8000) rad/s. The net reactance (which, as observed, must equal the resistance) is therefore XL XC = dL (dC)1 = 707 . We are also told that the resonance frequency is 6000 Hz, which (by Eq. 31-4) means C= 1

L
2

1 1 1 = 2 2 = 2 . 2 (2 f ) L 4 f L 4 (6000 Hz) 2 L

Substituting this in for C in our previous expression (for the net reactance) we obtain an equation that can be solved for the self-inductance. Our result is L = 32.2 mH. (c) C = ((2(6000))2L)1 = 21.9 nF.

75. (a) From Eq. 31-4, we have L = (2C)1 = ((2f)2C)1 = 2.41 H. (b) The total energy is the maximum energy on either device (see Fig. 31-4). Thus, we 1 have Umax = 2 LI2 = 21.4 pJ. (c) Of several methods available to do this part, probably the one most in the spirit of this problem (considering the energy that was calculated in part (b)) is to appeal to Umax = 1 2 2 Q /C (from Chapter 26) to find the maximum charge: Q = 2CUmax = 82.2 nC.

76. (a) From Eq. 31-65, we have

= tan 1

FG V V IJ = tan FG V (V / 150 . )I H V K H (V / 2.00) JK

L C
1

which becomes tan1 (2/3 ) = 33.7 or 0.588 rad. (b) Since > 0, it is inductive (XL > XC). (c) We have VR = IR = 9.98 V, so that VL = 2.00VR = 20.0 V and VC = VL/1.50 = 13.3 V. Therefore, from Eq. 31-60, we have

m = VR2 + (VL VC ) 2 = (9.98 V) 2 + (20.0 V 13.3 V) 2 = 12.0 V .

77. (a) The impedance is Z = (80.0 V)/(1.25 A) = 64.0 . (b) We can write cos = R/Z R = (64.0 )cos(0.650 rad) = 50.9 . (c) Since the current leads the emf the circuit is capacitive.

78. (a) We find L from X L = L = 2 fL: XL 130 . 103 f = = = 4.60 103 Hz. 3 2 L 2 45.0 10 H

(b) The capacitance is found from XC = (C)1 = (2fC)1: C= 1 1 = = 2.66 108 F. 3 3 2 fX C 2 4.60 10 Hz 130 . 10

hc

(c) Noting that XL f and XC f 1, we conclude that when f is doubled, XL doubles and XC reduces by half. Thus, XL = 2(1.30 103 ) = 2.60 103 . (d) XC = 1.30 103 /2 = 6.50 102 .

79. (a) Using = 2f , XL = L, XC = 1/C and tan() = (XL XC)/R, we find = tan1[(16.022 33.157)/40.0] = 0.40473 0.405 rad. (b) Eq. 31-63 gives I = 120/ 402 + (16-33)2 = 2.7576 2.76 A. (c) XC > XL capacitive.

80. From Umax = 2 LI we get I = 0.115 A.

81. From Eq. 31-4 we get f = 1/2 LC = 1.84 kHz

82. (a) The reactances are as follows:

X L = 2 f d L = 2 (400 Hz)(0.0242 H) = 60.82 X C = (2 f d C ) 1 = [2 (400 Hz)(1.21105 F)]1 = 32.88 Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2 = (20.0 ) 2 + (60.82 32.88 ) 2 = 34.36

With = 90.0 V, we have I=

90.0 V I 2.62 A = 2.62 A I rms = = = 1.85 A . 34.36 2 2

Therefore, the rms potential difference across the resistor is VR rms = Irms R = 37.0 V. (b) Across the capacitor, the rms potential difference is VC rms = Irms XC = 60.9 V. (c) Similarly, across the inductor, the rms potential difference is VL rms = Irms XL = 113 V. (d) The average rate of energy dissipation is Pavg = (Irms)2R = 68.6 W.

83. (a) At any time, the total energy U in the circuit is the sum of the energy UE in the capacitor and the energy UB in the inductor. When UE = 0.500UB (at time t), then UB = 2.00UE and U = UE + UB = 3.00UE. Now, UE is given by q 2 / 2C , where q is the charge on the capacitor at time t. The total energy U is given by Q 2 / 2C , where Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor. Thus,
Q 2 3.00q 2 Q = q= = 0.577Q . 2C 2C 3.00

(b) If the capacitor is fully charged at time t = 0, then the time-dependent charge on the capacitor is given by q = Q cos t . This implies that the condition q = 0.577Q is satisfied when cost =0.557, or t = 0.955 rad. Since = 2 / T (where T is the period of oscillation), t = 0.955T / 2 = 0.152T , or t / T = 0.152.

2 84. From Eq. 31-60, we have (220 V / 3.00 A) 2 = R 2 + X L X L = 69.3 .

85. (a) The energy stored in the capacitor is given by U E = q 2 / 2C. Since q is a periodic function of t with period T, so must be UE. Consequently, UE will not be changed over one complete cycle. Actually, UE has period T/2, which does not alter our conclusion.
1 2 (b) Similarly, the energy stored in the inductor is U B = 2 i L . Since i is a periodic function of t with period T, so must be UB.

(c) The energy supplied by the generator is Pavg T = I rms rms cos T =

1 I TJ g FGH 2 K

I cos

where we substitute I rms = I / 2 and rms = m / 2 . (d) The energy dissipated by the resistor is Pavg,resistor T = I rmsVR T = I rms I rms R T =

1 I T J I R. g FGH 2 K
2

(e) Since m I cos = m I VR / m = m I IR / m = I 2 R, the two quantities are indeed the same.

86. (a) We note that we obtain the maximum value in Eq. 31-28 when we set t= 2 d = 1 1 = = 0.00417 s 4 f 4(60)

or 4.17 ms. The result is m sin( / 2) = m sin (90 ) = 36.0 V . (b) At t = 4.17 ms, the current is i = I sin ( d t ) = I sin (90 (24.3)) = (0.164A) cos(24.3) = 0.1495A 0.150 A. using Eq. 31-29 and the results of the Sample Problem. Ohms law directly gives vR = iR = (0.1495A)(200) = 29.9V. (c) The capacitor voltage phasor is 90 less than that of the current. Thus, at t = 4.17 ms, we obtain vC = I sin(90 (24.3) 90) X C = IX C sin(24.3) = (0.164A)(177) sin(24.3) = 11.9V. (d) The inductor voltage phasor is 90 more than that of the current. Therefore, at t = 4.17 ms, we find vL = I sin(90 (24.3) + 90) X L = IX L sin(24.3) = (0.164A)(86.7) sin(24.3) = 5.85V. (e) Our results for parts (b), (c) and (d) add to give 36.0 V, the same as the answer for part (a).

87. (a) Let t / 4 = / 2 to obtain t = 3 / 4 = 3 / 4 350 rad / s = 6.73 103 s. (b) Let t + / 4 = / 2 to obtain t = / 4 = / 4 350 rad / s = 2.24 103 s. (c) Since i leads in phase by /2, the element must be a capacitor. (d) We solve C from X C = C I

b g

= m / I :

6.20 103 A C= = = 5.90 105 F. m ( 30.0 V )( 350 rad/s )

88. (a) The amplifier is connected across the primary windings of a transformer and the resistor R is connected across the secondary windings. (b) If Is is the rms current in the secondary coil then the average power delivered to R is Pavg = I s2 R . Using I s = ( N p / N s ) I p , we obtain

Pavg

F I N IJ =G HN K
p p s

R.

Next, we find the current in the primary circuit. This is effectively a circuit consisting of a generator and two resistors in series. One resistance is that of the amplifier (r), and the other is the equivalent resistance Req of the secondary circuit. Therefore, Ip =

rms
r + Req

r + N p / Ns R

rms

where Eq. 31-82 is used for Req. Consequently,

Pavg =

2 ( N p / N s )2 R
2 r + ( N p / Ns ) R 2

Now, we wish to find the value of Np/Ns such that Pavg is a maximum. For brevity, let x = (Np/Ns)2. Then 2 Rx Pavg = , 2 r + xR and the derivative with respect to x is

This is zero for avg increases linearly with x, and for large x it decreases in proportion to 1/x. Thus x = r/R is indeed a maximum, not a minimum. Recalling x = (Np/Ns)2, we conclude that the maximum power is achieved for N p / N s = x = 10 .

br + xRg x = r / R = b1000 g / b10 g = 100 . We note that for small x, P

dx
3

dPavg

2 R r xR

g.

The diagram that follows is a schematic of a transformer with a ten to one turns ratio. An actual transformer would have many more turns in both the primary and secondary coils.

89. Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance. Reactances of a certain type add (in series) just like resistances did in Chapter 28. Thus, since the resonance values are the same for both circuits, we have for each circuit:

L1 =
and adding these equations we find

1 , C1

L2 =

1 C2

( L1 + L2 ) =
1 1 = (C11 + C2 ), Since Leq = L1 + L2 and Ceq

1 1 1 + . C1 C2

Leq =

1 resonance in the combined circuit. Ceq

90. When switch S1 is closed and the others are open, the inductor is essentially out of the circuit and what remains is an RC circuit. The time constant is C = RC. When switch S2 is closed and the others are open, the capacitor is essentially out of the circuit. In this case, what we have is an LR circuit with time constant L = L/R. Finally, when switch S3 is closed and the others are open, the resistor is essentially out of the circuit and what remains is an LC circuit that oscillates with period T = 2 LC . Substituting L = RL and C = C/R, we obtain T = 2 C L .

91. When the switch is open, we have a series LRC circuit involving just the one capacitor near the upper right corner. Eq. 31-65 leads to

d L

1 d C = tan o = tan(20) = tan 20. R

Now, when the switch is in position 1, the equivalent capacitance in the circuit is 2C. In this case, we have 1 d L 2 d C = tan 1 = tan10.0. R Finally, with the switch in position 2, the circuit is simply an LC circuit with current amplitude

I2 =

Z LC

1 d L C d

d C

1 L d

where we use the fact that ( d C ) 1 > d L in simplifying the square root (this fact is evident from the description of the first situation, when the switch was open). We solve for L, R and C from the three equations above, and the results are (a) R = m 120V = = 165 . I 2 tan o (2.00 A) tan (20.0)
m tan 1 120 V tan10.0 1 2 = 1 2 = 0.313 H . d I 2 tan o 2(60.0 Hz)(2.00 A) tan (20.0)

(b) L = (c) C=

I2 2.00 A = 2d m (1 tan 1 / tan 0 ) 2(2)(60.0 Hz)(120 V) (1 tan10.0 / tan(20.0) )

= 1.49 105 F

92. (a) Eqs. 31-4 and 31-14 lead to Q =

= I LC = 1.27 106 C .

(b) We choose the phase constant in Eq. 31-12 to be = / 2 , so that i0 = I in Eq. 31-15). Thus, the energy in the capacitor is UE = q 2 Q2 = (sin t ) 2 . 2C 2C

Differentiating and using the fact that 2 sin cos = sin 2, we obtain dU E Q 2 = sin 2t . dt 2C We find the maximum value occurs whenever sin 2t = 1 , which leads (with n = odd integer) to 1 n n n t= = = LC = 8.31 105 s, 2.49 104 s, . 2 2 4 4

The earliest time is t = 8.31 105 s. (c) Returning to the above expression for dU E / dt with the requirement that sin 2t = 1 , we obtain

FG dU IJ H dt K
E

max

I LC Q2 = = 2C 2C

I I2 = 2 LC

L = 5.44 103 J / s . C

93. (a) We observe that = 6597 rad/s, and, consequently, XL = 594 and XC = 303 . Since XL > XC, the phase angle is positive: = +60.0 . From Eq. 31-65, we obtain R = X L XC = 168 . tan

(b) Since we are already on the high side of resonance, increasing f will only decrease the current further, but decreasing f brings us closer to resonance and, consequently, large values of I. (c) Increasing L increases XL, but we already have XL > XC. Thus, if we wish to move closer to resonance (where XL must equal XC), we need to decrease the value of L. (d) To change the present condition of XC < XL to something closer to XC = XL (resonance, large current), we can increase XC. Since XC depends inversely on C, this means decreasing C.

94. (a) We observe that d = 12566 rad/s. Consequently, XL = 754 and XC = 199 . Hence, Eq. 31-65 gives X XC = tan 1 L = 122 . rad . R

FG H

IJ K

(b) We find the current amplitude from Eq. 31-60: I =

m
R2 + ( X L X C )2

= 0.288 A .

95. From Eq. 31-4, with = 2 f = 4.49 103 rad / s, we obtain L= 1 = 7.08 103 H. 2C

96. (a) From Eq. 31-4, with = 2 f , C = 2.00 nF and L = 2.00 mH, we have f = 1 = 7.96 104 Hz. 2 LC VC = Cvmax = 4.00 10 3 A. XC

(b) The maximum current in the oscillator is imax = I C =

(c) Using Eq. 30-49, we find the maximum magnetic energy: U B ,max = 1 2 Limax = 1.60 108 J. 2

(d) Adapting Eq. 30-35 to the notation of this chapter, vmax = L | di / dt |max , which yields a (maximum) time rate of change (for i) equal to 2.00103 A/s.

97. Reading carefully, we note that the driving frequency of the source is permanently set at the resonance frequency of the initial circuit (with switches open); it is set at d = 1/ LC = 1.58 104 rad/s and does not correspond to the resonance frequency once the switches are closed. In our table, below, Ceq is in F, f is in kHz, and Req and Z are in . Steady state conditions are assumed in calculating the current amplitude (which is in amperes); this I is the current through the source (or through the inductor), as opposed to the (generally smaller) current in one of the resistors. Resonant frequencies f are computed with = 2f. Reducing capacitor and resistor combinations is explained in chapters 26 and 28, respectively. (a) Ceq(F) 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 (b) f(kHz) 1.78 1.59 1.59 1.59 (c) Req() 12.0 12.0 6.0 4.0 (d) Z() 19.8 22.4 19.9 19.4 (e) I (A) 0.605 0.535 0.603 0.619

switch S1 S2 S3 S4