Scribd
Upload
33K views6 pages

WHO Report

WHO’s Ambient Air Pollution database ‐ Update 2014

Uploaded by

shabina921
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33K views6 pages

WHO Report

WHO’s Ambient Air Pollution database ‐ Update 2014

Uploaded by

shabina921
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

1

WHOs Ambient Air Pollution database Update 2014


Data summary of the AAP database
The2014versionoftheAmbientAirPollution(AAP)databaseconsistsmainlyofurbanairqualitydata
annualmeansforPM
10
and/orPM
2.5
forabout1600citiesfrom91countriesfortheyears20082013.
Theregionaldistributionofcitiesdocumentedinthedatabase,andthenumberofcitieswithaccessible
databyurbaninhabitantsaredescribedinTable1andFigure1,respectively.
Table1:TotalnumberofcitiesinAAPdatabase,2014version,byregion
Region Numberofcities Numberof
countries
Totalnumberof
countriesinregion
Africa(SubSaharan) 16 6 47
America,LMI 88 13 26
America,HI 535 4 9
EasternMediterranean,LMI 14 6 15
EasternMediterranean,HI 12 5 6
Europe,LMI 109 8 20
Europe,HI 461 29 33
SouthEastAsia 167 9 11
WesternPacific,LMI 133 5 21
WesternPacific,HI 93 6 6
World 1628 91 194
LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome.
Figure1:NumberofcitieswithaccessiblePM
10
andPM
2.5
datain2014perurbanpopulation

PM
10/2.5
:Fineparticulatematterof10/2.5micronsorless;Afr:Africa;Amr:America;Emr:EasternMediterranean;
Eur:Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia;Wpr:WesternPacific;LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome.
PM
2.5
measurements can directly be linked to estimates of health risks, and are therefore of particular
interest. PM
10
measurements first need to be converted to PM
2.5
in order to do so. In highincome
countries, PM
2.5
measurements are already being widely performed. In low and middleincome
countries,however,whilePM
2.5
measuresareincreasinglybeingdeveloped,theyarenotyetavailablein

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
N
o

o
f

c
i
t
i
e
s

w
i
t
h

P
M

d
a
t
a

p
e
r

m
i
l
l
i
o
n

u
r
b
a
n

i
n
h
a
b
i
t
a
n
t
s
PM2.5
PM10

many countries. In lowand middleincome countries, annual mean PM


2.5
measurements could be
accessed in only 69 cities, but PM
10
in as many as 512 cities. In highincome countries, 816 cities with
PM
2.5
measurescouldbeaccessed,against544citieswithPM
10
measurements.
AnoverviewofPM
10
levelsfortheWHOregionsandselectedcitiesispresentedinFigure2and3.
Figure2:PM
10
levelsbyregion,forthelastavailableyearintheperiod20082012.

PM
10
:Fineparticulatematterof10micronsorless;Afr:Africa;Amr:America;Emr:EasternMediterranean;Eur:
Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia;Wpr:WesternPacific;LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome.PM
10
values
areregionalurbanpopulationweighted.
Figure3:PM
10
levelsforselectedcitiesbyregion,forthelastavailableyearintheperiod20082012.

PM
10
: Fine particulate matter of 10 microns or less; Afr:Africa; Amr:America; Emr:Eastern Mediterranean; Eur:
Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia;Wpr:WesternPacific;LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome.

78
51
208
49
128
87
26
71
0
50
100
150
200
250
P
M
1
0

g
/
m
3
]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
P
o
r
t

L
o
u
i
s
C
a
p
e

T
o
w
n
P
r
e
t
o
r
i
a
A
c
c
r
a
D
a
k
a
r
S
a
n

J
o
s
e
B
u
e
n
o
s

A
i
r
e
s
C
a
r
a
c
a
s
R
i
o

d
e

J
a
n
e
i
r
o
M
e
x
i
c
o

c
i
t
y
V
a
n
c
o
u
v
e
r
W
a
s
h
i
n
g
t
o
n
M
o
n
t
e
v
i
d
e
o
P
u
e
n
t
e

A
l
t
o
S
a
n
t
i
a
g
o
B
e
i
r
u
t
T
e
h
r
a
n
A
m
m
a
n
C
a
i
r
o
K
a
r
a
c
h
i
M
u
s
c
a
t
J
e
d
d
a
h
D
o
h
a
A
b
u

D
h
a
b
i
M
o
s
c
o
w
B
u
c
u
r
e
s
t
i
B
e
l
g
r
a
d
A
n
k
a
r
a
S
o
f
i
a
K

b
e
n
h
a
v
n
P
a
r
i
s
L
i
s
b
o
a
R
o
m
a
W
a
r
s
z
a
w
a
B
a
n
g
k
o
k
C
o
l
o
m
b
o
K
a
t
h
m
a
n
d
u
D
h
a
k
a
D
e
l
h
i
M
a
n
i
l
a
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i
H

N
o
i
B
e
i
j
i
n
g
U
l
a
a
n
b
a
a
t
a
r
A
u
c
k
l
a
n
d
M
e
l
b
o
u
r
n
e
H
i
r
o
s
h
i
m
a
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
S
e
o
u
l
Afr AmrLMI AmrHI EmrLMI EmrHI EurLMI EurHI Sear WprLMI WprHI
P
M

1
0

[
u
g
/
m
3
]

Figure 4: Annual mean PM of the assessed urban population compared to the WHO Air Quality
Guidelines(AQG)
a

Afr:Africa;Amr:America;Emr:EasternMediterranean;Eur:Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia;Wpr:WesternPacific;
LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome;AQG:WHOAirQualityGuidelines.

a
AnnualmeanPM10:20g/m
3
;AnnualmeanPM2.5:10g/m
3
.
Figure4showstheregionalandglobalpercentagesoftheassessedurbanpopulationexperiencingPM
10

orPM
2.5
airpollutionlevelsthatmeetorexceedtheWHOAirQualityGuidelinesannualmeanvaluesof
20g/m
3
(forPM
10
)and10g/m
3
(forPM
2.5
)
1
.Globally,accordingtothecurrentlyavailabledata,12%of
the assessed population are exposed to PM
10
or PM
2.5
annual mean levels complying with AQG levels.
Thisfiguresraisesto27%fortheinterimtarget3(IT3,30g/m
3
forPM
10
and15g/m
3
forPM
2.5
)ofthe
AQG,49%forIT2(50g/m
3
forPM
10
and25g/m
3
forPM
2.5
),and62%forIT1(70g/m
3
forPM
10
and
35g/m
3
forPM
2.5
).
Comparison of urban air pollution levels in recent years
Atotalof851citiesin72countriesarepresentinboththe2011and2014versionsofthedatabase,with
airqualitydatafordifferentyears(Table2).The2011versionofthedatabasecontainsdatafor2010or
earlier,andthe2014versionfor2012orearlier.Tocomparelevelsofairpollutionforanequivalentofa
threeyear average for cities present inboth versions of the database,a linear interpolation or (rarely)
anextrapolationwasmade.AregionalsummaryispresentedbyWHOregionandincomegroups(Figure
5).
Table2:Numberofcitiespresentinboththe2011andthe2014versionsoftheAAPdatabase,byregion
Region Numberofcities Numberofcountries
Africa(SubSaharan) 4 3
America,LMI 25 10
America,HI 406 4
EasternMediterranean,LMI 9 4
EasternMediterranean,HI 3 2
Europe,LMI 56 10
Europe,HI 236 24
SouthEastAsia 52 8
WesternPacific,LMI 34 3
WesternPacific,HI 26 4
World 851 72
LMI:Lowandmiddleincomecountries;HI:Highincome.

1
ForcitieswithbothPM
10
andPM2
2.5
values(337),PM
2.5
wereused.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
%

o
f

a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
exceedAQG
meetAQG

Globally,annualPM
10
levelsareestimatedtoincreaseby6%duringtherecentthreeyearperiods(2009
to2012orearlierperiod)asassessedincitiespresentinbothdatabasesandweightedbyregionalurban
population.

Figure 5:Regionalcitypopulationweightedcomparisons
1
inannualmeanPM
10
forathreeyearperiod,
byregion,forcitiespresentinbothversionsofthedatabase

PM
10
: Fine particulate matter of 10 microns or less; Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern
Mediterranean;Eur:Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia,Wpr:WesternPacific;LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;
HI: highincome. Results are based on 851 cities and are to be interpreted with caution, as yearly
variations due for example to climatic changes can be important and 3year comparisons do not
necessarilyrepresenttrends,inparticularwhenchangesarelimited.
1
ThemeanfortheWorldisbasedonweightingbyregionalurbanpopulation.

Figure 6 shows the percentage of cities with decreasing levels of annual mean PM
10
(in green),
increasing levels (in light orange), and levels with changes of 3% per year (in blue), by region. The
variation in population living in cities with increasing or decreasing population levels is represented in
Figure7.

+26%
+16%
+8%
13%
+14%
4%
2%
+6%
0
50
100
150
200
250
P
M
1
0

[
u
g
/
m
3
]
2009orearlier 2012orearlier

Figure6:PercentageofcitieswithincreasinganddecreasingPM
10
annualmeans,byregion.

Afr:Africa;Amr:America;Emr:EasternMediterranean;Eur:Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia,Wpr:WesternPacific;
LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome.
*Theworldfigureisregionalpopulationweighted.

Figure 7: Percentage of city population experiencing increasing and decreasing PM


10
annual means, by
region.

Afr:Africa;Amr:America;Emr:EasternMediterranean;Eur:Europe;Sear:SouthEastAsia,Wpr:WesternPacific;
LMI:Lowandmiddleincome;HI:highincome.

0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Afr Amr
LMI
AmrHI Emr
LMI
EmrHI EurLMI EurHI Sear Wpr
LMI
WprHI World*
%citiesdecreasing Limitedchange(3%peryear) %citiesincreasing
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Afr Amr
LMI
AmrHI EmrLMI EmrHI EurLMI EurHI Sear Wpr
LMI
WprHI World
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
f

c
i
t
y

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
withdecreasingAP Limitedchange(3%peryear) withincreasingAP

Limitations
Thepresentedcomparisonofairpollutionlevelshasanumberoflimitations:
Theperiodofcomparisonisrelativelyshort.Yearlyvariationsmayforexamplebeinfluencedby
the weather and a comparison of threeyear periods may not be sufficient to reflect a longer
term trend. Therefore, threeyear running means were used where available. A longer time
periodofcomparisonishoweverrequiredtoconfirmanytrends.
The sampling locations may have changed within the period of comparison, and a variation in
annual mean PM levels of a city may reflect different sampling locations rather than a trend.
Measurementlocationsarehoweverreasonablystableovertime.

Forfurtherinformation,pleasecontact:
PublicHealth,SocialandEnvironmentalDeterminantsofHealthDepartment,
WorldHealthOrganization,1211Geneva27,Switzerland
Website:www.who.int/phe

WorldHealthOrganization2014

Allrightsreserved.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy