5-1

Chapter 5
Problem Solutions
511 . .

The time derivative is related to the phasor form by j
t

. Hence
j H z
H z t
t
y
y

$
( )
( , )
and j E z
E z t
t
x
x

$
( )
( , )
.
512 . .

The time-domain equations are ( ) ( ) E z t E t z E t z
x m m
( , ) cos cos = + +
+
and
( ) ( ) H z t
E
t z
E
t z
y
m m
( , ) cos cos = +
+

. Substituting into the first equation

gives ( ) ( )

E z t
z
E t z E t z
x
m m
( , )
sin sin = +
+
and
( ) ( ) = +
+

H z t
t
E
t z
E
t z
y
m m
( , )
sin sin . Matching the
corresponding coefficients of the sin terms gives the requirement that

= . But
substituting = and

= shows this to be true. Similar results are shown for

the second equation of Problem 5.1.1.
513 . .

(a) pvc, ( )
r
= 35 .

= =
v
o
r r
0392 .
rad
m
,

= =
o
r
r
202 ,
v
v
o
r r
= =

16 10
8
.
m
s
, = =
v
f
16 m (b) Teflon, ( )
r
= 21 .

= =
v
o
r r
0304 .
rad
m
,

= =
o
r
r
260 , v
v
o
r r
= =

207 10
8
.
m
s
,
= =
v
f
207 . m. (c) Mylar, ( )
r
= 5

= =
v
o
r r
0468 .
rad
m
,

= =
o
r
r
169 ,
v
v
o
r r
= =

134 10
8
.
m
s
, = =
v
f
134 . m. (d) Polyurethane ( )
r
= 7
5-2

= =
v
o
r r
0554 .
rad
m
,

= =
o
r
r
142 , v
v
o
r r
= =

113 10
8
.
m
s
,
= =
v
f
113 . m .
514 . .

A sketch is shown below. The phase constant is

= =
v
o
0105 .
rad
m
and the intrinsic
impedance is = =
o
377 . The electric field intensity vector is given by
$
.
E a = 10
0105
e
j y
z
or
( )
E a = + 10 10 10 0105
6
cos . t y
z
. In order for the power flow
E H to be in the -y direction, the magnetic field intensity vector must be in the -x
direction so that
$
.
.
H a = 0 0265
0105
e
j y
x
or
( )
H a = + 0 0265 10 10 0105
6
. cos . t y
x
.








515 . .

A sketch is shown below. Since the wavelength is =
v
f
, the frequency of the wave is
800MHz. Also the velocity of propagation is v
v
o
r
=

. Hence
r
= 225 . . The phase
constant is

= = =
v
2
251 .
rad
m
. The electric field is
( )
E a = 100 16 10 251
8
cos . t x
z
. The intrinsic impedance is

= =
o
r
251. In
order that E H be in the +x direction, the magnetic field must be directed in the -y
direction. Hence
( )
H a = 0398 16 10 251
8
. cos . t x
y

E
z
H
x
y
z
x
5-3








516 . .

The frequency of the wave is 40MHz. The phase constant is

= =
v
o
r
29 .
rad
m
. The
intrinsic impedance is

= =
o
r
109. The problem is sketched below. The wave is
traveling in the +y direction. From this E must be in the z direction in order that E H be
in the +y direction. The magnitude of the electric field is the product of the magnitude of
the magnetic field and the intrinsic impedance. Hence, the electric field is
( )
E a = 109 8 10 29
7
. cos . t y
z
.








E
z
H
y
x
y
z
E
z
H
x
y
z
x
5-4
517 . .

The problem is sketched below. The phase constant is

= =
v
o
r r
251
rad
m
. The
intrinsic impedance is

= =
o
r
r
565. The wave is traveling in the -z direction and
the magnetic field is in the y direction. Hence the magnetic field intensity vector is given
by
( )
H a = + 0 02 4 10 251
9
. cos t z
y
From this E must be in the -x direction in order that
E H be in the -z direction. The magnitude of the electric field is the product of the
magnitude of the magnetic field and the intrinsic impedance. Hence, the electric field is
( )
E a = + 113 4 10 251
9
. cos t z
x
.








518 . .

Since

=
v
f
o
r
we have that

r
o
= = 2. Hence
r
= 4 .
5 21 . .

The frequency is 500MHz. The propagation constant is
( )
$

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
10 10 4 10 4 1 10 10
1
36
10 36
8 7 8 9
This evaluates to
$
. . = = + 149 675 57 2 138
o
j . Hence we identify = 57 2 . and
= 138
rad
m
. The intrinsic impedance is
H
y
E
x
z
x
y
5-5
( )
$

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
10 10 4 10 4
1 10 10
1
36
10 36
8 7
8 9
. This evaluates to
$
. = 106 225
o
. The problem is sketched below. The wave is traveling in the +x
direction and the electric field is in the z direction. From this H must be in the -y direction
in order that E H be in the +x direction. Hence the magnetic field vector is
( )
H a =

0946 10 10 138 225

57 2 8
. cos .
.
e t x
x o
y
.








5.2.2

(a) 60Hz. The propagation constant is
( )
$
.

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
120 4 10 0 01 120
1
36
10 15
7 9

This evaluates to
$
. . . = = +

218 10 45 154 10 154 10
3 3 3 o
j . Hence we identify
=

154 10
3
. and =

154 10
3
.
rad
m
. The velocity of propagation is
v = =

245 10
5
.
m
s
. The intrinsic impedance is
( )
$
.

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
120 4 10
001 120
1
36
10 15
7
9
which evaluates to
$
. = 0 22 45
o
.
E
z
H
y
x
y
z
5-6
(b) 1MHz. The propagation constant is
( )
$
.

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
2 10 4 10 0 01 2 10
1
36
10 15
6 7 6 9
This evaluates to
$
. . . . = = + 0 281 47 4 019 0 21
o
j . Hence we identify = 019 . and
= 0 21 .
rad
m
. The velocity of propagation is v = =

303 10
7
.
m
s
. The intrinsic
impedance is
( )
$
.

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
2 10 4 10
001 2 10
1
36
10 15
6 7
6 9
.which evaluates to
$
. . = 28 05 42 62
o
.
(c) 100MHz. The propagation constant is
( )
$
.

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
2 10 4 10 0 01 2 10
1
36
10 15
8 7 8 9
This evaluates to
$
. . . . = = + 814 8658 0 49 813
o
j . Hence we identify = 0 49 . and
= 813 .
rad
m
. The velocity of propagation is v = =

773 10
7
.
m
s
. The intrinsic
impedance is
( )
$
.

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
2 10 4 10
001 2 10
1
36
10 15
8 7
8 9
.which evaluates to
$
. . = 9699 342
o
.
(d) 10GHz. The propagation constant is
( )
$
.

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
2 10 4 10 0 01 2 10
1
36
10 15
10 7 10 9
This evaluates to
$
. . . . = = + 81116 8997 0 49 81116
o
j . Hence we identify = 0 49 . and
= 8112 .
rad
m
. The velocity of propagation is v = =

775 10
7
.
m
s
. The intrinsic
impedance is
( )
$
.

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
2 10 4 10
001 2 10
1
36
10 15
10 7
10 9
.which evaluates
to
$
. . = 9734 0 03
o
.
5-7
The propagation constant is
( )
$

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
2 10 4 10 16 2 2 10
1
36
10 9
9 7 9 9
This evaluates to
$
. . . . = = + 51033 52 02 314 06 402 25
o
j . Hence we identify = 31406 .
and = 40225 .
rad
m
. The velocity of propagation is v = =

156 10
7
.
m
s
. The intrinsic
impedance is
( )
$

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
2 10 4 10 16
2 2 10
1
36
10 9
9 7
9 9
.which evaluates to
$
. . = 24755 3798
o
.
5 2 4 . .

The frequency is 10GHz. Forming the propagation constant as
$

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

200 300 2 10 4 10 2 10
1
36
10
10 7 10 9
j j j
r
. Squaring this
gives $

2 4 4 2 4 10 7
5 10 12 10
16
36
10 2 10 4 10 = + = +

j j
r
. Solving gives

r
= 114 . and = 152 .
S
m
. The intrinsic impedance can now be computed from
( )
$
. .

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
2 10 4 10
152 2 10
1
36
10 114
10 7
10 9
.which evaluates to
$
. . = 21898 3369
o
. The problem is sketched below. The wave is traveling in the +y
direction and the magnetic field is in the x direction. From this E must be in the +z
direction in order that E H be in the +y direction. Hence the electric field vector is
( )
E a = +

219 2 10 300 3369

200 10
. cos . e t y
y o
z
.





j
5 2 3 . .

E
z
H
x
y
z
x
5-8
5 31 . .

The surface is sketched below and has a surface area of ( ) ( ) 3 1 2 1 12 = ( ) ( ) m
2
.
The intrinsic impedance of the medium is

= =
o
5
168 6 . . Hence the average power
density is
( ) 1
2
10
1686
03
2
.
. =
W
m
2
. The wave is propagating perpendicular to the surface and is
uniform over it so that the total average power crossing the surface is
P d
s
AV AV
=

= S s 356W . .










5 3 2 . .

The surface is sketched below and has a surface area of 3 5 15m =
2
. The intrinsic
impedance of the medium is

= =
o
9
12566 . . The magnitude of the electric field
intensity is ( ) E = = 02 12566 2513 . . .
V
m
. Hence the average power density is
( ) 1
2
2513
12566
251
2
.
.
. =
W
m
2
. The wave is propagating perpendicular to the surface and is
uniform over it so that the total average power crossing the surface is
P d
s
AV AV
W =

= S s 377 . .

z
x
y
(3, 1, 2) m
(1, 1, 2) m
(1, 2, 2) m
(3, 2, 2) m
5-9










533 . .

The frequency is 500MHz. The propagation constant is
( )
$

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
10 10 4 10 4 1 10 10
1
36
10 36
8 7 8 9
This evaluates to
$
. . = = + 149 675 57 2 138
o
j . Hence we identify = 57 2 . and
= 138
rad
m
. The intrinsic impedance is
( )
$

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
10 10 4 10 4
1 10 10
1
36
10 36
8 7
8 9
. This evaluates to
$
. = 106 225
o
. The problem is sketched below. The wave is propagating in the +x
direction and is perpendicular to the side of area 2m 3m = 6m
2
. The average power
density is
( )
( )
S a a
AV
2
W
m
= =

1
2
100
106
225 436
2
2 57 2 114 4
e e
x o
y
x
y
. .
cos . . . Hence the
power dissipated is
( )
436 1 6 235
114 4 20
.
.
=

e
mm 2
m W.




z
x
y
(3, 0, 0) m
(3, 5, 0) m
(0, 5, 0) m
(0, 0, 0)
5-10









5 3 4 . .

The propagation constant is
( )
$

= + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
2 10 4 10 16 2 2 10
1
36
10 9
9 7 9 9
This evaluates to
$
. . . . = = + 51033 52 02 314 06 402 25
o
j . Hence we identify = 31406 .
and = 40225 .
rad
m
. The intrinsic impedance is
( )
$

=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
2 10 4 10 16
2 2 10
1
36
10 9
9 7
9 9
.which evaluates to
$
. . = 24755 3798
o
. The wave is perpendicular to the surface of area 100cm 0 01
2 2
m = . .
Hence the average power density is
( )
( )
S e e
z o z
AV
2
W
m
= =

1
2
1
24755
3798 159 10
2
2 314 06 3 62812
.
cos . .
. .
. Hence the power
dissipated is
( )
159 10 1 0 01 152
3 62812 5
. . .
.
=

e
mm 2
m W .
5 41 . .

We need to compute the attenuation constant from
( )
$



= + = + = j j j j
o r o r o r o r
o r
1 . The
y
x
z
(20 mm, 2 m, 0) (0, 2, 0) m
(20 mm, 0, 0)
(20 mm, 0, 3 m)
(0, 2 m, 3 m)
20 mm
2 m
3 m
5-11
attenuation of the amplitude varies as e
d
. In dB this is
( )
20 20 8 69
10 10
log log ( ) . e d e d
d
= =

. For an attenuation of 80dB, d =

80
869 .
.
(a) 1kHz.

r o
f
=

=
0889 10
889 10
9
5
.
. . Good conductor so
= =

f f
r o
397 10 0126
3
. . . Hence d=73.3m.
(b) 10kHz.

r o
f
=

=
0889 10
889 10
9
4
.
. and is a good conductor. Thus = 0397 .
and d=23.2m.
(c) 100kHz.

r o
f
=

=
0889 10
889 10
9
3
.
. and is a good conductor. Thus =126 .
and d=7.33m.
(d) 1MHz.

r o
f
=

=
0889 10
889 10
9
2
.
. and is a good conductor. Thus = 397 .
and d=2.32m.
(e) 10MHz.

r o
f
=

=
0889 10
889
9
.
. and is a good conductor. Thus = 12 6 . and
d=0.733m.
(f) 100MHz.

r o
f
=

=
0889 10
889
9
.
. and is a good conductor. Thus = 39 7 . and
d=23.2cm.
5 4 2 . .

The attenuation of the amplitude varies as e
d
. In dB this is
( )
20 20 8 69
10 10
log log ( ) . e d e d
d
= =

. For an attenuation of 20dB, d =

20
869 .
.
The attenuation constant was calculated for these cases in Problem 5.2.2. (a) 60Hz
=

154 10
3
. . Hence, d=1.49km. (b) 1MHz. = 019 . . Hence, d=12.1m. (c) 100MHz.
= 0 49 . . Hence, d=4.7m. (d) 10GHz. = 0 49 . . Hence, d=4.7m.
5-12
At these frequencies, sea water may be considered a good conductor. The attenuation
constant was calculated in Problem 5.4.1 as =

397 10
3
. f . Hence the skin depth is

= =
1 252
f
. The intrinsic impedance is
( )
$
.


=
+
= =

j
j
f
f
o r
o r
o o o
2
45
2
252
45 14 10 45
3
. The average
power dissipated is
( )
[ ]
P e Area
f
e
f
n
d
AV
2
W =

(
(
= =

1
2
1
1
253
1
0865
5m
109 10
2
2
2
3

cos
.
.
12 4 3 4
. (a) 1kHz.
The average power dissipated is 34.5W. (b) 10kHz. The average power dissipated is
10.9W. (c) 100kHz. The average power dissipated is 3.45W.
544 . .

The propagation constant is ( ) ( )
$
tan = + = + = j j j j
2
1 .
Squaring both sides and equating real and imaginary parts yields
2 2 2
= and
2
2
= tan . Solving gives the desired result.
551 . .

The intrinsic impedances of each region are

1
1
1
1
2
188 = = =
o
r
r
o
and

2
2
2
2
3
251 = = =
o
r
r
o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
=

+
=

+
=




2 1
2 1
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
2
1
7
o o
o o
and T
o
o o
=
+
=
+
=
2
4
3
2
3
1
2
8
7
2
2 1

. Observe as a
check that 1+ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

1 1 1 0
1 1
6 = = =
r o r
r r
o
v
the frequency of the wave is 450MHz. Hence
the phase constant in medium 2 is

2 2 2 0
2 2
18 = = =
r o r
r r
o
v
. The
electric fields can now be written as
( )
E a
i
x
t z = 100 9 10 6
8
cos ,
5 4 3 . .

5-13
( )
E a
r
x
t z = +
100
7
9 10 6
8
cos ,
( )
E a
t
x
t z =
800
7
9 10 18
8
cos . The magnetic
fields can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of the
appropriate medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E H is in the correct
direction for the particular wave. Hence,
( )
H a
i
y
t z =
100
188
9 10 6
8
cos ,
( )
H a
r
y
t z =

+
100
7 188
9 10 6
8
cos ,
( )
H a
t
y
t z =

800
7 251
9 10 18
8
cos . The
average power transmitted through a 2m
2
area of the surface is
P
E
t
AV,trans
2
m = =
1
2
2 52W
2
2

.
5 5 2 . .

The intrinsic impedances of each region are

1
1
1
2 754 = = =
o
r
r
o
and

2
2
2
1
3
126 = = =
o
r
r
o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
=

+
=

+
=




2 1
2 1
1
3
2
1
3
2
5
7
o o
o o
and T
o
o o
=
+
=
+
=
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
7
2
2 1

. Observe as a
check that 1+ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is



1 1 1 0
1 1
8
3
= = =
r o r
r r
o
v
the frequency of the wave is 50MHz. Hence
the phase constant in medium 2 is

2 2 2 0
2 2
= = =
r o r
r r
o
v
. The electric
fields can now be written as E a
i
x
t z =
|
\

|
.
| 10 10 10
8
3
7
cos

,
E a
r
x
t z = +
|
\

|
.
|
50
7
10 10
8
3
7
cos

,
( )
E a
t
x
t z =
20
7
10 10
7
cos . The magnetic
fields can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of the
appropriate medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E H is in the correct
direction for the particular wave. Hence, H a
i
y
t z =
|
\

|
.
|
10
754
10 10
8
3
7
cos

,
5-14
H a
r
y
t z =

+
|
\

|
.
|
50
7 754
10 10
8
3
7
cos

,
( )
H a
t
y
t z =

20
7 126
10 10
7
cos . The
average power transmitted through a 5m
2
area of the surface is
P
E
t
AV,trans
2
mW = =
1
2
5m 162
2
2

.
5 5 3 . .

The intrinsic impedances of each region are

1
1
1
1
3
126 = = =
o
r
r
o
and

2
2
2
1
2
188 = = =
o
r
r
o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
=

+
=

+
=




2 1
2 1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
5
o o
o o
and T
o
o o
=
+
=
+
=
2
1
2
1
3
6
5
2
2 1

. Observe as a
check that 1+ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

1 1 1 0
1 1
2 = = =
r o r
r r
o
v
the frequency of the wave is 100MHz. Hence
the phase constant in medium 2 is


2 2 2 0
2 2
16
3
= = =
r o r
r r
o
v
. The
electric fields can now be written as
( )
E a
i
y
t z = 5 2 10 2
8
cos ,
( )
E a
r
y
t z = + 1 2 10 2
8
cos , E a
t
y
t z =
|
\

|
.
| 6 2 10
16
3
8
cos

. The magnetic fields
can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of the appropriate
medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E H is in the correct direction for the
particular wave. Hence,
( )
H a
i
x
t z =
5
126
2 10 2
8
cos ,
( )
H a
r
x
t z = +
1
126
2 10 2
8
cos , H a
t
x
t z =
|
\

|
.
|
6
188
2 10
16
3
8
cos

. The average
power transmitted through a 5m
2
area of the surface is
P
E
t
AV,trans
2
m mW = =
1
2
4 383
2
2

.
5-15
The intrinsic impedances of each region are

1
1
1
2
3
251 = = =
o
r
r
o
and

2
2
2
4 1508 = = =
o
r
r
o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
=

+
=

+
=




2 1
2 1
4
2
3
4
2
3
5
7
o o
o o
and T
o
o o
=
+
=
+
=
2
8
4
2
3
12
7
2
2 1

. Observe as a
check that 1+ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

1 1 1 0
1 1
8 = = =
r o r
r r
o
v
the frequency of the wave is 200MHz. Hence
the phase constant in medium 2 is


2 2 2 0
2 2
16
3
= = =
r o r
r r
o
v
. The
electric fields can now be written as
( )
E a
i
y
t z = 2513 4 10 8
8
. cos ,
( )
E a
r
y
t z = + 1795 4 10 8
8
. cos , E a
t
y
t z =
|
\

|
.
| 4308 4 10
16
3
8
. cos

. The
magnetic fields can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of
the appropriate medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E H is in the correct
direction for the particular wave. Hence,
( )
H a
i
x
t z = 01 4 10 8
8
. cos ,
( )
H a
r
x
t z = +
5
7
01 4 10 8
8
. cos , H a
t
x
t z =
|
\

|
.
|
2
7
01 4 10
16
3
8
. cos

. The
average power transmitted through a 3m
2
area of the surface is
P
E
t
AV,trans
2
m W = =
1
2
3 185
2
2

. .
555 . .

The intrinsic impedance and phase constant of the first medium are
1
120 = =
o
and


= = =
o
o
v
0 063 . . Medium 2 is a good conductor as evidenced by

2
2
6
15 10
o r
= . . Hence the attenuation and phase constants can be computed as

2 2
2
2 2
1
10883 = = = = f . . The intrinsic impedance is
5 5 4 . .

5-16
$
.

2
2 2
2
45 0154 45 = =
o o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
$
$
$
. . =

+
=


2
2
09999 17997 1
o
o
o
and
$
$
$
. T
o
o
=
+
=

2
816 10 45
2
2
4

. The fields
in medium 1 are
( )
E a
i
x
t z = 10 6 10 0 063
6
cos . ,
( )
E a
r
x
t z = + 10 6 10 0 063
6
cos . ,
( )
H a
i
y
t z =
10
120
6 10 0063
6

cos . ,
( )
H a
r
y
t z = +
10
120
6 10 0 063
6

cos . . The fields

in medium 2 are
( )
E a
t z o
x
e t z = +

816 10 6 10 10883 45
3 108 83 6
. cos .
.
and
( )
H a
t z o o
y
e t z =

+

816 10
0154
6 10 10883 45 45
3
108 83 6
.
.
cos .
.
. Hence the average
power dissipated in the volume is
( )
P
T E
e
i
AV
2
m W =

(
=


1
2
1 2 599
2
2
2
2 10
2
2
3
$
$
cos .

.
5 5 6 . .

The intrinsic impedance and phase constant of the first medium are
1
120 = =
o
and


= = =
o
o
v
2094 . . Medium 2 (stainless steel) is not a good conductor as evidenced
by

2
2
036
o r
= . . Hence we must compute the attenuation and phase constants directly
as
( )
$
.

2
9 7 9 9
2 10 4 10 500 0 02 2 10
1
36
10 = + = +
|
\

|
.
|

j j j j
o r o r
This evaluates to
$
. . .
2
48281 801 83 47562 = = +
o
j . Hence we identify
2
83 = and

2
47562 = .
rad
m
. The intrinsic impedance is
( )
$
.

2
9 7
9 9
2 10 4 10 500
002 2 10
1
36
10
=
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
.which evaluates to
$
. .
2
817683 99 =
o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
$
$
$
. . =

+
=


2
2
091 091
o
o
o
and
$
$
$
. . T
o
o
=
+
=
2
191 0 43
2
2

. The fields in medium 1 are
( )
E a
i
x
t z = 100 2 10 2094
9
cos . ,
( )
E a
r o
x
t z = + + 91 2 10 2094 091
9
cos . . ,
5-17
( )
H a
i
y
t z =
100
120
2 10 2094
9

cos . ,
( )
H a
r o
y
t z = + +
91
120
2 10 2094 091
9

cos . . .
The fields in medium 2 are
( )
E a
t z o
x
e t z = +

191 2 10 47562 0 43
83 9
cos . . and
( )
H a
t z o o
y
e t z = +

191
817683
2 10 47562 043 99
83 9
.
cos . . . . In the stainless steel a
skin depth is

= =
1
503
f
o r
. mm. Hence the average power dissipated in the
volume is
( )
P
T E
e
i
AV
2
m W =

(
=


1
2
1 2 249
2
2
2
2 5 03 10
2
2
3
$
$
cos .
.

.
5 5 7 . .

The intrinsic impedance and phase constant of the first medium are

1
40 = =
o
r
r

and

= =
v
o
r r
314 . . Medium 2 is a good conductor as evidenced by

2
2
720
o r
= . Hence the attenuation and phase constants can be computed as

2 2
2
2 2
1
198 69 = = = = f . . The intrinsic impedance is
$
.

2
2 2
2
45 14 05 45 = =
o o
. The reflection and transmission coefficients are
$
$
$
. . =

+
=


2
2
0854 1709
o
o
o
and
$
$
$
. . T
o
o
=
+
=
2
0207 4081
2
2

. The fields in medium
1 are
( )
E a
i
x
t z = 5 10 10 314
8
cos . ,
( )
E a
r o
x
t z = + + 4 27 10 10 314 1709
8
. cos . . ,
( )
H a
i
y
t z =
5
40
10 10 314
8

cos . ,
( )
H a
r o
y
t z = + +
427
40
10 10 314 1709
8
.
cos . .

.
The fields in medium 2 are
( )
E a
t z o
x
e t z = +

104 10 10 198 69 4081

198 69 8
. cos . .
.
and
( )
H a
t z o o
y
e t z = +

104
1405
10 10 19869 4081 45
198 69 8
.
.
cos . .
.
. Hence the average
power dissipated in the volume is
( )
P
T E
e
i
AV
2
m W =

(
=

1
2
1 10 2 64
2
2
2
2 10 4
2
2
2
$
$
cos .

.

5-18
5 5 8 . .

The ocean is not a good conductor as evidenced by

o r
= 0127 . . Hence we must
calculate the intrinsic impedance directly as
( )
$
. .

2
9 7
9 9
2 7 10 4 10
4 2 7 10
1
36
10 81
4172 362 =
+
=

+
|
\

|
.
|
=

j
j
j
j
o r
o r
o
. Hence the
reflection coefficient is
$
$
$
. . =

+
=


2
2
0801 17919
o
o
o
. The reflected power is
proportional to the square of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Hence the
portion of the incident power that is reflected is 64.2% and the incident power that is
dissipated in the ocean is 35.8%.
5 5 9 . .

The total electric field is approximately zero at a distance of one-half wavelength from the
surface of a good conductor. Hence
o
= 2m. Therefore the lowest possible frequency
of the wave is f
v
o
= =
2
150 MHz .
5 61 . .

The problem solution is sketched below. From Snells law
( ) sin sin cos = =
1
90
1
n n
. Similarly,
sin
sin

t
n
=
1
. Thus
( )
sin
sin
sin
sin

90
1

=
t
.
Thus the direction of the beam as it exits the material is the same as the incident beam.
The angle = 90 and r
t
=
cos
. Hence ( ) d r
t
= = + sin
cos
cos

. We
need to eliminate from this expression by writing it in terms of . We have the
identity ( ) cos cos cos sin sin + = . Also we have Snells law sin
cos

=
n
.
Substituting gives d t t
n
=

cos
sin cos
cos

2 2
.


5-19









5 62 . .

The critical angle is given by sin
.

c
n
= =
1 1
15
giving
c
o
= 4181 . . Hence, the ray strikes
the back face with an angle of incidence of 45
o
which is greater than the critical angle
and hence the ray is completely reflected. According to Snells law it will be reflected
also with an angle of 45
o
and will strike the bottom face normal to it. The transmission
coefficient at the front face is T
n
n
o
1
2
2
1
1
08 =
+
=
+
=

. . At the bottom face, the
transmission coefficient is T
n
o
o
1
2 2
1
1
12 =
+
=
+
=

. . Hence the net transmission
coefficient is T T
1 2
096 = . . The incident power density is S
E
i
i
o
=
2
2
and the transmitted
power density is S
T T E
t
i
o
=
1
2
2
2
2
2
. Hence the ratio of the transmitted to incident power
densities is ( ) T T
1 2
2
0922 = . .
t
d
r
n

90

5-20


5 63 . .

The problem is sketched below. Snells law requires that sin sin
t i
n = . Hence
( ) tan
tan
90
6
20
1
= =

t
t
so that
t
o
= 733 . and
i
o
= 39 7 . . Thus
D
i
= = 10 83 tan . ft . Thus the fish is at a distance of 28.3 ft from the boat.
D
n = 1.5
6 ft.
10 ft.
20 ft.