Scribd
Upload
68 views24 pages

Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics 1

This document provides an overview of structural dynamics concepts and analysis methods. It describes lumped mass models, single and multiple degree of freedom systems, undamped and damped free vibration, damping mechanisms, modal analysis, harmonic response analysis, transient structural analysis and explicit dynamics. Examples include analyzing the vibration of a lifting fork, two-story building and disk impacting a block to demonstrate different structural dynamics simulations.

Uploaded by

mafevi90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views24 pages

Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics 1

This document provides an overview of structural dynamics concepts and analysis methods. It describes lumped mass models, single and multiple degree of freedom systems, undamped and damped free vibration, damping mechanisms, modal analysis, harmonic response analysis, transient structural analysis and explicit dynamics. Examples include analyzing the vibration of a lifting fork, two-story building and disk impacting a block to demonstrate different structural dynamics simulations.

Uploaded by

mafevi90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics 1

Chapter 12
Structural Dynamics
12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics
12.2 Step-by-Step: Lifting Fork
12.3 Step-by-Step: Two-Story Building
12.4 More Exercise: Ball and Rod
12.5 More Exercise: Guitar String
12.6 Review
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 2
Section 12.1
Basics of Structural Dynamics
Key Concepts

Lumped Mass Model

Single Degree of Freedom Model

Undamped Free Vibration

Damped Free Vibration

Damping Coefcient

Damping Mechanisms

Viscous Damping

Material Damping

Coulomb Friction

Modal Analysis

Harmonic Response Analysis

Transient Structural Analysis

Explicit Dynamics

Response Spectrum Analysis

Random Vibration Analysis


Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 3
Lumped Mass Model: The Two-Story Building

k
1

c
1

k
2

c
2

m
1

m
2
[1] A two-degrees-of-
freedom model for nding
the lateral displacements
of the two-story building.
[2] Total
mass lumped at
the rst oor.
[3] Total mass
lumped at the roof
oor.
[4] Total bending
stiffness of the
rst-oor's beams
and columns.
[5] Total
bending stiffness
of the second-
oor's beams
and columns.
[6] Energy dissipating
mechanism of the rst
oor.
[7] Energy dissipating
mechanism of the
second oor.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 4
Single Degree of Freedom Model

F

= ma

p kx c x = m x

m x +c x + kx = p

k

c

m

p

x

We will use this single-degree-of-freedom lumped mass model to


explain some basic behavior of dynamic response.

The results can be conceptually extended to general multiple-


degrees-of-freedom cases.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 5
If no external forces exist, the equation for the
one-degree-of-freedom system becomes

m x +c x + kx = 0
If the damping is negligible, then the equation
becomes

m x + kx = 0
The

x = Asin t +B
( )
Natural frequency:

=
k
m
(rad/s) or

f =

2
(Hz)
Natural period:

T =
1
f
Undamped Free Vibration
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
x
)
time (t)

T =
2

Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 6


Damped Free Vibration
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
x
)
time (t)

T
d
=
2

d

T
d
m x +c x + kx = 0
If the damping c is small (smaller than

c
c
),
then the general solution is

x = Ae
t
sin
d
t +B
( )
Where

d
= 1
2
,

=
c
c
c
,

c
c
= 2m
The quantity

c
c
is called the critical damping
coefcient and the quantity is called the
damping ratio.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 7
Damping Mechanisms

Damping is the collection of all energy dissipating mechanisms.

In a structural system, all energy dissipating mechanisms come down


to one word: friction. Three categories of frictions can be identied:

friction between the structure and its surrounding uid, called


viscous damping;

internal friction in the material, called material damping, solid


damping, or elastic hysteresis;

friction in the connection between structural members, called dry


friction or Coulomb friction.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 8
Analysis System
The foregoing concepts may be generalized to multiple-
degrees-of-freedom cases,


M


D
{ }
+ C


D
{ }
+ K

D
{ }
= F
{ }
Where {D} is the nodal displacements vector, {F} is the
nodal external forces vector, [M] is called the mass
matrix, [C] is called the damping matrix, and [K] is the
stiffness matrix.
Note that when the dynamic effects (inertia effect
and damping effect) are neglected, it reduces to a static
structural analysis system,

K

D
{ }
= F
{ }
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 9
Modal Analysis


M


D
{ }
+ C


D
{ }
+ K

D
{ }
= 0
For a problem of n degrees of freedom, it has at most n solutions, denoted by

{D
i
}, i =1, 2, ..., n . These solutions are called mode shapes of the structure. Each mode
shape

{D
i
} can be excited by an external excitation of frequency

i
, called the natural
frequency of the mode.
In a modal analysis, since we are usually interested only in the natural frequencies
and the shapes of the vibration modes, the damping effect is usually neglected to
simplify the calculation,

M


D
{ }
+ K

D
{ }
= 0
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 10
Harmonic Response Analysis


M


D
{ }
+ C


D
{ }
+ K

D
{ }
= F
{ }
<Harmonic Response> analysis solves a special form of the equation, in which the
external force on ith degree of freedom is of the form

F
i
= A
i
sin(t +
i
)
where

A
i
is the amplitude of the force,

i
is the phase angle of the force, and is
the angular frequency of the external force. The steady-state solution of the
equation will be of the form

D
i
= B
i
sin(t +
i
)
The goal of the harmonic response analysis to nd the magnitude

B
i
and the
phase angle

i
, under a range of frequencies of the external force.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 11
Transient Structural Analysis


M


D
{ }
+ C


D
{ }
+ K

D
{ }
= F
{ }
<Transient Structural> analysis solves the general form of the equation. External
force {F} can be time-dependent forces. All nonlinearities can be included. It uses
a direct integration method to calculate the dynamic response.
The direct integration method used in <Transient Structural> analysis is
called an implicit integration method.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.1 Basics of Structural Dynamics 12
Explicit Dynamics


M


D
{ }
+ C


D
{ }
+ K

D
{ }
= F
{ }
Similar to <Transient Structural>, <Explicit Dynamics> also solves the general
form of equation. External force {F} can be time-dependent forces. All
nonlinearities can be included. It also uses a direct integration method to
calculate the dynamic response.
The direct integration method used in <Explicit Dynamic> analysis is called
an explicit integration method.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.2 Lifting Fork 13
Section 12.2
Lifting Fork
Problem Description
During the
handling, the fork
accelerates upward
to a velocity of 6 m/s
in 0.3 second, and
then decelerates to
a full stop in another
0.3 second, causing
the glass panel to
vibrate.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.2 Lifting Fork 14
Static Structural Simulation
The maximum
static deection
is 15 mm.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.2 Lifting Fork 15
Transient Structural Simulation
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.3 Two-Story Building 16
Section 12.3
Two-Story Building
Problem Description
Harmonic loads
will apply on this
oor deck.
Two scenarios are investigated:

Harmonic load of magnitude of 10


psf due to the dancing on the oor.

Harmonic load of magnitude of 0.1


psf due to rotations of a machine.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.3 Two-Story Building 17
Modal Analysis
[1] The rst
mode (1.55 Hz).
[2] The sixth
mode (9.59 Hz).
[3] The eighth
mode (10.33
Hz)
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.3 Two-Story Building 18

The dancing frequency is close to the fundamental mode


(1.55 Hz), that's why we pay attention to this mode,
which is a side sway mode (in X-direction).

For the rotatory machine, we are concerned about the


oor vibrations in vertical direction. That's why we pay
attention on the sixth and eighth modes.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.3 Two-Story Building 19
Side Sway Due to Dancing
At dancing frequency of
1.55 Hz, the structure is
excited such that the
maximum X-displacement
is 0.0174 in (0.44 mm).
This value is too small to
be worried about.
Amplitude of side sway
due to harmonic load
of magnitude of 1 psf.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.3 Two-Story Building 20
Vertical Deection of the Floor Due to Rotatory
Machine
Amplitude of vertical
deection of the oor
due to harmonic load
of magnitude of 1 psf.
Although high frequencies do excite the oor, but the values are
very small. At frequency of 10.3 Hz, the excitation reaches a
maximum of 0.0033 in (0.1 times of 0.033 in), or 0.084 mm. The
value is too small to cause an issue.
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.4 Disk and Block 21
Section 12.4
Disk and Block
Problem Description
[2] Right before the
impact, the disk moves
toward the block with a
velocity of 0.5 m/s.
[1] Before the
impact, the block
rests on the
surface.
[3] Both the disk and the
block are made of a very
soft polymer of Young's
modulus of 10 kPa,
Poisson's ratio of 0.4, and
mass density of 1000 kg/m
3
.

Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.4 Disk and Block 22
Results
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.4 Disk and Block 23
Solution Behavior
Chapter 12 Structural Dynamics Section 12.5 Guitar String 24
Section 12.5
Guitar String
The main purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate how to use the
results of a static simulation as the initial condition of a transient
dynamic simulation

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy