Roldan E.

Lameceria
Yr & Sec. = I-13-B

ASSIGNMENT
AT 112



ICE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engine is an engine in which the combustion of
a fuel (normally a fossil fuel ) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion
chamber . In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and
-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of
the engine, such as pistons , turbine blades , or a nozzle . This force moves the
component over a distance, generating useful mechanical energy . The term internal
combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such
as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants,
such as the Wankel rotary engine . A second class of internal combustion engines use
continuous combustion: gas turbines , jet engines and most rocket engines , each of
which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described.
The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion
engines , such assteam or Stirling engines , in which the energy is delivered to a
working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products.
Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in
some kind of boiler . A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed
and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-
dense fuel (which is very frequently petrol, a liquid derived from fossil fuels ), the ICE
delivers an excellent power-to-weight ratio with few disadvantages. While there have
been and still are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion
engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft,
and boats, from the smallest to the largest. Only for hand-held power tools do they
share part of the market with battery powered devices.

External combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an (internal)working
fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat
exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine,
produces motion and usable work.[1] The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused
(closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air
engine)."Combustion" refers to burning fuel with an oxidizer, to supply the heat. Engines
of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from
other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving
combustion; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as
external thermal engines.




FUNCTION OF ENGINE

PETROL ENGINE (known as a gasoline engine in North America) is an internal
combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar
volatile fuels. It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German inventorNicolaus August
Otto. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression
(although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The
pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically
controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of
electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from
a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to
initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and
therefore heated), and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of the compression
stroke, and self-ignites.
A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is an internal combustion engine in
which the piston completes four separate strokes which comprise a single
thermodynamic cycle. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in
either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:


1. INTAKE: this stroke of the piston begins at top dead center. The piston descends
from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, increasing the volume
of the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater)
pressure into the cylinder through the intake port.
2. COMPRESSION: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns
to the top of the cylinder compressing the air or fuel-air mixture into the cylinder
head.
3. POWER: this is the start of the second revolution of the cycle. While the piston is
close to Top Dead Centre, the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine
is ignited, by a spark plug in gasoline engines, or which ignites due to the heat
generated by compression in a diesel engine. The resulting pressure from
the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down
toward bottom dead centre.
4. EXHAUST: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead
centre while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent fuel-air
mixture through the exhaust valve(s).


DIESEL ENGINE (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal
combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn
thefuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-
ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a
gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel
mixture.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal orexternal
combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines
(as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively
unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were
originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the
1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks,heavy
equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began
to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger
on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of
Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of
the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.


The world's largest diesel engine is currently a Wrtsil-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail
marine diesel of about 84,420 kW (113,210 hp) @ 102 rpm
[4]
output.


ROTARY ENGINE is an internal combustion engine, like the enginein your car, but it
works in a completely different way than the conventional piston engine.

In a piston engine, the same volume of space (the cylinder) alternately does four
different jobs -- intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. A rotary engine does
these same four jobs, but each one happens in its own part of the housing. It's kind of
like having a dedicated cylinder for each of the four jobs, with the piston moving
continually from one to the next.

The rotary engine (originally conceived and developed by Dr. Felix Wankel) is
sometimes called a Wankel engine, or Wankel rotary engine.

WANKEL ENGINE is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentricrotary
design to convert pressure into rotating motion. Over the commonly usedreciprocating
piston designs the Wankel engine delivers advantages of: simplicity, smoothness,
compactness, high revolutions per minute and a high power to weight ratio. The engine
is commonly referred to as a rotary engine, though this name applies also to
other completely different designs. Its four-stroke cycle occurs in a moving combustion
chamber between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a rotor that
is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle with sides that are somewhat flatter. The
engine was invented by German engineer Felix Wankel. He received his first patent for
the engine in 1929, began development in the early 1950s at NSU and completed a
working prototype in 1957.[1] NSU subsequently licensed the design to companies
around the world, who have continually improved the design.

Thanks to the compact design and unique advantages over the most common internal
combustion engine in use employing reciprocating pistons, Wankel rotary engines have
been installed in a variety of vehicles and devices including:
automobiles, motorcycles, racing cars, aircraft, go-karts, jet skis, snowmobiles, chain
saws, and auxiliary power units.