BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion
Engine
Introduction to I. C. E.
 Definition
EXTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE (ECE) INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)
❑ the products of combustion of air and fuel ❑ any engine that burns fuel inside the
transfer heat to a secondary fluid which in engine to create the necessary movement
this case is the motive fluid or working of interrelated mechanical parts to produce
fluid for producing power… mechanical work…
❑ any engine that burns fuel outside the ❑ the products of combustion (expanding
engine and uses another “substance” to gases) are directly the motive fluid or
cause movement… working fluid for producing power…

The fuel in a steam engine

burns outside the engine to
create steam and the steam
creates motion inside the
engine.
 Definition

❑ Prior to the discovery of petroleum (from

gas lamp fuel), ECEs were the
predominant kind of prime movers until
the development the ICEs.
Traction Engine operating with steam engine

❑ Internal combustion engine (ICE) is a lot

more efficient (takes less fuel per mile)
and is a lot smaller than external
combustion engine

Cutaway view of an ICE

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 Definition How it works?

if you put a tiny amount of high-energy fuel (i.e. gasoline) in a small,

enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in
the form of expanding gas.

Cutaway view of an ICE

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Historical Background

❑ Variations in forms of ICE started before the 19th century but that
their usage was hindered until the commercial drilling and production
of petroleum in the mid 1850’s (with demand for gas lamp oil being
the culprit)…

❑ By the late 19th century engineering advances led to their wide

application in a variety of applications initially using gunpowder and
then petroleum to power its operation…
Historical Background

▪ 1680 – Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens did the very first

experimentation on an internal combustion engine that primarily makes
use of gun powder to create a vacuum…

• Huygens realized that for a pump to work it needed

force to keep it in motion and wondered if an
internal energy could do it.
• He realized that gunpowder explosion could do the
trick and it proved to be correct…
• This prime mover was primarily designed to supply
water to a palace and was inferred to as HUYGENS
GUNPOWDER and AIR ENGINE that uses a
piston and an engine…
Historical Background
Huygen’s Engine Parts:

Principle of Operation:
1) With a controlled explosion of a certain amount of
gunpowder, piston will move up.
2) Air trapped inside will then forced to move out into two
apertures.
3) Piston again going-down thus forcing the lids of the
apertures to open up and then draw-in air once again.
4) Cycle repeats itself over and over again with work being
accomplished.
Historical Background

▪ 1807 - Isaac De Rivaz attempts to modify

Huygen’s model and made the first primitive
internal combustion engine

▪ 1862 - Alphones Beau De Rochas patented his design of an ICE

which was the precursor of all 4-stroke internal combustion engine.
▪ He emphasized the importance of compressing the air-fuel
mixture before ignition

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Historical Background
▪ 1860-1867 - Lenoir and Otto developed atmospheric engine
▪ Combustion of fuel-air mixture occurs during first half of
outward stroke of a free piston which accelerates the piston
connected to a rack assembly.
▪ The free piston would produce work during second half of
the stroke creating vacuum in the cylinder and the
atmospheric pressure then would push back the piston.

Nikolaus Otto’s Atmospheric Engine

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Lenoir Engine
Historical Background

▪ On the downward stroke, the piston draws in an air/fuel

mixture until it reaches about half of the stroke.
▪ And the air/fuel mixture will be ignited and the resulting
expansion of gases pushes the piston downward and provides
power.
▪ The piston is forced up expelling the burned gases and then
the cycle repeats.

*Note that the air/fuel mixture does not get compressed in this
type of motor.

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Historical Background

▪ 1868 - Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed a spark

ignition engine using petroleum and primitive carburetor
and attaching this to a three wheeled wagon that was able
to successfully a historic three mile trip.

▪ 1872 - George Brayton was an American engineer

who developed an unsuccessful two stroke engine
that ran on kerosene.
▪ It was the very first safe oil engine but the concept
was commercially unsuccessful as this design of an
engine was too large and too slow.

Brayton’s Petroleum Engine

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Historical Background
▪ 1876 - Nikolaus Otto developed 4-stroke spark-ignition engine
wherein the air-fuel charge was compressed before being ignited.

▪ 1878- Dougald Clerk developed the first successful 2-stroke engine.

Otto 4-stroke SI Clerk 2-stroke engine MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME

Historical Background

▪ 1882 - Atkinson develops an engine having longer expansion stroke than the
compression stroke for improvement in engine thermal efficiency at cost of specific
engine power.
-The Atkinson cycle is finding application in the modern hybrid electric vehicles
(HEV).
▪ 1892 - Rudolf Diesel takes patent on engine having combustion by direct injection
of fuel in the cylinder , air heated solely by compression, the process known as
compression ignition.

Atkinson engine First Diesel engine

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 Historical Overview in I.C.E.
▪ 1896 - Henry Ford develops the first automobile powered by the IC engine.

▪ 1897 - Rudolf Diesel developed compression ignition engine prototype, also called
as Diesel engine.

▪ 1923 - tetraethyl lead (anti-knock additive) discovered by the General motors

became commercially available
- provides boost to development of high compression ratio spark ignition
engines.
▪ Knocking (or pinging) occurs when the
fuel and air mixture is incorrect which
causes the fuel to burn in uneven
pockets rather than uniform bursts.
▪ This can be caused by low octane rating
gasoline and incorrect spark plugs.
Ford’s first automobile MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Historical Overview in I.C.E.

❑ Octane rating is a measurement of the ratio of heptane to isooctane.

Ex.
95% isooctane + 5% heptane = 95 octane rating

❑ Gasoline is primarily a mixture of two volatile liquids, heptane and

isooctane.

Pure heptane (a lighter fuel) burns so quickly that it produces a great

amount of knocking in an engine.

Pure isooctane evaporates slowly and produces virtually no knocking.

Historical Background

▪ 1957 - Felix Wankel developed rotary internal combustion engine.

▪ 1989-1990 - Electronic fuel injection on heavy duty diesel is introduced

Wankel Rotary Engine Electronic Fuel Injection

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Types of I.C.E. According to Engine Movement

Rotary Engines Reciprocating Engines

• also called a WANKEL ENGINE which • also called PISTON ENGINES in that they use a
is technically a half turbine-half PISTON to accomplish their forward backward
reciprocating engine motion that is mounted on a CRANKSHAFT
• INTAKE, COMPRESSION, through a PISTON ROD moving BACK and
COMBUSTION and EXHAUST are FORTH along a cylinder.
done at specific portions of its own • INTAKE, COMPRESSION, COMBUSTION,
housing and only requires a single and EXHAUST either requires one or two
revolution. revolutions to accomplish the task

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 COMPARATIVE DATA BETWEEN A
RECIPROCATING ENGINE & ROTARY ENGINE:

VS
MID 90’S CORVETTE MAZDA 2010 RX-8
16 VALVE RECIPROCATING NO VALVE ROTARY ENGINE
ENGINE
300 HP AT 5,000 RPM 238 HP AT 8,500 RPM
330 FT-LBS TORQUE 159 FT-LBS TORQUE
AT 4,000 RPM AT 5,500 RPM
5.7 LITER DISPLACEMENT 1.3 LITER DISPLACEMENT
Parts of I.C.E.
▪ Piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and
down inside the cylinder.

▪ Piston rings provide sliding seal between the outer edge

of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder.

• Prevent the fuel/air mixture and

exhaust in the combustion chamber
from leaking into the sump during
compression and combustion.
• Keep oil in the sump from leaking
into the combustion area, where it
would be burned and lost

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Parts of I.C.E.
▪ Connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft and it
can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the
piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

▪ Crankshaft turns the piston’s up and down motion into

circular motion.

▪ The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time

to let in air and fuel, and to let out exhaust. Note that
both valves are closed during the compression and
combustion so that the chamber is sealed.

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Parts of I.C.E.
▪ The camshaft makes it possible for the
valves to open and close at the right
time. The asymmetrical lobes of the cam
correspond to the engine valves timing
to open and close.

▪ Spark plug supplies the spark that

ignites the air/fuel mixture so that the
combustion can occur. The spark must
happen at just the right moment for
things to work properly.

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Parts of I.C.E.
▪ Cylinder is the core of the engine wherein the
piston moves up and down.

▪ Lawn mowers typically have one cylinder but most cars have more
than one cylinder (four, six, eight cylinders are very common).
▪ In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders can be arranged in three
ways: inline, V, or flat (horizontally opposed or boxer).
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Parts of$ I.C.E.

cylinders are cylinders are cylinders arranged

arranged in a line in arranged in two in two banks on
a single bank. bank sets at an opposite sides of
angle to one the engine.
another.

Flat
Inline V

▪ These different configurations have some advantages and disadvantages

in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics,
and depends on certain vehicles.

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Parts of I.C.E.

▪ The oil pan contains some amount of oil which serves as the oil sump
to surrounds the crankshaft.

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Parts of I.C.E.

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 How it works?
1 INTAKE STROKE
• Piston starts at the top
• As piston moves down,
intake valve opens to let the
engine take in a cylinder-full
of air and fuel.
Note:
Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs to
be mixed into the air for this to work.

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 How it works?

2 COMPRESSION STROKE
• Piston moves back up to
compress the air-fuel mixture.

Note:
Compression makes the explosion more
powerful.

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 How it works?
3 POWER STROKE
• When piston reaches the top of its
stroke, spark plug emits a spark to
ignite the fuel.
• The fuel charge in the cylinder
explodes, driving the piston down.

Note:
Combustion or Burning, is the basic chemical
process of releasing energy form a fuel and air
mixture.

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How it works?

4 EXHAUST STROKE
• Once the piston hits the
bottom of its power stroke,
the exhaust valve opens as
piston moves up
• And let exhaust leaves the
cylinder to go out the
tailpipe.

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How it works?

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ICE Classification
▪ Spark-Ignition (SI) Engine
• Also known as Otto engine or Gasoline engine or Petrol engine
• Uses spark plug to produce ignition/combustion of air-fuel mixture
• Air and fuel are introduced into the combustion chamber as a
gaseous mixture which is made in the carburetor and is regulated by
means of a butterfly valve.

▪ Compression-Ignition (CI) Engine

• Also known as Diesel engine
• The ignition/combustion is realized by compression.
• Air is introduced into the combustion chamber through ducts to the
suction valve and the fuel is introduced directly by means of an
injector. The air-fuel mixture is made in the combustion chamber.

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ICE Classification

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ICE Classification

Otto Engine Diesel Engine

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ICE Classification
▪ Other differences of Otto and Diesel Engines

• In Otto cycle, the heat addition • In Diesel cycle, the heat

takes place at constant volume addition takes place at
process. constant pressure process.
• The Otto cycle has less • Diesel cycle the compression
compression ratio (7:1 to 10:1) ratio is high (11:1 to 22:1).

• The Diesel cycle has higher efficiency than Otto cycle.

• The Diesel engine is usually heavier than Otto engine of the same
displacement because diesel engine runs at considerably higher
pressure and needs larger elements to withstand the pressure safely.

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ICE Classification
▪ Two-Stroke Engine
• Completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down
movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution
• The end of the compression stroke and the beginning of the
combustion stroke happens simultaneously, with the intake and
exhaust (scavenging) functions occurring at the same time.
• Note: Scavenging refers to the process of removing burnt gases
from the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder.
▪ Four-Stroke Engine
• Requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle
• Each process (intake, compression, combustion/power,
exhaust) happens at each stroke.

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ICE Classification
▪ Two-Stroke Engine ▪ Four-Stroke Engine

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ICE Classification
▪ Summary of differences between Four-stroke and Two-stroke engines

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ICE Classification
▪ Summary of differences between Four-stroke and Two-stroke engines

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