CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
CAD (Computer Aided Drafting and Design) as the name itself suggests, is much more
than just drawing lines for design purposes. There are various reasons for using CAD.
Engineering Drawings developed manually had more scope of errors. verruling
this shortcoming, drawings developed !y AutoCAD are precise and accurate up to
a greater e"tent.
The Engineering Drawings in AutoCAD can !e created with much more
convenience !y using numerous automated tools that AutoCAD provides.
ne of the prominent things that AutoCAD offers is fle"i!ility. Changes and
alterations can !e done in an a!solute hassle free manner.
#roductivity is !oosted !y a CAD program ena!ling you to easily draw polygons,
ellipses, multiple parallel lines and multiple parallel curves that comprise a
design.
$arious automatic features li%e fillets and chamfers helps in increasing the speed
of drawing.
Copy, &otate and 'irror facilities also come very handy while drawing
symmetrical parts.
(everal hatch patterns are supplied with CAD programs. )illing the areas in
various colors is a re*uirement in artwor% and presentations.
CHAPTER-2
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PROJECT WORK
2.1 Scope of CAD/CAM/CAE
,ntegrated CAD-CA'-CAE (oftwares li%e #ro-Engineer, ,.DEA(, (olid /or%s,
Autodes% 0D 'a", 'aya 1 CAT,A help manufacturers optimi2e product concept early in
Design process, ena!ling them to significantly improve product *uality, while reducing
product development time and cost
'oreover people having 0D CAD-CA'-CAE %nowledge have !etter chances of growth,
immediate employa!ility after completion of course, graduation and chances of jo!s
a!road.
As the mar%et economy opens more and more it has !ecome e"tremely competitive and
with this state of economy, s%illed people play the most important role in organi2ation.
3ence it !ecomes imperative on the part of top Tool &oom Training centers and Engg.
Colleges to especially loo% for new initiatives towards improving the s%ills and
%nowledge of students.
An emerging trend of Engg. Education in Tool &oom and the world is the rapid
incrementation of CAD-CA'-CAE software as an essential part of curriculum.
The primary reasons for this trend are enumerated as follows4
&apid shift from manual Design and #roduction system of Engg. ,ndustry to highly
productive *uality and cost effective CAD-CA'-CAE system. ,n fact most of Tool
and Die, Automotive, 3eavy Engg., ,ndustrial E*uipment industry etc. in ,ndia and
the /orld are totally wor%ing on CAD-CA'-CAE e*uipment. ,n continuation in
a!ove points many of companies as recruiters are loo%ing at CAD-CA'-CAE
%nowledge as part of essential profile of recruiting students.
5nowledge of CAD-CA'-CAE system shall !e an added weapon for students
see%ing admission to post graduate '.(. courses and jo!s a!road.
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2.2 WORKING WITH CAD/CAM/CAE TECHNOLOGY
Essentially design is a decision ma%ing process where the discretion and %nowledge of
the designer play a great role. /hile man still finally controls decision.ma%ing, the
computer has served to ease the designer7s tas%.











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2. AD!ANTAGES O" CAD
CAD can ma%e a draft men much more efficient. Depending upon the drafting tas%, two
to ten times productivity improvement is not uncommon when using a CAD system .The
following are the advantages of using CAD over manual drafting4 .
2.# RE!ISIONS
ne of the most time.consuming tas%s that a draft man performs is ma%ing changes to
e"isting drawings. /ith a CAD system, revisions are much faster than manual methods.
After a drawing has !een completed, it is stored and can !e recalled at any time to ma%e
changes easily.
2.$ REPITITION-
(imple sym!ols or more comple" ones , are created !y drawing them with the CAD
system and storing them away to !e used at any time. nce a drawing has !een produced
and stored in the computer7s memory, it does not have to !e drawn again if it is part of
another drawing. #arts of previous drawings can !e com!ined to produce new drawings.
2.% ACCURACY
Dimensions are %eyed.in using the computer %ey!oard or menu instead of reading a
scale. 'ating parts can !e chec%ed for fit !y having the computer match the parts on the
screen !efore hard copies are produced.
2.& SPEED
,n almost all areas of drafting, CAD is faster than manual drawing. This is especially true
as the operator !ecomes more proficient through continued use of the system
2.' NEATNESS
After the drawing has !een produced on screen, it can !e drawn on paper with a plotter.
The mechanical plotting of a drawing produces clean, accurate and neat drawings using
proper line weight and consistency, and sharp, consistent lettering.
>
2.( COST
,n the past, CAD systems were an e"pensive alternative to manual drafting, and only
major industrial corporations could afford them. :ow, !ecause of reduced cost of
memory, increased competition, and improved software and computer technology CAD
systems are afforda!le to most drafting.design offices.
2.1) DI""ERENT TYPES O" CAD/CAM SO"TWARE
,:TE9&ATED CAD-CA' (<(TE' . #ro-engineer, ,.DEA( CAT,A, ;:,9&A#3,C(
are integrated CAD-CA' system. /e can do design- analysis- generation of tool path in
same environment.
#oint-(tandalone solution. (oftwares, which give only one solution out of
DE(,9:, 'A:;)ACT;&,:9 1 A:A8<(,( are called point solution
software. 8i%e A;T.CAD gives only drafting solution, master cam gives
manufacturing solution1 A:(<(, :A(T&A:, ADA'(, A=A?;( gives
only analysis solution.
)ig. 6.+ 'aster 'odel
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2.11 A*SOLUTE + RELATI!E COORDINATE SYSTEMS
To enter an a!solute A, < coordinate, specify a point !y entering its A and < values in the
format A,<. ;se a!solute A,< coordinates when you %now the precise A and < values of
the location of the point.
)or e"ample, to draw a line !eginning at an A value of B6 and a < value of +, ma%e the
following entries on the command line4
Command4 line
)rom point4 B6,+
To point4 0,>
AutoCAD locates the line as follows4
;se relative A, < coordinates when you %now the position of a point in relation to the
previous point. )or e"ample, to locate a point relative to B6,+, precede the ne"t coordinate
with the C sym!ol4
Command4 line
)rom point4 B6,+
To point4 C@,0
This is the e*uivalent of entering the a!solute coordinate 0,>.
2.12 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
A Cartesian coordinate system has three a"es4 A, <, and D. /hen you enter coordinate
values, you indicate a pointEs distance (in units) and its direction (F or B) along the A, <,
and D a"es relative to the coordinate system origin (G,G,G) or relative to the previous
point. ;sually, when you !egin a new drawing in AutoCADH, you are automatically in
I
the world coordinate system (/C()J the A.a"is is hori2ontal, the <.a"is is vertical, and
the D.a"is is perpendicular to the A< plane.
2.1 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS
#olar coordinate systems use a distance and an angle to locate a point. /hen you enter
polar coordinate values, you indicate a pointEs distance from the origin or from the
previous point and its angle along the A< plane of the current coordinate system.
To enter a polar coordinate, enter a distance and an angle, separated !y an angle !rac%et
(K). )or e"ample, to specify a point at a distance of + unit from the previous point and at
an angle of >@ degrees, enter C+K>@.
=y default, angles increase in the countercloc%wise and decrease in the cloc%wise
direction. To move cloc%wise, enter a negative value for the angle. )or e"ample, entering
+KB>@ is the same as entering +K0+@. <ou can change the angle direction and set the !ase
angle on the ;nits Control dialog !o". (ee L(etting Drawing ;nits.L
The following e"ample shows a line drawn with polar coordinates.
Command4 line
)rom point4 G,G
To point4 >K+6G
To point4 @K0G
To point4 C0K>@
To point4 C@K6M@
To point4 #ress E:TE& to e"it the command
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2.1# CREATING O*JECTS IN AUTOCAD
A line can !e one segment or a series of connected segments, !ut each segment is a
separate line o!ject. ;se lines if you want to edit individual segments. ,f you need to
draw a series of line segments as a single o!ject, use a polyline. <ou can close a se*uence
of lines so that the first and last segments join to form a closed loop.
To draw a line
+ )rom the Draw menu, choose 8ine.
6 (pecify the start point (+).
0 (pecify the endpoint (6).
> (pecify the endpoints of the ne"t segments (0, >, @, I).
@ #ress E:TE& to complete the line.
2.1$ POLYLINE
A polyline is a connected se*uence of line or arc segments created as a single o!ject. ;se
polylines if you want to edit all segments at once, although you can also edit them singly.
<ou can set the width of individual segments, ma%e segments taper, and close the
polyline. /hen you draw arc segments, the first point of the arc is the endpoint of the
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previous segment. <ou can specify the angle, center point, direction, or radius of the arc.
<ou can also complete the arc !y specifying a second point and an endpoint.
#olylines with arc segments
,n the ne"t e"ample, you draw a polyline line segment, continue with an arc segment, and
then draw another line segment in a tangential direction.
To draw a line and arc com!ination polyline
)irst draw the line segment.
+ )rom the Draw menu, choose #olyline.
6 (pecify the start point of the line segment (+).
0 (pecify the endpoint of the line segment (6).
> Enter a to switch to Arc mode.
@ (pecify the endpoint of the arc (0).
I Enter l to return to 8ine mode.
N Enter the distance and angle of the line in relation to the endpoint of the arc. <ou
can enter these relative values in the form CdistanceKangle.
M #ress E:TE& to end the polyline.
After youEve created a polyline, you can edit it with #ED,T or use EA#8DE to convert
it to individual line and arc segments. /hen you e"plode a wide polyline, the line width
reverts to G and the resulting line segments are positioned along the center of what was
the wide polyline.
O
2.1% MULTILINE
'ultilines consist of !etween + and +I parallel lines, called elements. <ou position the
elements !y specifying the desired offset of each element from the origin of the multiline.
<ou can create and save multiline styles or use the default style, which has two elements.
<ou can set the color and linetype of each element and display or hide the joints of the
multiline. Points are lines that appear at each verte". There are several types of end caps
you can give the multiline, for e"ample, lines or arcs.
E"amples of multilines
C,e-./01 M23./3/0e S.43e5
To create a multiline style
+ )rom the )ormat menu, choose 'ultiline (tyle.
6 ,n the 'ultiline (tyles dialog !o", enter a name and description for the style.
Descriptions are optional and can !e up to 6@@ characters, including spaces.
0 To create a multiline style, choose Add.
> To add elements to the style or to modify e"isting elements, choose Element
#roperties.
@ ,n the Element #roperties dialog !o", highlight the element in the list, and then
ma%e changes to ffset, Color, and 8inetype.
I To add an element, choose Add, and then ma%e changes to ffset, Color, and
8inetype. Choose 5.
The offset defines the G,G origin of the multiline relative to which other elements
are drawn. An element does not have to !e drawn at the origin.
N To set multiline properties, choose 'ultiline #roperties in the 'ultiline (tyles
dialog !o".
+G
2.1& CIRCLE
<ou can create circles in several ways. The default method is to specify the center and
radius. <ou can also specify the center and diameter or define the diameter alone with
two points. <ou can define the circleEs circumference with three points. <ou can also
create the circle tangent to three e"isting o!jects or create it tangent to two o!jects and
specify a radius. ,n the following illustrations, the dar%er circles are the ones !eing
drawn.
)our methods of drawing circles
To draw a circle !y specifying a center point and radius
+ )rom the Draw menu, choose Circle Center, &adius.
6 (pecify the center point.
0 (pecify the radius.
To create a circle that is tangent to two o!jects, specify a tangent point on each of the
o!jects and the radius of the circle. The tangent point can !e any point on the o!ject. ,n
the following illustrations, the dar%er circle is the one !eing drawn, and the tangent points
are points (+) and (6).
Circles created tangent to two o!jects
++
To create a circle tangent to e"isting o!jects
+ )rom the Draw menu, choose Circle Tan, Tan, &adius.
<ou are now in Tangent snap mode.
6 (elect the first o!ject to draw the circle tangent to.
0 (elect the second o!ject to draw the circle tangent to.
> (pecify the radius of the circle.
To create a circle tangent at two or three points, set (:A# to Tangent and use the two.
point or three.point method to create the circle (see L(napping to #oints on !jectsL).
2.1' ARC
<ou can create arcs in many ways. The default method is to specify three pointsQa start
point, a second point on the arc, and an endpoint. <ou can also specify the included angle,
radius, direction, and chord length of arcs. The chord of an arc is a straight line !etween
the endpoints. =y default, AutoCAD draws arcs countercloc%wise.
,n the following e"ample, the start point of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The
second point of the arc snaps to the middle circle.
To draw an arc !y specifying three points
+ )rom the Draw menu, choose Arc (tart, Center, End.
6 (pecify the start point (+) !y entering endp and selecting the line.
The arc snaps to the endpoint of the line.
0 (pecify the second point (6) !y entering cen and selecting the e"isting arc to
define the center of the arc.
> (pecify the endpoint of the arc (0).
+6
,n the following illustrations, the center of an e"isting circle is used as the center of the
arc. nce you specify the center and start points of the arc, you complete the arc !y
specifying the chord length. The distances shown in these illustrations from one endpoint
to the cursor are chord lengths.
To draw an arc using a start point, a center point, and a chord length
+ )rom the Draw menu, choose Arc (tart, Center, 8ength.
6 (pecify a start point (+).
0 (pecify the center point (6).
> (pecify the chord length.
;se the (tart, Center, Angle or Center, (tart, Angle method when you have a start point
and a center point you can snap to. The angle determines the endpoint of the arc.
;se the (tart, End, Angle method when you have !oth endpoints !ut no center point to
snap to.
+0
The following illustration on the left shows an arc drawn !y specifying a start point,
endpoint, and radius. <ou can specify the radius !y entering a length or !y moving the
cursor away from the endpoint to specify a distance.
The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device !y specifying a
start point and endpoint and a direction of the tangent. 'oving the cursor up from the
start point and endpoint draws the arc concave to the o!ject, as shown here. 'oving the
cursor down would draw the arc conve" to the o!ject.
<ou can start a line at the endpoint of the last drawn arc !y starting 8,:E and pressing
E:TE& at the (tart #oint prompt. The arcEs endpoint defines the start point and the
tangential direction of the new line. <ou need to specify the length.
2.1( SPLINE
A spline is a smooth curve passing through a given set of points. AutoCAD uses a
particular type of spline %nown as a nonuniform rational =.spline (:;&=() curve. A
:;&=( curve produces a smooth curve !etween control points. (plines are useful for
creating irregular.shaped curves, for e"ample, drawing contour lines for geographic
information system (9,() applications or automo!ile design.
+>
2.2) ELLIPSE
<ou can create full ellipses and elliptical arcs, !oth of which are e"act mathematical
representations of ellipses. The default method of drawing an ellipse is to specify the
endpoints of the first a"is and the distance, which is half the length of the second a"is.
The longer a"is of an ellipse is called the major a"is, and the shorter one is the minor
a"is. The order in which you define the a"es does not matter.
,n the following procedure, you draw an ellipse using the default method and the pointing
device. 3ere, the first a"is is the major a"is, and the second is the minor. The distance
increases as you drag the pointing device away from the midpoint.
2.21 HATCHING AREAS
3atching fills a specified area in a drawing with a pattern. <ou can hatch an enclosed area
or a specified !oundary using the =3ATC3 and 3ATC3 commands.
+@
=3ATC3 creates associative or nonassociative hatches. Associative hatches are lin%ed to
their !oundaries and are updated when the !oundaries are modified. :onassociative
hatches are independent of their !oundaries. =3ATC3 defines !oundaries automatically
when you specify a point within the area to !e hatched. Any whole or partial o!jects that
are not part of the !oundary are ignored and do not affect the hatch. The !oundary can
have overhanging edges and islands (enclosed areas within the hatch area) that you
choose to hatch or leave unhatched. <ou can also define a !oundary !y selecting o!jects.
3ATC3 creates nonassociative hatches only. ,t is useful for hatching areas that do not
have closed !oundaries.
After youEve created a hatch, you can edit it with 3ATC3ED,T or e"plode it into
composite lines using the EA#8DE command.
<ou can define a hatch !oundary !y specifying points directly. )or e"ample, you may
want to illustrate a pattern fill in a small section of a drawing, as shown in the following
illustration.
,sland detection methods specify whether to include o!jects within the outermost
!oundary as !oundary o!jects when you are using #ic% #oints. These internal o!jects are
%nown as islands. =y default, AutoCAD uses the )lood island detection method. The
)lood method includes islands as !oundary o!jects, as shown in the following
illustration. 3ow AutoCAD hatches the detected islands depends on the island detection
style. The following illustration uses the :ormal island detection style, meaning that
islands remain unhatched and islands within islands are hatched.
+I
2.22 SNAPING TO POINTS ON O*JECTS
During drawing commands, you can snap the cursor to points on o!jects such as
endpoints, midpoints, centers, and intersections. )or e"ample, you can turn on o!ject
snaps and *uic%ly draw a line to the center of a circle, the midpoint of a polyline
segment, or the apparent intersection of two lines.
<ou turn on o!ject snaps in one of two ways4
(ingle point (or override) o!ject snaps4 (ets an o!ject snap for one use.
&unning o!ject snaps4 (ets o!ject snaps until you turn them off.
To snap to a point on an o!ject
+ (tart a command re*uiring you to specify a point (for e"ample, A&C, C,&C8E, C#<,
8,:E or '$E).
6 /hen the command prompts you to specify a point, choose an o!ject snap using one of
the following methods4
Clic% a tool!ar !utton on the (tandard tool!ar !ject (nap flyout or on the !ject (nap
tool!ar.
#ress (3,)T and right.clic% in the drawing area, and choose an o!ject snap from the
shortcut menu.
Enter an o!ject snap a!!reviation on the command line.
0 'ove your cursor over the snap location and clic%.
After you clic% to the snap point, the o!ject snap clears. ,f you select any point other than
the o!ject snap point, AutoCAD displays an invalid point message.
,n addition to single.point o!ject snaps, you can turn on running o!ject snaps. &unning
o!ject snaps stay on until you turn them off. <ou can also turn on more than one running
o!ject snap at a time.
+N
2.2 TE6T
;sing TEAT you can create one or more lines of te"t and end each line when you press
E:TE&. Each te"t line is a separate o!ject that you can relocate, reformat, or otherwise
modify.
+M
2.2# MULTILINE TE6T
)or long, comple" entries, create multiline te"t using 'TEAT. 'ultiline te"t fits a
specified width !ut can e"tend vertically to an indefinite length. <ou can format
individual words or characters within a multiline te"t o!ject.
'ultiline te"t consists of any num!er of te"t lines or paragraphs that fit within a width
you specify. ;nli%e single.line te"t, multiline te"t includes as part of the same mte"t
o!ject all te"t lines or paragraphs created in a multiline te"t editing session. <ou can
move, rotate, erase, copy, mirror, stretch, or scale mte"t o!jects.
'ultiline te"t has more editing options than single.line te"t. ;sing the 'ultiline Te"t
Editor, you can apply underlining, fonts, color, and te"t height changes to individual
characters, words, or phrases within a paragraph.
<ou can also use the #roperties window to change all properties of multiline te"t o!jects.
2.2$ WORKING WITH *LOCKS
A !loc% is a collection of o!jects you can associate together to form a single o!ject, or
!loc% definition. <ou can insert, scale, and rotate a !loc% in a drawing. <ou can e"plode a
!loc% into its component o!jects, modify them, and redefine the !loc%. AutoCAD updates
all current and future instances of that !loc% !ased on the !loc% definition.
=loc%s streamline the drawing process. )or e"ample, you can use !loc%s to
o =uild a standard li!rary of fre*uently used sym!ols, components, or standard
parts. <ou can insert the same !loc% numerous times instead of re.creating the
drawing elements each time.
o &evise drawings efficiently !y inserting, relocating, and copying !loc%s as
components rather than individual geometric o!jects.
o (ave dis% space !y storing all references to the same !loc% as one !loc% definition
in the drawing data!ase.
/hen you insert a !loc% in your drawing, you are creating a !loc% instance. Each time
you insert a !loc% instanceJ you assign a scale factor and rotation angle to the inserted
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!loc%. <ou can also scale a !loc% instance using different values in any coordinate (A, <,
D) direction.
2.2% EDITING METHODS
,f grips are turned on, when you select o!jects with the pointing device !efore starting a
command, AutoCAD mar%s the selected o!jects with grips. (:oun-$er! (election must
!e turned on in order to select o!jects first.
/ith grips you can use the pointing device to com!ine several of the most common
editing commands with o!ject selection to edit more *uic%ly. /hen grips are turned on,
you select the o!jects you want !efore editing. <ou can then manipulate the o!jects.
2.2% USING THE O*JECT PROPERTIES TOOL*AR
AutoCAD provides two main tools that you can use to easily edit o!ject properties such
as layers, colors, linetypes, and line weights.
6G
O78ec. P,ope,./e5 .oo37-,9 #rovides options for viewing or changing the o!ject
properties that are common to all o!jects, including layers and layer properties, colors,
linetypes, line weights, and plot style.
P,ope,./e5 :/0;o:9 #rovides a complete list of properties for any o!ject. <ou can view
an o!jectEs properties and modify the ones that can !e changed.
<ou can use the controls on the !ject #roperties tool!ar to *uic%ly view or change an
o!jectEs layer, layer properties, color, linetype, line weight, and plot style. The !ject
#roperties tool!ar consolidates the commands needed to view and edit these o!ject
properties. (electing an o!ject when no command is active dynamically displays these
properties in the controls on the tool!ar. <ou cannot change the properties of o!jects on
loc%ed layers.
All controls on the !ject #roperties tool!ar support character matching4 instead of
scrolling through the lists to ma%e a selection, you can enter the first character of the
property name to select it. ,f the name is too long to !e displayed within the control, it is
shortened with an ellipsis the control and displaying the te"t tip.
=ecause !loc%s are distinct o!jects, it is important to understand that, although each
o!ject that composes the !loc% maintains its own o!ject properties, the !ject #roperties
tool!ar reflects only the o!ject properties for the !loc%, not its individual parts. This is
li%ewise true for "refs, !ecause "refs are simply e"ternal !loc%s.
The layer, color, linetype, and line weight values for a !loc% are the layer, color, linetype,
and line weight values that were current at the time you inserted the !loc%, unless you
manually assigned other values to the !loc% after insertion. )or an individual o!ject
contained within a !loc%, the layer on which AutoCAD draws the o!ject is always the
layer on which the o!ject e"isted at the time you created the !loc%. The color, linetype,
and lineweight in which AutoCAD draws the individual o!jects are descri!ed in the
following ta!le.
2.2& USING THE PROPERTIES WINDOW
/hen you enter #&#E&T,E(, AutoCAD displays the #roperties window. /hile the
!ject #roperties tool!ar provides convenient access to the properties that are common to
6+
all o!jects, the #roperties window is the main method you use to modify the complete set
of o!ject.specific properties, including properties that you have defined.
The #roperties window lists the current settings for all o!ject properties when a single
o!ject or multiple sets of o!jects are selected. )rom the #roperties window, you can
modify any property that can !e changed. To modify properties using the #roperties
window select the o!ject whose properties you want to change and use one of the
following methods4
Enter a new value.
(elect a value from a list.
Change the property value in a dialog !o".
;se the #ic% #oint !utton to change a coordinate value.
<ou can leave the #roperties window open while you wor%. /hen you select an o!ject,
the #roperties window displays the properties of that o!ject. /hen multiple o!jects are
selected, the #roperties window displays the general properties and any other properties
that are common among o!jects in the selection set. The general properties are as follows4
Co3o,9 Displays or sets the color.
L-4e,9 Displays or sets the layer.
L/0e.4pe9 Displays or sets the linetype.
L/0e.4pe 5c-3e9 Displays or sets the linetype scale.
P3o. 5.43e9 Displays or sets the plot style.
L/0e:e/1<.9 Displays or sets the lineweight.
H4pe,3/0=9 Displays or sets the hyperlin%.
T</c=0e559 Displays or sets the thic%ness.
2.2' EDITING LAYERS
/ith the layer !uttons and the layer control, you can view a selected o!jectEs layer,
change an o!jectEs layer, ma%e a layer current, change a layerEs properties, and access the
8ayer #roperties 'anager. The layer name and properties displayed in the 8ayer control
depend on the current selection set4
66
<ou can use the 8ayer control to transfer o!jects to loc%ed, fro2en, or turned. off layers,
!ut you cannot transfer an o!ject to an "ref.dependent layer (any layer that is defined
within an inserted "ref). Aref.dependent layers are displayed as unavaila!le in the list
!ecause you cannot ma%e them current and you cannot edit o!jects on those layers. <ou
can, however, still modify the properties of "ref.dependent layers !y clic%ing icons in the
8ayer control. ,n the 8ayer #roperties 'anager, if you turn on a filter and apply it to the
!ject #roperties tool!ar, the 8ayer control does not list layers that match the filter. ,n
this case, when you position your pointer over the 8ayer control, the tool tip indicates
either L)ilter appliedL or L,nverted filter applied,L rather than the full layer name.
To change an o!jectEs layer
+ (elect the o!jects whose layers you want to change.
6 n the !ject #roperties tool!ar, choose the 8ayer control.
=ecause you cannot transfer o!jects to "ref.dependent layers, their names are
displayed as unavaila!le in the 8ayer control.
0 Choose a layer.
AutoCAD applies the chosen layer to all selected o!jects.
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2.2( MATCHING PROPERTIES O" OTHER O*JECTS
<ou can copy some or all properties of one o!ject to one or more o!jects using
'ATC3#&#. #roperties that can !e copied include color, layer, linetype, linetype scale,
lineweight, thic%ness, plot style, and in some cases, dimension, te"t, and hatch.
2.) COPYING THE O*JECTS
To copy o!jects within a drawing, create a selection set and specify a start point and an
endpoint for the copy. These points are called the !ase point and the second point of
displacement, respectively, and can !e anywhere within the drawing.
Command4 Copy
2.1 O""SETTING THE O*JECTS
ffsetting creates a new o!ject that is similar to a selected o!ject !ut at a specified
distance. <ou can offset lines, arcs, circles, 6D polylines, ellipses, elliptical arcs, "lines,
rays, and planar splines. ffsetting circles creates larger or smaller circles depending on
the offset side. ffsetting outside the perimeter creates a larger circle. ffsetting inside
creates a smaller one.
Command4 ffset
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2.2 MIRRORING THE O*JECTS
<ou mirror o!jects around a mirror line, which you define with two points, as shown in
the following illustration. <ou can delete or retain the original o!jects. 'irroring wor%s in
any plane parallel to the A< plane of the current ;C(. Although you can mirror a
viewport o!ject in paper space, doing so has no effect on its model space view or model
space o!jects.
Command4 'irror
2. MO!ING THE O*JECTS
/hen you move o!jects, you can rotate or align them or move them without changing
rientation or si2e. ;se snap mode, coordinates, grips, and o!ject snap modes to move
o!jects with precision.
,n the following e"ample, you move the window.
Command4 'ove
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2.# ROTATING O*JECTS
<ou rotate o!jects !y choosing a !ase point and a relative or a!solute rotation angle.
(pecify a relative angle to rotate the o!ject from its current orientation around the !ase
point !y that angle. /hether the o!jects are rotated countercloc%wise or cloc%wise
depends on the Direction Control setting in the ;nits Control dialog !o". (pecify
a!solute angles to rotate o!jects from the current angle to a new a!solute angle.
,n the following e"ample, you rotate the plan view of a house, using the default relative
angle method.
(ometimes itEs easier to rotate with a!solute angles. )or e"ample, to align two o!jects
when you %now the a!solute angles of !oth, use the current angle of the o!ject to !e
rotated as the reference angle, and use the angle of the other o!ject as the new angle. An
easier way is to use the pointing device to select the o!ject that you want to rotate and the
o!ject you want to align it with.
2.$ ALIGNING THE O*JECTS
<ou can move, rotate, or tilt an o!ject so it aligns with another o!ject. ,n the following
e"ample, align the pieces of piping using a window selection !o" to select the o!ject to
!e aligned. ;se the Endpoint o!ject snap to align the pieces precisely.
Command4 Align
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Aligning the !jects
2.% ERASING THE O*JECTS
<ouP can erase o!jects using all the availa!le selection methods. ,n the following "ample,
you use window selection to erase a section of piping. nly o!jects enclosed !y the
window are erased.
Command4 Erase
2.& STRETCHING THE O*JECTS
To stretch an o!ject, you specify a !ase point for the stretch and then two points of
displacement. <ou can also select the o!ject with a crossing selection and com!ine grip
editing with o!ject snaps, grip snaps, grid snaps, and relative coordinate entry to stretch
with greater accuracy.
Command4 (tretch
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Mo>/01 74 S.,e.c</019
,n the following e"ample, you move a door from one part of a wall to another !y
stretching. Turning on rtho mode helps you move the o!ject in a straight line.
2.' STRETCHING *Y GRIPS
<ou stretch an o!ject !y moving selected grips to new locations. (ome grips move the
o!ject rather than stretching it. This is true of grips on te"t o!jects, !loc%s, midpoints of
lines, centers of circles, centers of ellipses, and point o!jects.
2.( SCALING THE O*JECTS
<ou scale selection sets using the same scaling factor in the A and < directions.
(caling !y a scale factor changes all dimensions of the selected o!ject. A scale factor
greater than + enlarges the o!ject. A scale factor less than + shrin%s the o!ject. ,n the
following e"ample, you decrease the si2e of the !loc% !y half, scaling it !y a factor of
G.@.
/hen you scale !y reference, you use the si2e of an e"isting o!ject as a reference for the
new si2e. To scale !y reference, specify the current scale and then the new scale length.
)or e"ample, if one side of an o!ject is >.M units long and you want to e"pand it to N.@
units, use >.M as the reference length and N.@ as the new length. <ou can also specify the
reference length !y selecting a !ase point and two reference points and dragging to
6M
specify the new scale. A *uic% way to change the length of open o!jects such as lines,
arcs, polylines, elliptical arcs, and splines is to lengthen them.
<ou can use the &eference option to scale an entire drawing. )or e"ample, use this option
when the original drawing units are inappropriate. (elect all o!jects in the drawing. Then
use &eference to select two points and specify the intended distance. All the o!jects in the
drawing are scaled accordingly.
Command4 (cale
2.#) E6TENDING O*JECTS
<ou can e"tend o!jects so they end precisely at a !oundary defined !y other o!jects. <ou
can also e"tend o!jects to where they would intersect a !oundary. This is called e"tending
to an implied !oundary. ,n the following e"ample, you e"tend the lines precisely to a
circle, which is the !oundary.
Command4 E"tend
,n this e"ample, you e"tend the three hori2ontal lines to an implied !oundary, which is
where they would intersect the single line if it were e"tended.
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2.#2 CHANGING THE LENGTHS O" O*JECTS
<ou can change the angle of arcs, and you can change the length of open lines, arcs, open
polylines, elliptical arcs, and open splines. The results are similar to !oth e"tending and
trimming. <ou can alter the length in several ways4
Dragging an o!jectEs endpoint (dynamically)
(pecifying a new length as a percentage of the total length or angle
(pecifying an incremental length or angle measured from an o!jectEs endpoint
(pecifying the o!jectEs total a!solute length or included angle
Command4 8engthen
2.# TRIMMING THE O*JECTS
<ou can cut an o!ject precisely at an edge defined !y one or more o!jects. !jects you
define as the !oundary edges or cutting edges do not have to intersect the o!ject !eing
trimmedJ you can trim !ac% to an implied intersection. Cutting edges can !e lines, arcs,
circles, polylines, ellipses, splines, "lines, rays, and viewports in paper space. /ide
polylines are cut along their centerline.
Command4 Trim
An implied intersection is the point where two o!jects would intersect if they were
e"tended. <ou can trim o!jects using their implied intersection as the cutting edge. ,n the
following e"ample, you trim the vertical wall !ac% to its implied intersection with the
hori2ontal wall.
0G
An o!ject can !e one of the cutting edges and one of the o!jects !eing trimmed. )or
e"ample, in the light fi"ture illustrated, the circle is a cutting edge for the construction
lines and is also !eing trimmed.
/hen trimming comple" o!jects, using different selection methods can help you choose
the right cutting edges and o!jects to trim. ,n the following e"ample, the cutting edges are
selected with a crossing window.

,n the following e"ample, fence selection is used to select a series of o!jects for
trimming.
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6.>> WORKING IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE
,f you create a three.dimensional (0D) model, you usually set up different two.
dimensional (6D) views in order to visuali2e, draw, and edit geometry easily. AutoCADH
provides tools that you can use to set up different views of the model. <ou can also assign
different user coordinate systems (;C() and elevations to the standard orthogonal views
and easily switch !etween views.
2.#$ SPECI"YING -D COORDINATES
(pecifying 0D coordinates is the same as specifying 6D coordinates with the addition of a
third dimension, the D.a"is. /hen drawing in 0D, you specify A, <, and D values of the
coordinate in either the world coordinate system (/C() or the user coordinate system
(;C(). The following illustration shows the A, <, and D a"es of the /C(.
2.#% U5/01 .<e R/1<.-H-0; R23e
The right.hand rule determines the positive a"is direction of the D a"is when you %now
the direction of the A and < a"es in a 0D coordinate system. The right.hand rule also
determines the positive rotation direction a!out an a"is in 0D space.
2.#& E0.e,/01 6? Y? @ Coo,;/0-.e5
Entering 0D Cartesian coordinates (A,<, D) is similar to entering 6D coordinates (A,<).
,n addition to specifying A and < values, you specify a D value. ,n the following
illustration, the coordinate 0,6,@ indicates a point 0 unit along the positive A.a"is, 6 units
along the positive <.a"is, and @ units along the positive D.a"is. <ou can enter a!solute
06
coordinate values, which are !ased on the origin of the ;C(, or relative coordinate
values, which are !ased on the last point entered.
2.#' E0.e,/01 C43/0;,/c-3 Coo,;/0-.e5
Cylindrical coordinate entry is similar to 6D polar coordinate entry, !ut with an additional
distance from the polar coordinate perpendicular to the A< plane. <ou locate a point !y
specifying its distance along an angle relative to the ;C( A a"is and its D value
perpendicular to the A< plane. ,n the following illustration, the coordinate @KIG,I
indicates a point @ units from the origin of the current ;C(, IG degrees from the A a"is in
the A< plane, and I units along the D a"is. The coordinate MK0G,+ indicates a point M
units from the origin of the current ;C( in the A< plane, 0G degrees from the A a"is in
the A< plane and + unit along the D a"is.
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2.#( USING STANDARD D !IEWS + PROJECTIONS
Any 0D model can !e viewed from any direction, !ut standard views are set for the si"
orthogonal directions4
o Top
o =ottom
o &ight
o 8eft
o )ront
o =ac%
,n AutoCAD, you can display 0D models from any of these standard si" views, although
three views are usually enough information for you to fully comprehend the model.
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CHAPTER-
"UTURE SCOPE
The AutoCAD #roduct Design Team is wor%ing on new features for future releases of
AutoCAD.
ne of our current projects focuses on improving the ;ser ,nterface. These improvements
are designed to ma%e you more productive and efficient. 3owever, to complete the
project successfully, we need feed!ac% from as many users as possi!le. #lease help us
achieve this goal.
This project is rather challenging and will re*uire a!out 0 hours of your time. )ortunately,
the project can !e done in segments, for e"ample one hour a day for three days.
#articipants will attend a !rief online ,ntroduction 'eeting, and then can complete the
rest of the project online at their own schedule. #articipants will !e re*uired to
electronically sign a :on.Disclosure Agreement with Autodes%.
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CHAPTER-#
CONCLUSION


The use of the import function in Auto CAD definitely has some advantages. ,t can help
to reduce the time it ta%es to produce the drawings needed in the wor% environment.
3owever if the individual that has created the imported file does not receive credit for
their wor%, pro!lems may arise in the future. As well, !y using the function people may
slowly start to place a lesser value on the intellectual property of others, which will
undou!tedly create future conflict. The use of the import function may also !e relied on
heavily in order to create efficiencies within the industry. This could possi!ly lead to a
decrease in the rate of innovation. ,tEs o!vious that the import function has a place in the
!uilding industry, !ut its use will have to !e regulated in order to create a !alance
!etween the negative and the positive effects it creates.
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RE"ERENCES
www.autodes%.com-education-free.software-autocad
https4--www.autocad0IG.com-free.cad.software-
www.autodes%.in-products-autocad-overview
https4--itunes.apple.com-in-app-autocad.0IG-id0O0+>ON0>RmtSM
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