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Puresub 2 - 1

The document discusses pure substances and their properties. It defines pure substances and provides examples. It also discusses property tables and diagrams that can be used to determine phase and properties of pure substances like water under different temperatures and pressures. Property diagrams like temperature-specific volume diagrams are presented and explained with examples of water at various states.

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44 views24 pages

Puresub 2 - 1

The document discusses pure substances and their properties. It defines pure substances and provides examples. It also discusses property tables and diagrams that can be used to determine phase and properties of pure substances like water under different temperatures and pressures. Property diagrams like temperature-specific volume diagrams are presented and explained with examples of water at various states.

Uploaded by

Addison Juttie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics Lecture Series

email: drjjlanita@hotmail.com
http://www5.uitm.edu.my/faculties/fsg/drjj1.html
Applied Sciences Education Research Group
(ASERG)
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Pure substances Property
tables and Property
Diagrams
Quotes
You do not really understand something
unless you can explain it to your
grandmother.
(Albert Einstein)
Introduction
Objectives:
1. State the meaning of pure substances
2. Provide examples of pure and non-pure
substances.
3. Read the appropriate property table to
determine phase and other properties.
4. Sketch property diagrams with respect to the
saturation lines, representing phase and
properties of pure substances.
FIGURE 15
Some application areas of
thermodynamics.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1
Application
Example: A steam power cycle.
Steam
Turbine
Mechanical Energy
to Generator
Heat
Exchanger
Cooling Water
Pump
Fuel
Air
Combustion
Products
System Boundary
for Thermodynamic
Analysis
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
FIGURE 117
A control volume may involve fixed,
moving, real, and imaginary
boundaries.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-5
Open system devices
Open system devices
Heat Exchanger
Throttle
CHAPTER
2

Properties of Pure
Substances
Title:
Pure Substances
Pure substances
Substance with fixed chemical composition
Can be single element: Such as, N
2
, H
2
, O
2
Compound: Such as Water, H
2
O, C
4
H
10
,
Mixture such as Air,
2-phase system such as H
2
O.
Responsible for the receiving and removing dynamic
energy (working fluid)
Phase Change of Water
H
2
O
Sat.
liquid
Q
in

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
Water interacts with thermal energy
99.6

2

=

f
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

T, C
30
, m
3
/kg

1

H
2
O:
C. liquid
P = 100 kPa
T = 30 C
Q
in

Phase Change of Water
H
2
O
Sat.
liquid
Q
i
n

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
Water interacts with thermal energy
H
2
O:
Sat. Liq.
Sat. Vapor
Q
i
n

99.6

2

=

f
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

T, C
30
, m
3
/kg

3


Phase Change of Water
Water interacts with thermal energy

4

=

g
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

99.6

2

=

f
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

T, C
30
, m
3
/kg

3

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
H
2
O:
Sat. Vapor
Q
in

H
2
O:
Sat. Liq.
Sat. Vapor
Q
in

Phase Change of Water
Water interacts with thermal energy
150

5


99.6

2

=

f
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

T, C
30
, m
3
/kg

4

=

g
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

5
=
@100 kPa, 150C

3
= [
f
+ x
f

g
]
@100
kPa

1
=
f@T1
H
2
O:
Super
Vapor
P = 100 kPa
T = 150 C
Q
in

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
H
2
O:
Sat. Vapor
Q
in

Phase Change of Water
Water interacts with thermal energy
H
2
O:
Sat. Liq.
Sat. Vapor
P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
Q
in

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
H
2
O:
Sat. Vapor
Q
in

P = 100 kPa
T = 150 C
H
2
O:
Super
Vapor
Q
in

P = 100 kPa
T = 30 C
H
2
O:
C. liquid
Q
in

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C
H
2
O
Sat.
liquid
Q
in

Phase Change of Water
99.6

2

=

f
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

T, C
30
, m
3
/kg

4

=

g
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

5
=
@100 kPa, 150C

3
= [
f
+ x
f

g
]
@100
kPa

1
=
f@T1
150

5


Compressed liquid: Good
estimation for properties
by taking y

= y
f@T
where
y can be either , u, h or
s.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-1
FIGURE 2-11
T-v diagram for the
heating process of
water at constant
pressure.
Phase Change of Water
T, C
, m
3
/kg
99.6

f
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

g
@
1
0
0


k
P
a

179.9
45.8
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-2
FIGURE 2-16
T-v diagram of
constant-
pressure
phase-change
processes of a
pure
substance at
various
pressures
(numerical values
are for water).
99.6
45.8
179.9
T v diagram: Multiple P
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-3
FIGURE 2-18
T-v diagram of a
pure substance.
T v diagram: Multiple P
T, C
, m
3
/kg
T v diagram - Example
70
=
f@70 C
= 0.001023
81.3
3.240
50 kPa
P, kPa T, C
50 70
P
sat
, kPa T
sat
, C
81.33
Phase, Y?
Compressed Liquid,
T < T
sat
, m
3
/kg

f@70 C
T v diagram - Example
T, C
, m
3
/kg

f@200 kPa
= 0.001061

P, kPa , m
3
/kg
200 1.5493
T- diagram
with respect to
the saturation
lines
Phase, Why?
Sup. V., >
g
P
sat
, kPa T
sat
, C
120.2
374.1
400
= 1.5493
120.23

g@200 kPa
= 0.8857
T, C
400

T v diagram - Example
T, C
, m
3
/kg
P, kPa u, kJ/kg
1,000 2,000
T- diagram
with respect to
the saturation
lines
Phase, Why?
Wet Mix., u
f
< u < u
g
P
sat
, kPa T
sat
, C
179.9
374.1

f@1,000 kPa
= 0.001127

179.9

g@1,000 kPa
= 0.19444
T, C
179.9


= [
f
+ x
f

g
]
@1,000 kPa
Property Table
Saturated water Pressure table
Pressure
P, kPa
10
50
P, MPa
0.100
1.00
10
22.09
Specific internal energy,
kJ/kg
u
f
, kJ/kg u
fg
, kJ/kg u
g
, kJ/kg
191.82 2246.1 2437.9
340.44 2143.4 2483.9
417.36 2088.7 2506.1
761.68 1822.0 2583.6
1393.04 1151.4 2544.4
2029.6 0 2029.6
Specific volume,
m
3
/kg

f
, m
3
/kg
g
, m
3
/kg
0.001010 14.67
0.001030 3.240
0.001043 1.6940
0.001127 0.19444
0.001452 0.018026
0.003155 0.003155
Sat.
temp.
T
sat
, C
45.81
81.33
99.63
179.91
311.06
374.14

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