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Solutions To Homework Assignment #4, Math 253

The document provides solutions to several problems from Math 253 homework assignment #4. The solutions involve proving differential equations are satisfied by given functions, showing functions satisfy heat equations, finding tangent planes and lines to surfaces, and computing directional derivatives. Equations and steps are shown for solving each problem.

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99 views6 pages

Solutions To Homework Assignment #4, Math 253

The document provides solutions to several problems from Math 253 homework assignment #4. The solutions involve proving differential equations are satisfied by given functions, showing functions satisfy heat equations, finding tangent planes and lines to surfaces, and computing directional derivatives. Equations and steps are shown for solving each problem.

Uploaded by

QwaAlmanlawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4, MATH 253

1. Prove that the following differential equations are satisfied by the given functions:
2u 2u 2u
(a)
+ 2 + 2 = 0, where u = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 .
2
x
y
z

1
w
w
w
(b) x
+y
+z
= 2w, where w = x2 + y 2 + z 2
.
x
y
z
Solution:
u
2u
(a)
= x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 and
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 .
x
x2
By symmetry we see that
2u
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3y 2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
y 2
2u
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 .
z 2
Adding up clearly gives 0.
w
w
w
+y
+z
= 2x2 (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 2y 2 (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 2z 2 (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 =
x
y
z
2w.

(b) x

2. Show that the function u = t1 e(x


2u 2u
u
= 2 + 2.
t
x
y

2 +y 2 )/4t

satisfies the two dimensional heat equation

Solution:
u
t
u
x
2u
x2
2u
y 2
It is now clear that

x2 + y 2 (x2 +y2 )/4t


e
4t3
x
y
u
2
2
2
2
= 2 e(x +y )/4t ,
= 2 e(x +y )/4t
2t
y
2t
2
1
x
2
2
2
2
= 2 e(x +y )/4t + 3 e(x +y )/4t
2t
4t
1 (x2 +y2 )/4t
y2
2
2
= 2e
+ 3 e(x +y )/4t
2t
4t
= t2 e(x

2 +y 2 )/4t

2u 2u
u
= 2 + 2.
t
x
y

3. (a) Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at the point
(2, 2, 1).
1

(b) At what points (x, y, z) on the surface in part (a) are the tangent planes parallel
to 2x + 2y + z = 1?
Solution:
(a) If f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 then a normal of the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (2, 2, 1) is
given by the gradient f (x, y, z)|(2,2,1) = (2xi + 2yj + 2zk)|{x=2,y=2,z=1} = 4i + 4j + 2k.
Actually we will take the normal to be n = 2i+2j+k. The extra factor 2 is not needed.
Thus the equation of the tangent plane to the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at the point
(2, 2, 1) is 2(x 2) + 2(y 2) + (z 1) = 0, that is 2x + 2y + z = 9.
(b) The point here is that the family of planes 2x + 2y + z = forms a complete
family of parallel planes as varies, < < . Thus the points on the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 where the tangent plane is parallel to 2x + 2y + z = 1 are (2, 2, 1).
From part (a) we see that one of the points is (2, 2, 1). The diametrically opposite
point (2, 2, 1) is the only other point. This follows from the geometry of the sphere.
4. Find the points on the ellipsoid x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 1 where the tangent plane is parallel
to the plane 3x y + 3z = 1.
Solution:
We want (x, y, z) such that x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 1 and < 2x, 4y, 6z >= < 3, 1, 3 >, for
some , that is x = 3/2, y = /4, z = /2. Thus we must have

2 2
2
2
2
2
x + 2y + 3z = (9/4 + 1/8 + 3/4) = 1 = =
.
5

!
3 2
2 2
Therefore (x, y, z) =
,
,
.
5
10 5
5. (a) Find an equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surfaces
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 and 4x2 + 4y 2 5z 2 = 0 at the point (1, 2, 2).
(b) Find the radius of the sphere whose center is (1, 1, 0) and which is tangent to
the plane x + y + z = 1.
Solution:
(a) By taking gradients (up to constant multiples) we see that the respective normals
at (1, 2, 2) are n1 = i+ 2j+ 2k and n2 = 2i+ 4j5k. Thus a direction vector at (1, 2, 2)
for the curve of intersection is n = n1 n2 = 18i + 9j. Removing a factor of 9 we see
that a direction vector is v = 2i + j, and therefore the equation of the tangent line is
x = 1 2t, y = 2 + t, z = 2.
(b) The sphere will have the equation (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 + z 2 = r 2 for some r.
In order for this sphere to be tangent to the plane x + y + z = 1 it is necessary
2

that the radius vector be proportional to the normal vector to the plane, that is
(x + 1, y + 1, z) = (1, 1, 1) for some
. But we must also have x + y + z = 1 and
therefore = 1. It follows that r = 3.
6. Find the point(s) on the surface z = xy that are nearest to the point (0, 0, 2).
Solution:
Let F (x, y, z) = z xy. Thus the surface is the level surface F (x, y, z) = 0. We want
to find all points (x, y, z) on the surface where the gradient F (x, y, z) is parallel to
the vector pointing from (0, 0, 2) to (x, y, z). Therefore
x = y, y = x, z 2 = , and z = xy.
The solutions are
(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0), = 2; (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1), = 1; (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1), = 1.
Clearly closest point(s). They are (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, 1).
q

7. Let f (x, y, z) be the function defined by f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . Determine an


equation for the normal line of the surface f (x, y, z) = 3 at the point (1, 2, 2).
Solution:
A normal to the surface f (x, y, z) = 3 at (1, 2, 2) is ~n =< 1/3, 2/3, 2/3 > . Thus an
equation for the normal line is
1
2
2
x = 1 t, y = 2 + t, z = 2 + t, < t < .
3
3
3
xy
. Measurements are made and it is found that x = 10, y = 10, z = 2.
z
If the maximum error made in each measurement is 1% find the approximate percentage
error made in computing the value of f (10, 10, 2).

8. Let f (x, y, z) =

Solution: The calculated value is f (10, 10, 2) = 50, with errors


0.1 x 0.1, 0.1 y 0.1 and 0.02 z 0.02.
The approximate error made is
f (10 + x, 10 + y, 2 + z) f (10, 10, 2)

f
f
f
x +
y +
x
x
y
z

= 5x + 5y 25z.
Then we have 1.5 5x + 5y 25z 1.5, and so the approximate percentage
1.5
error is
100% = 3%.
50
3

9. Find all points on the surface given by


(x y)2 + (x + y)2 + 3z 2 = 1
where the tangent plane is perpendicular to the plane 2x 2y = 13.
Solution:
A normal to the surface (x y)2 + (x + y)2 + 3z 2 = 1 is ~n =< 4x, 4y, 6z > . Thus
we want to solve simultaneously the equations (x y)2 + (x + y)2 + 3z 2 = 1 and
< 4x, 4y, 6z > < 2, 2, 0 >= 0. Thus the points are (x, x, z), where x, z lie on the
ellipse 4x2 + 3z 2 = 1.
10. Find all points at which the direction of fastest change of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 2x 4y
is ~i + ~j.
Solution:
The direction of fastest change is in the direction of f =< 2x2, 2y 4 > . Therefore
we want f =< 2x 2, 2y 4 >= (, ), that is 2x 2 = 2y 4. Therefore the points
are (x, y) = (x, x + 1), < x < .
11. The surface x4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz = 17 passes through (0, 1, 2), and near this point the
surface determines x as a function, x = F (y, z), of y and z.
(a) Find Fy and Fz at (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 2).
(b) Use the tangent plane approximation (otherwise known as linear, first order or
differential approximation) to find the approximate value of x (near 0) such that
(x, 1.01, 1.98) lies on the surface.
Solution:
(a) To find

x
x
and
at (y, z) = (1, 2) we differentiate the equation
y
z
x4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz = 17 with respect to y, z;

then put x = 0, y = 1, z = 2, and finally solve for

x
x
and
:
y
z

x
4
(x + y 4 + z 4 + xyz) = 0 = 4x3
+ 4y 3 +
y
y
4
x
(x + y 4 + z 4 + xyz) = 0 = 4x3
+ 4z 3 +
z
z

x
yz + xz = 0 =
y
x
yz + xy = 0 =
z

x
= 2
y
x
= 16
z

(b) The tangent plane approximation is


F (y + y, z + z) F (y, z) +

F
F
y +
z.
y
z

In this case F (1, 2) = 0 and thus F (1.01, 1.98) 0 2 0.01 + 16 0.02 = 0.3.
4

12. Let f (x, y) be a differentiable function, and let u = x + y and v = x y. Find a


constant such that
(fx )2 + (fy )2 = ((fu )2 + (fv )2 ).
Solution: By the chain rule
(fx )2 + (fy )2 = (fu + fv )2 + (fu fv )2 = 2((fu )2 + (fv )2 ). Thus = 2.
13. Find the directional derivative D~u f at the given point in the direction indicated by the
angle

(a) f (x, y) = 5x 4y, (2, 1), = /6.


(b) f (x, y) = x sin(xy), (2, 0), = /3.
Solution:

!
!
5 ~
3~ 1~
2
1
5
i
(a) D~u f =
i j = + .

2
2
2 6
4 2
6
6~j
!

1
3~
(b) D~u f = 4~j ~i +
J = 2 3.
2
2
14. Compute the directional derivatives D~u f, where:
(a) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ), ~u is the unit vector pointing from (0, 0) to (1, 2).

1
(b) f (x, y, z) = 2
,
~
u
=<
1/
2,
1/
2, 0 > .
x + 2y 2 + 3z 2
Solution:
1
2
2y
1 2x + 4y
2x

(a) D~u f = 2
+
=
.
x + y 2 5 x2 + y 2 5
5 x2 + y 2
(b)
x
2y
1
1
D~u f =

2
2
2
3/2
2
2 (x + 2y + 3z )
2 (x + 2y 2 + 3z 2 )3/2
1
x + 2y
=
2
2 (x + 2y 2 + 3z 2 )3/2
15. Find all points (x,
u =< a, b, c > is a unit vector
qy, z) such that D~u f (x, y, z) = 0, where ~
and f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Solution:
ax + by + cz
D~u f = 2
= 0 ax + by + cz = 0.
x + y 2 + z 2
16. Compute the cosine of the angle between the gradient f and the positive direction
of the z-axis, where f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
z
(f ) ~k
= 2
.
Solution: For cos =
|f |
x + y2 + z2
5

17. The temperature at a point (x, y, z) is given by T (x, y, z) = 200ex

2 3y 2 9z 2

(a) Find the rate of change of temperature at the point P (2, 1, 2) in the direction
towards the point (3, 3, 3).
(b) In which direction does the temperature increase the fastest at P ?
(c) Find the maximum rate of increase at P.
Solution:
(a)
400
1
1
D~u T = T < 1, 2, 1 >= x2 +3y2 +9z 2 < x, 3y, 9z > < 1, 2, 1 >
e
6
6
400 26
10400
400
= 43 (x 6y + 9z) = 43 = 43 .
e
6
e
6
e
6
(b) In the direction of the gradient. A unit vector pointing in the direction of T at
1
the point (2, 1, 2) is ~u =
< 2, 3, 18 > .
337
(c) The maximum rate of increase of T (x, y, z) at the point (2, 1, 2) is

400 337
|T | =
.
e43

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