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Maths Summary 2U Basic Arithmetic

This document provides a summary of key concepts in mathematics including: - Basic arithmetic such as recurring decimals and rationalizing denominators - Algebra topics like indices, quadratic formula, and completing the square - Functions and graphs including vertical line test, even/odd functions, and intercepts - Trigonometry identities and formulas like sine, cosine, tangent and their inverses - Calculus concepts including limits, differentiation rules, integration techniques, and applications to physics - Geometry including loci, parabolas, tangents, normals and areas of shapes - Probability, series, and exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives.

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110 views6 pages

Maths Summary 2U Basic Arithmetic

This document provides a summary of key concepts in mathematics including: - Basic arithmetic such as recurring decimals and rationalizing denominators - Algebra topics like indices, quadratic formula, and completing the square - Functions and graphs including vertical line test, even/odd functions, and intercepts - Trigonometry identities and formulas like sine, cosine, tangent and their inverses - Calculus concepts including limits, differentiation rules, integration techniques, and applications to physics - Geometry including loci, parabolas, tangents, normals and areas of shapes - Probability, series, and exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives.

Uploaded by

bigpapaclarence198
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Maths Summary 2U
Basic Arithmetic
Recurring Decimals
1/3 = 0.3333
let x= 0.3333
then 10x = 3.333
9x= 3
x= 3/9
x= 1/3

a/b x (b)/(b) = ab/b


a/cb x b/b = ab/cb
a/ (b-c) x (b + c)/ (b+c)
Conjugate
Equations
If ab = 0 then a=0 or b=0

Algebra and Surds


Indices
(a/b)n = an/bn
x 1/n = nx

Completing the square


(x+3)2 = 11
x+3 = +-11
x = +- 11 3

Absolute Value
| ab | = |a| x |b|

Quadratic Formula
X = -b +- (b2-4ac)/2a

|a|2 = a2
| a+b | = |a| + |b|

Functions and Graphs


Vertical line test- if the line cuts only
once then graph IS a function.

Algebra
(a+b) (x+y+z) = ax + ay + az + bx + by
+ bz
(a+b) (a-b) = a2-b2

Even Functions
F(x)=F(-x)
Odd Functions
F(-x)= -F(x)

a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2-ab+b2)

x- intercepts- y=0
y- intercepts- x=0

a3-b3 = (a2+ab+b2)
Completing the Square
(halve the no. and square it)
eg
x2 + 12x
(12/2)2 = 62 = 36
x2 + 12x = (x2+12x+36)-36
= (x+6) 2 36
Surds
a x b = ab

domain- all x values


range- all y values
Circle(x-h)2 + (y-k) 2 = r2
x2 + y2= r2
Semi circle
y= (r2-x2)
y=ax cuts the y axis at y=1

ab x cd = acbd

(a)/( b) = (a/b)

Limits
(asymptotes)
lim ax=0
x

Rationalising the denominator

Trigonometry

a x a = a

Page 1 of 6

Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary


Sin = opp/hyp
Cos = adj/hyp
Tan= opp/adj
Cosec= 1/sin
Sec= 1/cos
Cot= 1/tan

Likewise, smallest angle is opposite


the smallest/shortest side

Complementary Angles
Sin= cos(90-)
Cos= sin(90-)
Sec=cosec(90-)
Cosec= sec(90-)
Tan= cot(90-)
Cot= tan(90-)

Midpoint
P=( (x1+x2)/2 , (y1+y2)/2)

Straight Line Graphs


Distance Formula
d= ((x2-x1)2 + (y2-y1) 2)

A
x

S
180-

T
180+

C
360-

Tan= sin /cos


cot = cos /sin

Gradient
M=rise/run
M= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
M=tan
Y=mx+b where m=gradient and b=yintercept
M= -a/b
Equation of a straight lineGeneral formAx+by+c=0
Gradient form
Y=mx+b
Intercept form
X/a + y/b =1
Point Gradient
y-y1=m(x-x1)

sin2 + cos2 =1
2

1 + cot = cosec
tan2 + 1= sec2
Sine Rule
SinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c

Two Point
Y-y1/x-x1 = y2-y1/x2-x1
Parrallel lines
M1=m2
Perpendicular lines
M1m2= -1

a/SinA = b/SinB = c/SinC


Cosine Rule
A2=b2+c2-2bc cosA

Intersection of lines- solve


simultaneous equations

CosA= (b2 + c2 a2)/2bc

Equation of a line through two others


(l1)+k(l2)=0

Area of a triangle
A=1/2absinc

Perpendicular Distance
P= |ax1+by1+c| / (a2+b2)

Largest angle is opposite the largest/


longest side

Colinear- together in a straight lineproven by finding m

Page 2 of 6

Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary


Introduction to Calculus
F(x)= xn
F(x)= nxn-1
F(x)=k
F(x)=0
Function of a function
D/dx [f(x)]n = f-(x)n[f(x)] n-1
Product Rule
Dy/dx= uv + vu
Quotient Rule
Dy/dx= (vu-uv)/v2
Gradient of a line- find dy/dx
The quadratic Function
Axis of symmetry
X= -b/2a
Minimum or maximum value
F(-b/2a)
Descriminant
= b2-4ac
Positive definite
a>0 < 0
Negative definite
a<0 < 0
Quadratic expression
Ax2+bx+c=0
No roots
<0
Real roots
>0
2 equal or 1 root
=0
2 different roots
>0
Rational roots
= perfect square
Quadratic inequalitities
A1x2+b1x+c1 a2x2+b2x+c
a1=a2 b1=b2 c1=c2

Sum of roots
+= -b/a
Product of roots
=c/a
Locus and the Porabola
P(x,y) center (a,b)
(x-a)2 + (y-b) 2 = r2
x2=4ay
concave up
focus (0,a)
directrix y= -a
vertex (0,0)
axis x=0
focal length a
x2= -4ay
concave down
focus (0,-a)
directrix y= a
vertex (0,0)
axis x=0
focal length a
y2=4ax
concave right
focus (a,0)
directrix x= -a
vertex (0,0)
axis y=0
focal length a
y2= -4ax
concave left
focus (-a,0)
directrix x= a
vertex (0,0)
axis y=0
focal length a
Tangents and normals
Mtangent x mnormal= -1
Probability
P(E)= no. ways event can occur/ total
no. possible outcomes
P(E)=0 impossible

Page 3 of 6

Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary


P(E)=1 certain
P(E) + P(not E)=1
P(E)= 1- P(not E)
P(A or B)= P(A) +P(B) P(A and B)
P(AB)= P(A)P(B)
P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)
Geometrical Applications of calculus
F(x) >0 curve is increasing
F(x) <0 curve is decreasing
F(x)=0 curve is stationary

Function of a function
ba (ax+b)n dx
= [(ax+b) n+1/a(n+1)] + C
Area bounded by axis
A= |baf(x) dx| MUST ALWAYS
SKETCH
Area bounded by 2 curves
ba f(x)-g(x) dx
f(x) is the eqn of the upper curve

F(x)=0 and F(x) >0 minimum


turning point

Volumes of Solids of revolution


ba f(x)2dx

F(x)=0 and F(x) <0 maximum


turning point

Exponential and Logarithmic


Functions
Y=ex
Dy/dx= ex

F(x)=0 and F(x) =0 plus concavity


changes point of inflexion
Curve sketching
Must include:
Stationary points and determine
nature
Points of inflexion
Intercepts (x and y)
Domain and range

LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER IS AN
INDICE
number= baseindice
Y=ef(x)
Dy/dx= f(x)e f(x)
Y=ax

x=logy

Primitive functions
Dy/dx=xn
Y=(xn+1/n+1) + c

Log laws (all base e)


Log (xy)= logx+ logy
Log(x/y)= logx- logy
Logxn= nlogx

Integration
Trapezoidal rule
A h/2 [first + last + 2(others)]

Change of Base
logax= logx/loga
y=logex
dy/dx= 1/x

Simpsons Rule
A h/3 [f(a) + 4f(a+b/2) + f(b)]
A h-a/6 [f(a) + 4f(a+b/2) + f(b)]
A h/3 [first + last +FOTE]
FOTE= 4x odds 2xevens
Area enclosed by curve, x axis and x=a
x=b
ba f(x)dx

IF THE TOP IS THE DIFFERENTIAL


OF THE BOTTOM THE ANSWER IS
LOG THE BOTTOM
Y=logef(x)
Dy/dx= f(x).1/f(x)
=f(x)/f(x)

ba n dx
= [xn+1/n+1] ba

Series
= sum of

Page 4 of 6

Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary


D=T2-T1=T3-T2
Terms of Arithmatic series
Tn= a+(n-1)d
Sum of AS
Sn=n/2 (a+l)
L= last term
Sn=n/2 [2a+(n-1)d]
A= first term
L= last term
N= no. of terms
D=difference

Sinx x
tanx x
cosx1

Geometric Series
R= T2/T1 = T3/T2

Absolute Value

Terms of a GS
Tn=arn-1

/4

2
/4

Sum of a GS
Sn= a(rn-1)/r-1

1
/6

Limiting Sum
|r|<1
S= a/1-r

3
/3

Test for a GS
B2=ac

Trigonometric Functions
radians= 180
Area of a circle
A=r2
Circumference of circle
C=2r=d
Length of an arc
L=r

Graphs
Y=asinbx
Amplitude a
Period 2/b
X=acosbx
Amplitude a
Period 2/b
Y=tanx
No amplitude
Period /b

Area of a sector
A=1/2r2
A
Area of a minor segment
S
2
x
A=1/2r (-sin)
180-

Trig Differentiation
D/dx(sinx)= cosx
D/dx(cosx)= -sinx
D/dx[sinf(x)]= f(x)cosf(x)

-x
T
180+

C
360-

+x

2-x

Page 5 of 6

Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary


D/dxtanx= sec2x
Integration of Trig
cosx dx= sinx +C
sinx dx= -cosx +C
sec2xdx= tanx +C
cos(ax+b)dx= 1/asin(ax+b) +C
Applications of Calculus to the
physical world
DP/dt= kp= differential eqn.
Exponential Growth
P=Poekt
Exponential Decay
P=Poe-kt
Rates of change
X= displacement
Dx/dt= v= velocity
D2x/dt2= a= acceleration
Oscillating- back and forth motion of a
particle
D/dt[cosf(x)]=f(x)sinf(x)
X= v dt
V= a dt

Page 6 of 6

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