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Cooling of Transformer in Enclosure

- Transformers installed in enclosed spaces like substations need adequate ventilation to dissipate heat from losses and prevent excessive temperature rises. - Openings are needed at the bottom and top of enclosures for air intake and exhaust. The exhaust opening should be 10-20% larger than the intake to allow warm air to rise and exit. - A nomogram is provided to help calculate the required air flow and size of intake opening based on factors like transformer losses, temperature rise of air, and height of the enclosure. Forced ventilation using fans may be needed if natural circulation is insufficient.

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141 views1 page

Cooling of Transformer in Enclosure

- Transformers installed in enclosed spaces like substations need adequate ventilation to dissipate heat from losses and prevent excessive temperature rises. - Openings are needed at the bottom and top of enclosures for air intake and exhaust. The exhaust opening should be 10-20% larger than the intake to allow warm air to rise and exit. - A nomogram is provided to help calculate the required air flow and size of intake opening based on factors like transformer losses, temperature rise of air, and height of the enclosure. Forced ventilation using fans may be needed if natural circulation is insufficient.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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-

ALSTHOM

INSTALLATION AND OPERATION

A 57

Installation constraints and special measures

Cooling of transformers in enclosures

To avoid excessive and harmful temperature rises the losses given off by the
transformer must be dissipated during
operation.
This problem arises when the transformer

is installed in a small building (sub station,


cell) and a quantity of fresh air must be
circulated corresponding to the transformer losses.

Installation regulations
b

If possible the transformers should be


placed at least 0.50 m from the walls of the
building, and it is preferablefor transformers not fitted with casters to be raised so
that the tank bottom is clear of the ground
and air can circulate freely. The natural
circulation of the air heated by the losses
dissipated by the transformer takes place
by convection from bottom to top. It is
necessary, therefore, to provide openings
for the air inlet at the bottom and outlet at

Warm air
outlet

theoretical temperature rise of the air is


taken as 100to 150 Kelvin. As the warm air
is lighter than the cold, the outlet opening
should be 10 to 20 % larger than the inlet
opening. The orientation of the openings
should take into account disturbances
caused on the chimney effect by the wind
and sun. The bottom opening should be as
close to the transformer and as low as
possible.

the top whose size depends on the amount


of heat to be evacuated and the temperature rise of the air in the cell. The latter must
be fixed at a value such that the temperature rise of the transformer does not
exceed the values prescribed by the
standards.
In general and taking account of effects that
are difficult to quantity, such as the head
losses created by the different obstacles
reducing the natural circulation of air, a

W in kW

H ln m

Q in m3/h

Reference
axls

A@ ~n Kelvin

S ~n m2

-- 20
- 30000
10

--

-- 10

20 000

20

--

5 -:

10000
9000
8000
7000

-id

6000

---

4000

15

\
\

--

--I0

Nomogram notation

5 -1

W = sum of kW to evacuate (scale no 1).


H = height in m, from the middle of the tank
to the middle of the outlet opening (scale
no 2).
Q=flow of air in m3/hracross the openings
(scale no 6).
S = net area in m2(screens deducted) of
the lower opening (scale no 4).
AO = temperature rise of the air in the room
above the transformer in OK (scale no 5).

Use of the nomogram

Natural ventilation
Choose the point "a" on scale 1
corresponding to the losses W.
Choose the point "b" on scale 5
corresponding to the maximum temperature rise of the air.
Connect points "a" and "b" by a straight
line. This line cuts the reference axis at
point "c".

--t

--

-- 1000

-- 500
2

1.5

---

300

- 0.9
- 0.7
e'- 06
-- 0.5
- 0.4

--

- 11
- 12

- 13

k 1

b-15

- 0.3

-- 20

d O,"

--

25

1
e . g . . for W-10 kW and AO=150K Q=2350 m3/h
f o r H = 3 m S=0.6mZ

w Choose the point "d" on scale 2


corres~ondinato the heiaht H.
connect points "c" and %" by a straight
line and extend it to scale 4.
The point "e" on scale 4 fixes the area S of
the lower opening.
w The point "f" on the straight "ab" situated
on scale 6 gives the flow of air through the
opening.

Forced ventilation
The confiauration may be such that several
fans will be required to carry out the
cooling. By using the same procedure, the
point "f" gives the flow that the fans must
provide.

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