18MEO103T – Energy systems for Buildings

Unit – IV Heat control & ventilation

Design parameters influencing the thermal design of buildings
Design parameters influencing the thermal design of buildings
 Heat transfer & Modes of heat transfer

• Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one

region to another region due to temperature difference

• Modes of heat transfer

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Conduction
• Heat conduction is a
mechanism of the heat
transfer takes place high
temperature region to low
temperature region

• Example-This is how heat

transferred to your finger
if you touch the hot stove!
Convection
• Heat transfer occur b/w a solid
surface and fluid medium when
they are at different temperature

• It is possible only presence of

fluid medium
 Radiation
• The heat transfer takes place from
one body to another body without
any transmitting medium.
• Example-There are no particles
between the Sun and the Earth so
it is called as Radiation
• The radiation energy emitted by a
body is transmitted in a space in
the form of electromagnetic
waves.

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy

that is all around us and takes many forms, such as
radio waves, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays.
Heat transmission through building sections
Effect of heating with orientation of building
Effect of heating with orientation of building
Effect of heating with orientation of building
Conduction of heat through slab or plane wall

• Consider slab of uniform

thermal conductivity k,
thickness L, with inner
temp T1 and outer temp
T2

• Consider small elemental

area thickness dx
 Fourier law of heat conduction
• The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured
normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in
that direction

Heat transfer rate

• A-Area in m2
• dT/dx- Temperature gradient K/m
• k- Thermal conductivity, W/mk
• We know that • Integrating above eqn limits
– Fourier law of heat 0-L and T1-T2
conduction Q  dx   kAdT
L T2
Q  dx   kA  dT
0 T1

QL  0   kAT2  T1 
dT
Q  A Q  L  kAT1  T2 
dx
Q 
kA
T1  T2 
dT L
Q   kA T  T2
Q  1
dx L
kA
T
Q 
R
• R- Thermal resistance (K/W)
 Thermal Conductivity

• The thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate of heat

transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit temperature
difference. (W/m.K)

• The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability of the

material to conduct heat.

• A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the material is a good
heat conductor, and a low value indicates that the material is a poor heat
conductor or insulator.
 Steady versus Unsteady (Transient) Heat Transfer

• Steady indicates no
change with time at
any point within the
medium

• Transient indicates
variation with time
or time dependence

20
 PROBLEMS ON SLABS
• 1. Determine the heat transfer through the plane of
length 6m, height 4 m and thickness 0.30 m. The
temperature of inner and outer surfaces are 100°C
and 40°C. Thermal conductivity of wall is 0.55
W/mK.
• Given:
1. Inner surface Temperature , T1 = 100°C + 273 =373 K
2. Outer surface Temperature, T2 = 40°C + 273 = 313K
3. Thickness, L = 0.30 m
4. Area, A = 64 = 24m2
5. Thermal conductivity, k = 0.55 W/mK T1 T2
• To find:
1. Heat transfer (Q)
Solution:
• We know that, heat transfer through plane wall is
T overall
Q
R
where
T = T1 –T2
R = L/kA
 T1  T2
Q
L / kA
373  313
  2640 watts
0.30
0.55  24
Q  2640 watts
VENTILATION
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS

• It means of changing the air in an enclosed space to:

Basic principles
• General definition:
Ventilation provides exchange of polluted air for fresh outside air or clean air
from neighboring rooms.
• How ventilation works?
Ventilation requires air flowing between interior and exterior. Thus it is necessary
to start and maintain air flow according to requirements in a ventilated space.

• Basically pressure difference is a force starting an air flow.

 Natural ventilation is a method of
supplying fresh air to a building or room
by means of passive forces, typically by
wind speed or differences in pressure
internally and externally.
Natural ventilation relies on natural
forces: wind from the surrounding
environment as well as buoyancy
forces that develop due to temperature
gradients within the building.

The following points should be considered while

providing natural ventilation in a room:

• Doors and windows should be so located that

they provide maximum in-flow air.
• The height of the room should be sufficient to
allow air movement.
• Inlet openings should not be obstructed.
Types of Ventilation
• Natural ventilation
• Pressure difference is caused by
• difference between densities of interior and exterior air given by
• temperature difference.
• wind velocity providing on windward façade positive pressure and on
• leeward negative pressure.
• Mechanical ventilation
• Pressure difference is caused by dynamic pressure of a fan.
• Hybrid ventilation
• Combines both natural and mechanical.
• If natural ventilation is not able to provide required air flow rate,
• than supporting mechanical element starts it operation.
Natural Ventilation

• The process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space

without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an

indoor space as a result of pressure or temperature differences

How can you relate the natural ventilation with this criteria :
• 1- Indoor Air Quality
• 2- Energy saving
• 3- Greenhouse
• 4- Sick Building Syndrome

Recommendations from design guidelines from various building regulations suggest

the following:
• 1. Building orientation and location.
• 2. Building form and dimensions.
• 3. Window typologies and operations;
• 4. Types, shape and size of openings;
• 5. Construction methods and detailing;
• 6. Urban planning consideration
 Single-side ventilation involves having openings
only on one external wall and generally towards
the wind direction. Air exchange happens through
wind turbulence.

Cross ventilation, openings are located such that the ones at the receptive end allow maximum inflow of fresh air,
and the outlet openings are placed such that the air gets circulated in the space efficiently and is pushed out with the
inflow of fresh air.

Stack ventilation is based on the fact that cooler air is light in weight and hot and stale air is heavier. Receptive
openings are given on the lower sides in the wind-ward directions and for an outlet, openings are given on the upper
side.
Mechanical Ventilation
Definition

Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans

rather than relying on airflow through small holes or crack’s in a home’s wall,

roof or windows. Homeowners can breath easier knowing their home has a

good ventilation.
Benefits of using mechanical ventilation

• Better indoor air quality –can remove pollutants, allergens, and moisture
that can cause mold problems

• More control – provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate
locations for intake and exhaust

• Improved comfort – allow a constant flow of outside air into the home and
can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the
incoming outside air.
m
Mechanical or Forced Ventilation A fan is used to mechanically remove air from a space. This
induces a ‘suction’ or ‘under’ pressure which promotes the flow
of an equal mass of ‘make-up’ or ‘fresh’ air into the space
through purpose-provided air inlets or infiltration openings. If the
under-pressure created by the extract process is greater than
that developed by wind and temperature, the flow process is
dominated by the mechanical system. If the under-pressure is
weaker, then the flow process is dominated by air infiltration.

Advantages
• Controlled ventilation rates are possible. •
• Extraction of pollutants at source reduces the risk of
pollutant ingress into occupied spaces.
• The risk of moisture entering walls is reduced.
• Heat recovery from the exhaust air stream is possible.
Disadvantages
• Capital cost is greater than natural ventilation.
• Operational electrical energy is needed.
• System noise can be intrusive.
• Regular cleaning and maintenance are necessary.
 Mechanical or Forced Ventilation

Supply (outdoor air) is mechanically introduced into the building where it mixes with the existing air. This process induces a
positive (i.e. above atmospheric) pressure in the building. Indoor air is displaced through purpose provided and/or
infiltration openings. If the system is well designed and good fabric air-tightness is achieved, supply ventilation inhibits the
ingress of infiltrating air and therefore enables all the incoming air to be pre-cleaned and thermally conditioned.

Advantages:
• Outdoor air can be pre-cleaned and conditioned.
• Good air control is possible.
• Entry of outside pollutants and soil gases is inhibited.
• Infiltration can be restricted, provided the structure is fairly
airtight.
Disadvantages:
• Indoor moisture sources may be driven into the building.
• Heat recovery is not possible.
• Removal of pollutants at the source is not possible.
Mechanical or Forced Ventilation Balanced ‘mixing’ ventilation combines extract and supply systems
as separately ducted networks. Typically, the air is supplied and
mixed into occupied zones and is extracted from ‘polluted’ zones
An airflow pattern is established between the supply to the extract
areas which should be supported by air transfer grilles between
rooms. Balanced systems almost always incorporate heat recovery
using a plate heat recovery unit or similar air-to-air system. This
enables ‘free’ pre-heating of the incoming air. It is this potential
for heat recovery that is often used to justify the additional capital
and operating costs. Sometimes an intentional flow imbalance
may be introduced to put the building in a slight negative pressure
(dwellings) or positive pressure (commercial buildings).

Advantages:
• Allows heat recovery and pre-heating of supply air.
• Supply air is targeted to occupied zones, while air is
extracted from polluted zones.
• Filtration of the incoming air is possible.
TYPES OF FAN
TYPES OF FAN
TYPES OF FAN
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
Sick building syndrome

• Sick building syndrome (also termed environmental illness, building-

related illness [BRI], or multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS]) is
considered by some clinicians to be an illness in some people after
they are exposed to as yet undefined chemical, biological, or physical
agents that are thought to be found in building(s).