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Systems and Symmetry

The document discusses symmetric polynomial expressions, which do not change when permuting variables. It introduces fundamental symmetric sums that can be used to express any symmetric polynomial in terms of variables. It also discusses Vieta's formulas relating the coefficients and roots of a polynomial, Newton's identities relating symmetric polynomial sums of roots, and several problems involving systems of polynomial equations.

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243 views13 pages

Systems and Symmetry

The document discusses symmetric polynomial expressions, which do not change when permuting variables. It introduces fundamental symmetric sums that can be used to express any symmetric polynomial in terms of variables. It also discusses Vieta's formulas relating the coefficients and roots of a polynomial, Newton's identities relating symmetric polynomial sums of roots, and several problems involving systems of polynomial equations.

Uploaded by

林冠揚
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Systems and Symmetry

Mathematical Tapas
Level C

When solving systems of equations, one faces quite often symmetric polynomial expressions. These are polynomial expressions f (a, b, c, ) in several
variables, which do no change when permuting the variables a, b, c, . For
example, a2 + b2 + c2 , ab + bc + ac + (a + b + c)2 are symmetric polynomial
expressions in a, b, c, since they obviously do not change when permuting a,
b, and c. If x1 , x2 , xn are variables, then there is a class of fundamental
symmetric expressions in x1 , x2 , , xn . They are given by the fundamental
symmetric sums.
X
k =
xi1 xi2 xik
1i1 <i2 <<ik n

Vietas Formulas

For any polynomial in the form


an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0
with its roots being r1 , r2 , , rk , the possible subproducts of the roots are
X
ank
)
(1)k (
an
1i1 <i2 <<ik n

where it can be rewritten as the following


r1 + r2 + r3 + + rk =

an1
an

..
.
r1 r2 r3 rk = (1)n

ao
an

Symmetric Polynomial

Let p(x1 , x2 , , xk ) be a symmetric polynomial expression in x1 ,x2 , ,xn .


Then we can find a polynomial expression q(y1 , y2 , , yn ) such that
p(x1 , x2 , , xn ) = q(x1 , x2 , , xn )
where k = k (x1 , x2 , , xn ).
Simply less formally, any symmetric polynomial expression in x1 , x2 , , xn is
a polynomial expression in the fundamental symmetric sums 1 , 2 , , n , is
associated to x1 , x2 , , xn .

Newtons Identity

Let x1 , x2 , , xn be the solutions of the equation xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + +


an = 0, where a1 = a2 = = an are given real numbers. Define
Sk = xk1 + xk2 + + xkn
Then for all k 1, 2, , n we have the following
Sk + a1 Sk1 + + ak1 S1 + kak
while for all k > n we have
Sk + a1 Sk1 + + an Skn = 0

Discussion Problems
1. Express a2 (b+c)+b2 (a+c)+c2 (a+b) in terms of a+b+c and ab+ac+bc.

2. Pairwise distinct real numbers satisfy


a(a2 abc) = b(b2 abc) = c(c2 abc)
Prove that a + b + c = 0.

3. Let x1 and x2 be the roots of the function x2 + 3x + 1. Compute


(

x1 2
x2 2
) +(
)
x2 + 1
x1 + 1

without finding the roots of the original function.

4. Let a, b, and c be the solutions of the equation x3 x 1 = 0. Compute


1a 1b 1c
+
+
1+a 1+b 1+c

5. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the roots of the polynomial x3 + 3x + 1. Compute


x21
x22
x23
+
+
(5x2 + 1)(5x3 + 1) (5x1 + 1)(5x3 + 1) (5x1 + 1)(5x2 + 1)

6. Let a, b, c, and d be positive integers such that the equation


x2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 1)x + (ab + bc + cd + ad) = 0
has an integer solution. Prove that the other solution is an integer too
and both solutions are perfect squares.

7. The equation x4 18x3 + kx2 + 200x 1984 = 0 has two solutions whose
product is 32. Find k.

8. Let A, B be real numbers and let a, b, and c be the solutions of the


equation x3 + Ax + B = 0. Prove that
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 = (4A3 + 27B 2 )

9. Solve in real numbers of the system


1
3
1
y z2 z =
6

x y2 z =

10. Find all triples (x, y, z) of real numbers satisfying the system of equations
2x z 2 = 7
4y x2 = 7
6z y 2 = 14

11. Find all real numbers x, y such that


x3 3xy 2 + 2y 3 = 2011
2x3 3x2 y + y 3 = 2012

12. Solve in real numbers of the system


x2 yz + xz + xy = 9
y 2 xz + xy + yz = 19
z 2 xy + yz + xz = 30

13. Find all triples (x, y, z) of real numbers such that


(x + y)(x + y + z) = 72
(y + z)(x + y + z) = 96
(x + z)(x + y + z) = 120

14. Solve in real numbers


2x2 + 3xy 4y 2 = 1
3x2 + 4xy 5y 2 = 2

15. Find all positive real numbers x, y, and z such that


x+

1
=4
y

4
=3
z
9
z+ =5
z

y+

16. Find all pairs (x, y) of real numbers satisfying


x2 xy = 90
y 2 xy = 9

17. Find all triples (x, y, z) of positive integers satisfying the system of equations
x + yz = 2011
xy + z = 2012

18. Find all triples (x, y, z) of positive real numbers such that
xy
1
=
x+y
5
1
yz
=
y+z
8
xz
1
=
x+z
9

19. If a, b, and c are real numbers such that


(a b)(a + b c) = 3
(b c)(b + c a) = 5
find (c a)(c + a b).

20. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


x2 + 6xy + 2y 2 = 1
y 2 + 6yz + 2z 2 = 2
z 2 + 6xz + 2z 2 = 3

21. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


xyz
= 2
x+y
xyz
=3
y+z
xyz
=6
x+z

22. Find all real numbers x, y, and z such that


x2 3 = (y z)2
y 2 5 = (x z)2
z 2 15 = (x y)2

10

23. Solve in real numbers of the system of equations


x(y 2 + xz) = 111
y(z 2 + xy) = 155
z(x2 + yz) = 116

24. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


x y = 2016
x+y
xy = 72
2

11

25. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


x2 + y = 5y 6z
y 2 + 7 = 10z + 3z
z 2 + 7 = 3y x

26. Solve in real numbers the system of eqations


x2 + xy + xz = 20
y 2 + xy + yz = 30
z 2 + xz + yz = 50

12

27. Solve in nonzero complex numbers the system


x y
9
+ =
y
x
z
y
z
16
+ =
z
y
x
z
x
25
+ =
x z
y

28. Let a, b, c be nonzero numbers such that a2 + b2 = c2 . Solve the system


x2 + y 2 = z 2
(x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = (z + c)2

13

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