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Unit III Thick Cylinders - e Notes - PVRao

This document describes Lame's theory for determining stresses in thick cylindrical shells. It provides equations to calculate circumferential and radial stresses based on assumptions of uniform longitudinal strain and equilibrium of forces. Several example problems are given to demonstrate how to apply Lame's equations to determine stresses and thickness requirements for thick cylinders subjected to various internal and external pressures.

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435 views9 pages

Unit III Thick Cylinders - e Notes - PVRao

This document describes Lame's theory for determining stresses in thick cylindrical shells. It provides equations to calculate circumferential and radial stresses based on assumptions of uniform longitudinal strain and equilibrium of forces. Several example problems are given to demonstrate how to apply Lame's equations to determine stresses and thickness requirements for thick cylinders subjected to various internal and external pressures.

Uploaded by

kumaravel07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit III Thick Cylinders

Difference between Thick cylinder and Thin cylinder:


Thick Cylinder
1.Circumferential stress varies along the
thickness of the shell.
2. Radial stress is no longer negligible since a
thick cylinder is required to have a heavy internal
pressure.

Thin Cylinder
1. Circumferential stress f is constant
throughout the thickness of the shell.
2. Radial stress p is negligible in comparison of
f and f0.

Lames theory:
Assumptions:
1. The material is homogeneous and isotropic
2. Plane sections of the cylinder perpendicular to the longitudinal axis remain plane under
pressure.
i.e., longitudinal strain is the same at all points in the cylinder wall. (i.e., it is independent of
the radius)
Hence to satisfy the requirements of uniform longitudinal strain, we have
e0 =

f p
1
f 0 x + x = Constant
E
m m

f x p x = Constant = 2A (say)
f x = Circumferential stress (tensile)
px = radial pressure.
Figure 1a shows a thick cylinder subjected to internal and external radial pressure. Consider an
angular ring of the cylinder, of internal radius x and thickness x . Let the internal radial
pressure on this ring be p x and external pressure (p x + px). On any small
element of this ring, fx is circumferential stress.
The condition for equilibrium of one-half of thin ring are similar to those in the
case of thin cylinder. Thus we have,

the bursting force =

=2

p
px+ p x
xl .
( x 2 xl) ) 2 (x+

l [ p x xx p x x. p x ]

=
The resisting force = 2

2 l [ p x x+ x p x ]
f x l x .

For equilibrium we have, 2

Or,

( Neglecting the products of small quantities)

f x l x = 2 l [ p x x+ x p x ]

p x

fx

= [ p x + x x ]

In the limit when thickness of the element is reduced indefinitely,

dp
f x + p x + x x =0 ------------(i)
dx
Another relation is obtained from the assumption that the longitudinal strain is independent of
Thus from the equation

f x p x =2 A ---------(ii)

f x = p x +2 A

And hence,

and by substituting it in equation (i), one can obtain the following

relation;

dp
( px +2 A )+ p x + x x =0
dx

Or

dp x
dx

2 ( px + A )
x

dp x
dx
=2
x
( px + A )
log e ( p x + A )

Integrating,
Where

log e B

Therefore,

px

B
x2

log e x 2+ log e B

is a constant of integration.

log e ( p x + A )

x.

log e

B
2
x

From (ii),

fx

= x2

+A

Thus we have Lames equations,

f x

Problems:
1. The internal and external diameter of a thick hollow cylinder are 80 mm and 120 mm
respectively. It is subjected to an external pressure of 40 N/mm 2 and an internal pressure
of 120 N/mm2. Calculate the circumferential and radial stresses at the mean radius.
(Oct97)
Solution:

pr = 120 N/mm2

At

x = r,

At

x=R , p R = 40 N/mm2

i.e., At r = 40mm,
At R= 60 mm,

pr=120 N /mm 2
pR =40 N /mm

Lames equations are:

px
f x
Where

px

B
2
x

A(1)

= x2

= radial stress at a radius x from the centre of the cylinder.

f x = circumferential stress at a radius x from the centre of the cylinder


From equation (1),
At

x=r , p r

B
2
r

A -----------(1a)

x=R , p R

At

B
2
R

----------------(1b)

From (1a),

120 =

B
A
2
40

From (1b),

40 =

B
A
2
60

-----------------------------(1a) (1b),

80 = B

8040260 2
60 240 2

B=

From (1a), 120 =

( 401 601 )
2

= 230400

230400
A
2
40

120=144 A
A= 24
Radial stress at the mean radius 50 mm is:

p50

B
= 50 2

230400
24
= 68.16 N/mm2
502

Circumferential stress at mean radius 50 mm is,

f 50

B
= 50 2

+A

230400
+24
2
= 116.16 N/mm2
50

2. A cylinder has an internal radius of 200 mm and external radius of 300 mm. Permissible
stress for the material is 15.5 N/mm 2. If the cylinder is subjected to an external pressure
of 4 N/mm2, find the internal pressure that can be applied. (Apr97)
Solution: r =20 mm; R= 300mm,

pR =4 N /mm2

f r = 15.5 N/mm2 ;
Lames equations are:

px

B
x2

A(1)
B

f x

= x2

From

(1),

B
A
300 2

4=

f r

From (2),

= r2

15.5 =

4=

B
+A
200 2

B
A
300 2

B
+A
200 2

15.5 =

---------------(1a)

+A

----------------(2a)

---------------(1a)

----------------(2a)

________________________________
(1a) + (2a), 19.5 = B

B=

1
1
+
2
300 2002

19.530 02200 2
200 2+300 2

From (1a), 4=

= 540000

540000
A
3002

pR

B
R2

A = 6-4 = 2

pr

Internal pressure,

B
r2

540000
2
2=11.5 N /mm
2
200

3. A pipe with internal diameter 400 mm is to carry a fluid pressure of 12 MPa. If the
maximum stress in the material of the pipe is restricted to 110 MPa, calculate the
minimum thickness of the pipe required. (Apr96)
Solution:
d= 400 mm, r = 200 mm

pr=12 MPa=12 N /mm

f r=110 MPa=140 N /mm2

Lames equations:

px
f x

B
x2

A(1)

B
= x2
From (1),

pr

12 =

From (2),

B
r2

B
A
200 2
B

f r

= r2

110 =

B
+A
200 2

12 =

---------------(1a)

+A

----------------(2a)

B
A
200 2

---------------(1a)

_________________________________________________
(2a) +(1a) is, 122=

2B
200 2

122 200 2
2

B=

= 2440000

2440000
A
2002

From (1a), 12 =

A = 49.

pR

B
2
R

=0

2440000
49=0
2
R
R 2=

2440000
49

= 49795.9

R= 223.15 mm.
Thickness of the pipe is R-r = 223.15-200 = 23.15 mm.
4. A pipe with internal diameter 400 mm is to carry a fluid at a pressure of 10 MPa. If the
maximum stress in the material of the pipe is restricted to 150 MPa, calculate the
minimum thickness of the pipe required. (Apr97, Prior to 93-94 batch)
Solution:
d= 400 mm
r = 200 mm

pr=10 MPa=10 N /mm 2


f r=1 5 0 MPa=1 5 0 N /mm2

Lames equations:

fr =
15
0
Pr
MP
=
a
1
4
0
0
M
0
P
a
m

pr

B
r2

10 =

From (1),

From (2),

150 =

A(1)

B
A
200 2

B
+A
200 2

---------------(1a)

----------------(2a)

__________________________________________
(1a) + (2a),

160 =

2B
200 2

And hence, B =

160 2002
2

From (1a), 10 =

320 104
A
2002

= 320 10

A = 70.
Since PR = 0,

B
2
R

=0

320 104
70=0
R2

R =

320 104
=45714.2
2
R

R=213.8
Thickness of pipe = R-r = 213.8-200 = 13.8 mm.
5. A thick cylinder of external diameter 40 cm and internal diameter 30 cm is shrunk on to
another cylinder of external diameter 30 cm and 5 cm thick. If the radial pressure at the
junction due to shrink fit is 15 MPa, calculate the initial difference in radii at the
junction. (Oct96)

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