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Thick Cylinders Exercises

The document presents exercises on thick cylinders, focusing on calculating hoop stress and radial pressure for pipes and cylindrical shells under internal pressure. It includes detailed calculations for maximum and minimum hoop stresses, thickness requirements for cylindrical shells, and stresses in compound cylinders due to fluid pressure and shrinking. The results provide essential insights into the mechanical behavior of thick-walled cylinders in engineering applications.

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marvinmugisha955
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40 views7 pages

Thick Cylinders Exercises

The document presents exercises on thick cylinders, focusing on calculating hoop stress and radial pressure for pipes and cylindrical shells under internal pressure. It includes detailed calculations for maximum and minimum hoop stresses, thickness requirements for cylindrical shells, and stresses in compound cylinders due to fluid pressure and shrinking. The results provide essential insights into the mechanical behavior of thick-walled cylinders in engineering applications.

Uploaded by

marvinmugisha955
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THICK CYLINDERS EXERCISES

1. Determine the maximum and minimum hoop stress across the section of
a pipe of 400 mm internal diameter and 100 mm thick, when the pipe
contains a fluid at a pressure of 8 N/mm2. Also sketch the radial
pressure and hoop stress distribution across the section.

External dia = 600 mm External radius = r1 = 300 mm


Internal dia = 400 mm Internal radius = r2 = 200 mm
Fluid pressure p0 = 8 N/ mm 2

The radial pressure px at x distance from the centre of the pipe is given
by the Lame’s equation:

b
px  a (1)
x2
Applying boundary conditions
a. At x = r2= 200 mm, px = 8 N/mm2
b. At x = r1 = 300 mm, px = 0

Substituting these values in (1),

𝑏
8 = 2002 − 𝑎 (2)

𝑏
0 = 3002 − 𝑎 (3)

Solving these equations, we find a = 6.4 b= 576000


These values are substituted in the hoop stress

b 576000
x  a = + 6.4
x2 𝑥2

576000
At x = 200 mm, 𝜎200 = + 6.4 = 20.8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2002

576000
At x = 300 mm, 𝜎300 = + 6.4 = 12.8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3002
2. Find the thickness of metal necessary for a cylindrical shell of internal
diameter 160mm to withstand an internal pressure of 8 N/ mm2. The
maximum hoop stress in the section is not to exceed 35N/mm2

Internal radius = 80 mm
Internal pressure = 8 N/ mm2

This means that at x = 80 mm, px = 8N/mm2. The maximum hoop stress


is at inner radius of the shell.

Let r1 = external radius


The radial pressure and hoop stress at any radius x are given by

b b
px  2
 a (1) and  x  2  a (2)
x x
Boundary conditions are:
At x = 80 mm, px = 8 N/mm2 and 𝜎𝑥 = 35𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Substituting x = 80 mm and px= 8 N/mm2 in (1),
𝑏 𝑏
8= −𝑎 = =𝑎 (3)
802 6400

b
Substituting x = 80 mm and 𝜎𝑥 = 35𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 in x  a
x2
𝑏 𝑏
35 = 2 +𝑎 = +𝑎 (4)
80 6400

Solving equations (3) and (4), we get a = 13.5 and b = 137600

Putting these values in (1)

137600
𝑝𝑥 = − 13.5 (5)
𝑥2

But at the outer surface, the pressure is zero. Hence at x= r1, px = 0


Substituting in (5),

137600
0= − 13.5 or r1 = 100.96 mm
𝑟12

Then the thickness of the shell = r1 – r2 = 100.96 – 80 = 20.96 mm

3. A compound cylinder is made by shrinking a cylinder of external


diameter 300 mm and internal diameter 250 mm over another cylinder of
external diameter 250 mm and internal diameter 200 mm. The radial
pressure at junction after shrinking is 8 N/mm2. Find the final stresses
set up across the section, when the compound cylinder is subjected to an
internal fluid pressure of 84.5 N/mm2.

a. Stresses due to shrinking in the inner and outer cylinders before the
fluid pressure is admitted.

Lame’s equations for the outer cylinder are:

𝑏1
𝑝𝑥 = − 𝑎1 (1)
𝑥2

𝑏1
𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑎1 (2)
𝑥2

At x = 150 mm, px = 0. Substituting in (1), we get


𝑏1
0= − 𝑎1 (3)
1502

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑟 ∗ = 125 𝑚𝑚, 𝑝∗ = 8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2


Substituting in equation (1)

𝑏1 𝑏1
8= 2 − 𝑎1 = − 𝑎1 (4)
125 15625

Solving (3) and (4), we find 𝑎1 = 18.18 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏1 =409090.9


Putting these values in (2),

409090.9
𝜎𝑥 = + 18.8 This is the equation of hoop stress in the outer
𝑥2
cylinder due to shrinking.

409090.9
𝜎150 = + 18.8 = 36.36𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1502

409090.9
𝜎125 = + 18.8 = 44.36𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 These stresses set up in
1252
the outer cylinder are tensile.

Lame’s equations for the inner cylinder are:


𝑏
𝑝𝑥 = 22 − 𝑎2 (5)
𝑥

𝑏2
𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑎2 (6)
𝑥2

At x = r2 = 100 mm, px = 0 (there is no fluid)


Substituting in (5),

𝑏2 𝑏2
0= − 𝑎2 = − 𝑎2 (7)
1002 10000

At x = 𝑟 ∗ = 125 mm, p = 𝑝∗ = 8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2


Substituting in (5),
𝑏 𝑏
8 = 1252 2 − 𝑎2 = 15625
2
− 𝑎2 (8)
Solving (7) and (8) we find 𝑎2 = −22.22 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏2 = −222222.22

Substituting in (6), we get the equation for hoop stresses for the inner
cylinder.

−222222.2
𝜎𝑥 = − 22.22
𝑥2

−222222.2
𝜎125 = − 22.22 = −36.22𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (Compressive)
1252
−222222.2
𝜎100 = − 22.22 = −44.44𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (Compressive)
1002

b. Stresses due to fluid pressure alone.


When the fluid under pressure is admitted inside the compound
cylinder, the cylinders together will be considered as one single unit.

Hoop stresses are calculated by Lame’s equations

𝐵
𝑝𝑥 = −𝐴 (9)
𝑥2
𝐵
𝜎𝑥 = +𝐴 (10)
𝑥2

A and B are constants for the compound cylinder.

At x = 100mm, px = p = 84.5N/mm2. Substituting in (9), we can write:

𝐵
84.5 = −𝐴
1002

𝐵
84.5 = −𝐴 (11)
10000

At x = 150 mm, px = 0. Substituting in (9),

𝐵
0= −𝐴
1502

𝐵
0= −𝐴 (12)
22500

Solving (11) and (12) we get A =67.6 and B = 1521000


Hence the hoop stresses due to internal pressure alone are given by:

1521000
𝜎𝑥 = + 67.6
𝑥2

1521000
𝜎100 = + 67.6 = 219.7𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1002

1521000
𝜎150 = + 67.6 = 135.2𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1502

The resultant stresses will be algebraic sum f the internal stresses


due to shrinking and those due to internal fluid pressure.

Inner cylinder

𝜎100 = −44.44 + 219.7 = 175.25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2


Outer cylinder

𝜎150 = 36.36 + 135.2 = 171.56 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

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